废纸制备聚苯胺纤维素气凝胶及其性能的研究

本研究以废纸作为纤维素源（CEL）、聚苯胺（PANI）为导电性物质,基于原位聚合法原理制备了一种PANI气凝胶复合材料,最终获得了轻质（密度<0.05 g/cm³）、抗电磁干扰的气凝胶。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、热重分析仪（TG）和矢量网络分析仪对气凝胶复合材料的组成、形貌、热稳定性和电磁参数进行表征,并研究了苯胺单体用量对复合材料电磁屏蔽等性能的影响。结果表明,随着苯胺单体用量的增加,气凝胶复合材料的热稳定性提高。当苯胺单体用量为30%时,气凝胶复合材料的热稳定性高;频率在8.2 GHz时,气凝胶复合材料屏蔽效能（SE）达9.5 dB以上。     

疏水亲油型纳米纤维素气凝胶的制备与吸油性能研究

本研究以不同方法制备的针叶木纳米纤维素（CNF、ECNF和TCNF）为原料,通过冷冻干燥法制备纳米纤维素气凝胶,并利用硬脂酰氯（SAC）溶液浸渍法对其进行疏水改性。采用激光粒度仪、X射线衍射分析仪、Zeta电位仪测定了纳米纤维素的粒径分布、结晶度及电荷密度,并对疏水改性前后气凝胶的密度、孔隙率、结构形貌、疏水性能及吸油性能进行了分析和研究。结果表明,TCNF粒径及电荷分布较为均匀;SAC改性不会影响纳米纤维素气凝胶轻质、多孔的特性,改性后的气凝胶表现出优异的疏水性和良好的吸油性,其中S-ECNFA的疏水性最佳,表面水接触角（CA）可达151.6°;S-TCNFA对4种不同密度的油吸附能力最强,其中对食用油的吸油量可达48.96 g/g气凝胶,经5次循环使用后,对食用油的吸油量仍可达初次吸油量的60.8%,具有较好的循环使用性能。     

掺杂改性纤维素复合气凝胶的制备及吸附性能

为提高纤维素材料在废水处理中的吸附性能，利用蒙脱土（MMT）和壳聚糖（CS）对再生纤维素（RC）掺杂改性，制备了多元复合气凝胶。对气凝胶结构进行了表征，评价了气凝胶对重金属离子的吸附性能。结果表明：CS的加入增强了与纤维素分子的作用力，能构建具有均匀微孔结构的复合气凝胶，提高了气凝胶的机械性能及其孔隙率，降低了密度。相对于纯RC气凝胶，复合气凝胶对重金属离子的吸附性能明显提升，其中RC-MMT-CS复合气凝胶对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Co~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量分别达到220.9、153.1、134.5、65.5 mg/g，是RC-MMT复合气凝胶的1.4、1.5、1.6、2.1倍，RC气凝胶的12.3、10.0、10.6、6.7倍。同时，RC-MMT-CS复合气凝胶具有良好的再生利用性能，5次循环后对4种重金属离子的吸附能力仍均能保持在75%以上。     

氨化纤维素基气凝胶的制备及其对阿散酸的吸附行为研究

以纤维素为原料,利用表面氨化交联聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）制备了一种对阿散酸（p-ASA）具有高效吸附效果的功能化纤维素基气凝胶（Cell@PEI）。结果表明,三维块状的Cell@PEI具有独特的多孔结构、较大的比表面积（241.4 m²/g）,且PEI的引入丰富了气凝胶表面的官能团,增强了Cell@PEI中的静电和氢键相互作用,促进了其对p-ASA的吸附。Cell@PEI对p-ASA的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温模型和准二级吸附动力学模型,最大吸附量为205.6 mg/g。利用NaOH溶液对Cell@PEI气凝胶进行解吸再生5次后,其对p-ASA的去除率仍在70%以上。     

羧甲基纤维素钠/己二酸二酰肼水凝胶的制备及其重金属离子吸附性能研究

以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）为基材、己二酸二酰肼（ADH）为交联剂,成功制备了具有三维网络结构的CMC/ADH水凝胶,研究了CMC/ADH水凝胶对废水中重金属离子（Cr⁶⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺）的吸附性能。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线能谱分析（EDS）和溶胀性能分析等方法对CMC/ADH水凝胶进行表征;研究了吸附时间、pH值及重金属离子初始浓度对CMC/ADH水凝胶在模拟废水中吸附行为的影响;并对CMC/ADH水凝胶的吸附机理进行分析研究。结果表明,在室温（25℃）、pH值=3、重金属离子初始浓度50 mg/L、吸附时间300 min的条件下,CMC/ADH水凝胶对废水中Cr⁶⁺、Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附量分别为31.5、75.9和72.0 mg/g;其吸附过程的动力学模型和等温模型的拟合结果表明,CMC/ADH水凝胶吸附重金属离子的过程是单层化学吸附过程。     

