新疆杏农药残留的风险评估与排序

为明确新疆杏中残留农药的种类、残留风险水平，本研究以2021年和2022年新疆6个杏主产区的77份样品为研究对象，使用液相色谱-质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法对杏中的99种农药进行定量分析，计算杏中农药残留的急性、慢性膳食摄入风险，并进行排序，针对杏中检出的无最大残留限量的农药，提出了最大残留限量建议值。研究结果显示，新疆杏样品农药残留检出率较高，达到96.1%，样品残留农药共计23种，其中多菌灵、啶虫脒、氯氟氰菊酯的检出率较高。残留农药的急慢性膳食摄入风险在可接受水平。根据农药风险评估排序，克百威、甲拌磷、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、三唑磷4种农药被确定为高风险农药，风险得分分别为25.3、25.1、20.2、20.1。抽查的77份样品不存在高风险的样品，主要以低风险和极低风险样品为主。检出的农药中有10种尚未制定最大残留限量，综合分析，建议优先制定虫酰肼、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、三唑磷3种残留农药的最大限量值，建议值分别为：6、0.1、0.3 mg/kg。可见，新疆杏质量安全状况整体良好，建议完善杏中常用而无农药残留最大限量值规定农药的限量值。     

甜瓜MRLs增补种类及其建议值分析

为明确甜瓜最大残留限量值增补种类及其建议值,本文以2018和2019年6个省份545份甜瓜为实验材料,在完成实验材料中60种农药残留定量分析的基础上,通过急性膳食风险分析（%ADI）、慢性膳食风险分析（%ARfD）、风险矩阵等技术方法,探讨了甜瓜残留农药的质量安全风险,开展了风险相对较高残留农药及最大残留限量值（MRLs）增补种类及其建议值的研究与分析,结果显示:残留农药急、慢性膳食风险均低于100%,二甲戊灵的急性膳食风险相对较高,达到56.67%;残留农药中,哒螨灵、甲维盐、联苯菊酯的残留风险相对较高;65.22%的残留农药无最大残留限量,其中包括3种风险相对较高的残留农药。综合以上分析可知:哒螨灵、甲维盐、联苯菊酯、二甲戊灵兼具风险相对较高和无最大残留限量的特点,建议制订对应限量值,建议值依次为:1、0.05、1、3 mg·kg?1。     

不同种植方式西瓜果实农药残留的比较

为明确不同栽培种植方式产出西瓜果实的农药残留状况及其差异性，本文以大棚、小拱棚、露地3种种植方式产出的65份西瓜样品为研究对象，在完成样品中60种农药残留定量分析的基础上，通过慢性、急性膳食风险分析、风险排序等技术方法，探讨了3种种植方式产出西瓜果实残留农药的差异性。结果表明:部分样品存在残留农药的现象，但其慢性和急性膳食风险均不高；3种种植方式中，露地种植方式样品残留农药种类最多，为9种，且极低风险样品占比也低于其余2种方式，为76%；此外，3种种植方式需重点关注的风险相对较高残留农药种类不同，大棚为三唑磷，小拱棚为苯醚甲环唑、丙溴磷、氯氟氰菊酯，露地种植为三唑磷、丙溴磷、咪鲜胺。综合以上分析可以得出:3种种植方式中，露地种植产出西瓜残留农药风险相对较高，宜根据风险相对较高残留农药种类的差异，分别加强监管。     

设施栽培草莓中农药残留膳食风险评估

以北京、河北、山东、安徽和辽宁五个设施栽培草莓主产区的120个样品为研究对象,进行88种农药残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估,利用风险排序矩阵对检出农药进行风险排序,并计算最大残留限量估计值。结果表明,120个草莓样品中农药检出率为100%,共检出50种农药,其中23种农药在我国或国际食品法典委员会制定了草莓中最大残留限量值,均未超标;检出农药的慢性和急性膳食摄入风险分别为0.0005%~33.02%(平均值1.39%)和0.01%~72.51%(平均值5.51%),均小于100%;根据农药风险得分排序,检出的农药可划分为4类,其中高风险农药仅有1种,为水胺硫磷,中风险农药有6种,占12.5%,以低风险以下农药为主(41种),占85.4%;建议尽快制定或修订草莓中阿维菌素、敌敌畏和多菌灵等45种农药的最大残留限量值。     

不同产地西瓜农药残留分析与膳食风险评估

为明确不同产地西瓜农药残留状况,区分不同产区残留农药不同之处,本研究以新疆、山东、广西80个西瓜样品为研究对象,明确其60种农药残留水平的基础上,通过英国兽药委员会兽药残留风险排序方法对三产地西瓜残留农药进行排序、比较,并通过急性、慢性膳食摄入风险对其安全水平进行评估。结果显示:三产地共检出11种农药残留,新疆、山东、广西西瓜中残留农药种类分别为6、7、8种,且残留水平不同,检出农药风险得分也不同,其中广西检出的农药三唑磷、敌敌畏、咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑(24.60、24.60、18.30、18.15),山东检出的农药苯醚甲环唑、丙溴磷(18.50、18.10),新疆检出的农药农药苯醚甲环唑(18.20)风险得分相对较高。对检出农药进行急性、慢性膳食摄入风险结果显示西瓜中所有残留农药其%ADI、%ARf D值分别在0.01%～1.53%、0.03%～23.30%之间不等,其结果远小于100%。三地区样品中检出农药残留种类、残留水平、风险得分不同,需要根据产区重点关注相应农药,但残留农药水平属于安全限量内。     

