淀粉基高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

以交联氧化淀粉为基体,丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为接枝单体,过硫酸钾和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备交联氧化淀粉基丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂,研究淀粉用量、单体质量比、引发剂用量、淀粉氧化度与交联度对高吸水树脂吸水性能的影响。结果表明,较佳工艺条件是:淀粉基体用量为25%,单体质量比为AA∶AM=5∶1,引发剂用量为1.2%,淀粉溶胀度与羧基含量之比为48∶1,反应温度50℃,反应时间2h。此工艺条件制得的高吸水性树脂吸去离子水倍率2216g/g,吸1%NaCL溶液倍率170g/g,吸1%MgSO_4溶液倍率53g/g,吸1%CaCL_2溶液倍率15g/g,吸1%ALCL_3溶液倍率8g/g。     

柚子皮纤维素基高吸水性树脂的合成与应用

高吸水树脂因其优良的吸水性和保水性,近年来受到广泛关注与研究。为实现柚子皮的废物利用,优化高吸水树脂的生产工艺,研究以天然无毒的柚子皮粉为接枝骨架,丙烯酸为接枝单体,司班-80为分散剂,环己烷为油相,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用反相悬浮聚合法制备了吸水性和吸生理盐水性能良好的纤维素基高吸水树脂。探讨了司班-80用量、引发剂用量、柚皮粉用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酸中和度、反应温度、油水质量比对树脂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的吸液倍率的影响。结果表明,在司班-80用量为单体的6.7%,引发剂用量为单体的0.5%,柚皮粉:丙烯酸为1:5,交联剂为单体的0.67%,丙烯酸中和度40%,油水比2:1,反应温度80℃条件下,树脂对蒸馏水和生理盐水最大吸液倍率可达362.29 g/g和42.49 g/g。     

响应面优化微波法制备芭蕉芋淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂工艺

研究响应曲面优化微波法制备芭蕉芋淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应曲面法研究单体用量、引发剂用量和单体中和度对树脂吸水倍率的影响,并对共聚物结构进行分析。结果表明,微波法制备芭蕉芋淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的最佳工艺为单体丙烯酸与干淀粉比8.2:1(mL/g)、引发剂用量为干淀粉质量的2.8%、单体丙烯酸中和度80.1%时,此时树脂的吸水倍率为769g/g。红外扫描吸收谱表明,接枝共聚物中存在着羧基、酰胺基等特征性亲水性基团。     

桉木浆CLS-AA-SPS互穿网络型高吸水树脂的制备研究

桉木浆品质好、纤维素含量高是一种优良的天然纤维素来源。利用桉木纤维素制备可生物降解的高吸水树脂可提升桉木纸浆的经济附加值,拓展桉木纸浆的应用领域。纤维素系吸水树脂产品耐盐性好、pH易调节,易于生物降解、无毒性残留,不会成为新的环境污染源,使用范围日益广泛,成为近年来研究的热点。本论文使用酶预处理桉木浆,再经NaOH/尿素溶液低温预处理,与丙烯酸(AA)及聚乙烯醇硫酸钠(SPS)反应,通过接枝共聚制备具有互穿网络结构的吸水倍率高、耐盐性好的纤维素-丙烯酸-聚乙烯醇硫酸钠(CLS-AA-SPS)高吸水树脂。通过单因素试验,运用Minitab软件和Box-Behnken实验设计对影响接枝共聚的主要影响因子SPS用量(X_1)、交联温度(X_2)、丙烯酸中和度(X_3)的最佳条件进行了优化,得到该响应值的多元回归二次拟合模型为:Y=-50338.00+3781.50X_1+1070.73X_2+647.59X_3-3216.67X_1~2-9.07X_2~2-6.17X_3~2+X_1X_2+0.50X_1X_3+0.54X_2X_3。优化后的反应条件为,SPS加入量为丙烯酸单体质量的2%,交联温度60.1℃,中和度55.2%。制备的吸水树脂的吸水倍率为1126g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为143.2g/g,吸尿液倍率为83.9g/g,与纤维素-丙烯酸(CLS-AA)吸水树脂相比,其吸水倍率提高128g/g,吸生理盐水倍率提高24g/g,吸人工尿液倍率提高了15g/g。桉木浆、CLS-AA吸水树脂和CLS-AA-SPS吸水树脂的热稳定分析的最后残留灰分达到了13%,22.3%和30.2%,CLS-AA-SPS互穿网络型树脂具有更好的热稳定性。红外图谱、扫描电镜和热重定分析结果均表明,合成的桉木浆CLS-AA-SPS互穿网络吸水树脂存在互穿网络结构。     