Nata气凝胶的制备及其结构分析

以Nata为原料,通过冷冻干燥制备了密度为30 mg/cm-3的具有三维多孔结构和良好韧性的Nata气凝胶,并使用X射线衍射(XRD),傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR),扫描电镜(SEM),热重分析法(TGA)对其形貌结构,超分子结构、晶体结构及热性质进行表征。XRD谱图表明Nata气凝胶中纤维素超分子结晶形态为纤维素I,具有比Nata和微晶纤维素更高的相对结晶度和更大晶粒尺寸;FT-IR光谱表明,没有新的官能团产生,计算出红外结晶指数比微晶纤维素大,结果与XRD一致;对FTIR光谱特征峰进行分峰拟合,3100~3600cm-1分峰拟合分子间氢键和分子内氢键变化,气凝胶中纤维素分子内氢键O(2)H...O(6)强度减弱,O(3)H...O(5)强度增大,分子间氢键O(6)H...O(3')强度增加;660~760 cm-1进行分峰拟合,纤维素Iα含量为92.18%;SEM显示该气凝胶中存在大量的孔隙;TGA显示:热分解温度为322.07℃,热稳定性优于Nata和MCC。     

氮掺杂纤维素基碳气凝胶对染料吸附的影响

采用尿素改性与冷冻干燥法相结合的方式制备了可循环使用的氮掺杂纤维素基气凝胶,并对该气凝胶进行碳化得到氮掺杂纤维素基碳气凝胶(N-CCA)。分析了N-CCA的形貌和结构特征,并对废水中阳离子染料亚甲基蓝(MB)和阴离子染料刚果红(CR)的吸附性能进行了研究。SEM、XRD、氮气吸附脱附仪测试结果表明,经过尿素改性后,纤维素基碳气凝胶形貌发生重组,孔隙结构更加紧密,石墨化程度降低,比表面积增加,有利于提高染料去除能力。通过紫外可见分光光度计测试表明,改性后的N-CCA对阳离子染料MB的吸附能力略微下降,但对阴离子染料CR的吸附能力提升明显,从改性之前的87.12mg/g增加到360.63 mg/g。N-CCA材料具有选择性吸附性解,循环使用5次,CR去除率保持在98%以上。     

聚离子液体改性废报纸基纤维素气凝胶及其染料吸附性能研究

采用超声脱墨技术纯化废报纸（WNP）,将得到的脱墨纤维素纤维在碱溶剂体系中溶解并交联再生制备纤维素气凝胶（WNCA）,最后通过化学接枝法制备了聚（1-乙烯基-3-丁基咪唑溴盐）聚合物刷修饰的纤维素气凝胶吸附剂（WNCA-g-PBVIMBr）;研究了WNCA-g-PBVIMBr的化学结构与物理形貌,探索了其对染料酸性橙II（AO II）的吸附性能与吸附机理。结果表明,WNCA表面均匀接枝了平均分子质量为3780 g/mol的PBVIMBr聚合物刷,其对AO II的最大吸附容量为351 mg/g,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,且化学吸附起主导作用。     

荆树皮栲胶/纤维素-聚乙烯亚胺气凝胶吸附阿散酸的研究

以纤维素为原料,采用NaOH/尿素/水混合溶液溶解纤维素,通过溶胶-凝胶法将荆树皮栲胶（BWT）和聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）接枝到纤维素上以制备荆树皮栲胶/纤维素-聚乙烯亚胺气凝胶（（Cell/BWT）@PEI）,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）分析、热分析（TG-DTG）等手段对其进行结构表征和性能分析,并且研究了其对阿散酸（p-ASA）的吸附性能。结果表明,（Cell/BWT）@PEI比表面积为190.5 m2/g,孔径为15.2 nm,具有较好的热稳定性;当p-ASA初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、溶液pH值为5.0、吸附时间为360 min、吸附温度为25℃、（Cell/BWT）@PEI投加量为0.4 g/L时,（Cell/BWT）@PEI对p-ASA的平衡吸附容量（Qe）为163.3 mg/g,去除率为65.3%;(Cell/BWT)@PEI对p-ASA的吸附为化学吸附,Freundlich等温吸附方程更适于描述（Cell/BWT）@PEI对p-ASA的吸附,且吸附过程自发进行;吸附再生实验结果表明,循环再生5次后,（Cell/BWT）@PEI对p-ASA的Qe为1...     

纳米纤维素气凝胶构建及其过滤聚苯乙烯微塑料性能研究

以漂白桉木浆为原料,分别通过2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧化物（TEMPO）和2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵（EPTMAC）对其化学改性,并借助高压均质处理得到改性纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）,最后采用冷冻干燥法制备得到改性CNF气凝胶。研究了聚苯乙烯微塑料（PSMPs）种类和浓度对改性CNF气凝胶过滤性能的影响。结果表明,EPTMAC改性气凝胶（QCNF）对羧基化聚苯乙烯（PS-COOH）的过滤效率为99%;TEMPO氧化改性气凝胶（TCNF）对氨基化聚苯乙烯（PS-NH₂）的过滤效率为75%。改性CNF气凝胶对PSMPs的过滤性能得益于材料本身的超亲水性、独特的三维多孔结构和表面丰富的活性结合位点。此外,QCNF气凝胶经过8次循环过滤后,QCNF气凝胶对PS-COOH的过滤效率始终保持在99%以上,过滤通量稳定且超过20.2 L/（m²·h）,具有良好的稳定性和可重复利用性。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.