慈溪市葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估

目的开展葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估工作,为葡萄食用、农药残留监管和农药最大残留限量提供科学依据。方法在2008~2013年对慈溪市生产的169批次葡萄样品进行了23种农药残留定量检测分析,分别用%ADI和%ARf D进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,用ADI值、大份餐和体重等参数计算最大残留限量估计值(eMRL)。结果近6年葡萄农药检出率为24.85%,超标率为0.59%。检出的7种农药慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)为0.010%~1.34%,平均值为0.23%;急性膳食摄入风险(%ARf D)为0.98~28.30%,平均值为8.90%。葡萄农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低。结论检出的7种农药最大残留限量(MRLs)均过严,建议将敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、百菌清、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、腐霉利等7种农药的最大残留限量分别定为0.5、3.5、2.5、2.5、2.5、2.5、11 mg/kg。     

芒果果实中农药残留分布及慢性膳食摄入风险

为掌握常用农药在芒果果实中的残留分布情况及其对慢性膳食摄入风险的贡献大小。采用气相色谱和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中42个常用农药残留。采用点评估方法计算检出农药对儿童和成人的慢性膳食摄入风险的贡献份额,采用相对效能因子法计算农药的累积风险。44.1%的全果样品和35.5%的果肉样品中检出农药残留。吡虫啉在全果和果肉中的检出率最高,分别为21.6%和19.6%。按照我国制定的最大残留限量标准(MRL),吡唑醚菌酯、噻虫胺、吡虫啉和苯醚甲环唑在全果和果肉中均存在超标现象,在全果和果肉中的超标率分别是6.9%/1.0%、5.9%/1.0%、3.0%/2.0%、2.0%/2.0%。不套袋品种(台农和贵妃)农药检出率和超标率高于套袋品种(金煌)。所有检出农药的残留水平基本符合全果的残留量高于果肉的残留量。对于内吸性较强的农药(如新烟碱类农药和三唑类农药等),少部分芒果样品果肉中的残留量高于全果或者只在果肉中有检出。果肉中同时检出4种及以上农药的样品比例为7.9%,小于全果中的比例(20.6%)。所有检出农药对成人和儿童的%ADI均远远小于100%,且三唑类和新烟碱类农药的累积风险也极小。通过芒果摄入的农药残留对慢性膳食摄入风险的贡献极低。     

主产区杨桃中农药残留风险评估

目的 明确主产区广西、广东、福建及海南杨桃中农药残留状况,评估其农药残留风险,为杨桃安全生产及农药最大残留限量制修订提供科学依据。方法 对在主产区采集的70份杨桃中105种农药残留进行检测,并对检出的农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)、急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)进行评估及风险排序。结果 在70份杨桃中共有53份样品检出农药残留,检出率为75.7%;检出的农药共有18种,检出最多的前三位是多菌灵、甲基毒死蜱、啶虫脒,检出率分别为42.8%、17.1%、15.7%;检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险均值为2.03%;急性膳食摄入风险均值为5.89%,所有农药残留风险值均低于100%,风险很低。杨桃中高风险农药是灭多威、3-羟基克百威、三氯杀螨醇3种。结论 主产区杨桃中农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低,在杨桃安全生产和消费、质量安全监管中应对高风险农药重点关注,建议加快对杨桃中使用农药的登记和最大残留限量的制修订。     

山东省主产区苹果农药残留水平及累积急性 膳食摄入风险评估

目的评估目前山东主要苹果产区的农药残留水平,为农药残留监管提供科学依据。方法对采自山东苹果主产区的110个苹果样品运用现有的标准方法进行102种农药残留分析检测,利用急性参考剂量(acute reference dose,ARf D)和国家估计短期摄入量(international estimated short-term intake,IESTI)公式评估苹果农药累积急性风险。结果山东省苹果共检出26种农药残留,多残留(2种农残及以上)样品占样品总数的78%,所有样品检出农药残留量均未超过规定的最大残留限量值;检出苹果上禁用农药灭多威和未登记农药噻嗪酮、螺螨酯、杀铃脲;有机磷类、菊酯类、三唑类和烟碱类农药在山东苹果中累积急性膳食摄入风险(%ARf D值)分别为37.7%、7.37%、0.28%和1.53%。结论山东省苹果农药残留种类较多,残留水平不高,有机磷类、菊酯类、三唑类和烟碱类农药累计急性摄入风险较小,但需重点关注苹果上禁用农药和未登记农药。     

市售荔枝农药残留风险评估

目的:明确市场销售荔枝农药残留状况及其膳食暴露风险。方法:对采自上海、杭州、南京、长沙、济南的100批次荔枝全果和果肉样品中126种农药残留进行检测，评估检出农药慢性膳食暴露风险和急性膳食暴露风险，并进行风险排序。结果:荔枝全果和果肉中农药残留检出率分别为100%和54%，检出数量分别为38种和12种，超标率分别为43%和0%。荔枝全果检出农药慢性膳食暴露风险范围为0.00~21.75%，均值1.05%，急性膳食暴露风险范围为0.03%~37.00%，均值2.99%。荔枝全果中检出高风险农药有毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯、灭多威、吡唑醚菌酯、氧乐果共5种，中、低风险检出农药分别为8种和25种。结论:5个城市市售荔枝中农药残留慢性膳食暴露和急性暴露风险值均低于100%，为可接受范围。荔枝全果农药残留状况不容乐观，果肉比全果农药残留水平更低，膳食暴露风险也更小。建议加快荔枝上使用农药的登记和必要农药最大残留限量(MRLs)的制修订。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.