反相悬浮法红薯淀粉/丙烯酸接枝反应工艺研究

采用反相悬浮法以淀粉接枝丙烯酸合成吸水性树脂;探讨单体与淀粉质量配比、交联剂、引发剂、油水体积比、单体中和度等因素对树脂吸水率影响,通过单因素和正交实验得到最优工艺条件:单体与淀粉质量配比5∶1、交联剂用量0.122 g、引发剂用量1.3 g、油水体积比1.3∶1、单体中和度70%;聚合物在自来水中最大吸液倍率为95 g/g,且产品具有良好吸水速率。     

马铃薯淀粉耐盐性树脂的合成工艺研究

在不通氮气条件下,以马铃薯淀粉、丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,甘油为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法进行接枝共聚制备耐盐性树脂,优化了马铃薯淀粉耐盐性树脂合成工艺。结果表明,当马铃薯淀粉与单体(g/mL)比例为1∶7,丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺摩尔比为0.5∶1,丙烯酸中和度为70%,反应温度60℃,引发剂、交联剂用量分别为单体的0.25%,0.6%(相对于单体的wt%)时,交联时间为1.5h。此条件下制备的高吸水性树脂吸0.9%NaCl倍率达到76g/g,吸蒸馏水倍率达到786g/g。     

球磨改性稻秆复合高吸水树脂的工艺优化

为了降低高吸水树脂的生产成本和提高水稻秸秆的高附加值综合利用水平,以稻秆为原材料制备高吸水树脂。稻秆先经过球磨处理,然后在水溶液中与单体丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)进行接枝共聚反应,制备复合改性高吸水树脂;探讨各反应物的量和反应条件对吸水率和吸盐率的影响,采用二次回归正交法优化了工艺条件。结果表明,球磨处理提高了水稻秸秆吸水树脂的性能;结合单因素试验和响应面优化模型确定球磨改性稻秆高吸水树脂的工艺参数为:交联剂0.058 g,引发剂0.20 g,丙烯酸中和度69%。在此最优条件下,球磨改性水稻秸秆制备的高吸水树脂的吸水率为305.26 g/g,吸盐率为41.58 g/g。     

反相微乳液法制备芭蕉芋淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐共聚物

在氮气保护的环境下,以过硫酸铵为引发剂、N,N＇-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用反相微乳液法制备芭蕉芋淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐共聚物;确定含芭蕉芋淀粉的稳定反相微乳液体系的制备工艺：油水比为1.2:1、复合乳化剂用量为30%、乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(hydrophile lipophylic balance,HLB)为7.36;利用正交试验法优化利用反相微乳液法制备淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐共聚物的工艺条件,在最佳工艺(单体丙烯酸的用量16mL、引发剂用量3.5%、交联剂用量0.8%、单体丙烯酸中和度70%)条件下,制备出芭蕉芋淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐共聚物的吸水倍率可达1340g/g。红外光谱分析结果表明,聚合过程中芭蕉芋淀粉与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚反应。     

原材料的选择和处理对合成淀粉接枝丙烯酸／丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂的影响

用水溶液法合成了淀粉接枝丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂,主要讨论了淀粉类型、引发剂类型、交联剂类型、添加剂类型、淀粉预处理方式、引发剂比例、引发剂加入方式等对反应的接枝效率、合成树脂吸水/吸盐水性能的影响。     

原材料对合成高吸水树脂的影响

用水溶液法合成了淀粉接枝丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂,主要讨论了淀粉类型、引发剂类型、交联剂类型、添加剂类型、淀粉预处理方式、引发剂比例、引发剂加入方式等对反应的接枝效率、合成树脂吸水/吸盐水性能的影响.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.