玫瑰茄提取物多酚含量与抗氧化作用研究

研究玫瑰茄的体外抗氧化活性。采用不同极性的有机溶剂萃取玫瑰茄40%乙醇提取物(粗提物),得到石油醚萃取物、氯仿萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物,然后采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定粗提物以及各萃取物的多酚含量,同时应用DPPH法、试剂盒法、ABTS法分别测定粗提物和各萃取物的DPPH自由基清除能力、还原Fe3+能力以及ABTS自由基抑制能力。DPPH法、试剂盒法、ABTS法测定各提取物抗氧化能力的结果为粗提物>正丁醇萃取物>乙酸乙酯萃取物>氯仿萃取物>石油醚萃取物。玫瑰茄提取物具有较高的多酚含量和较强的抗氧化能力;玫瑰茄提取物的多酚含量与抗氧化能力之间存在较好的相关性。     

药桑不同极性部位体外抗氧化活性的研究

研究药桑不同极性部位体外抗氧化活性.药桑经95％的乙醇浸提,浸膏分别用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯萃取得4个不同的极性部位.分别采用超氧阴离子自由基体系、羟基自由基体系及DPPH·自由基体系对4个相的抗氧化性能进行了研究.结果表明,药桑萃取物对这几种自由基均有不同程度的清除作用.其中氯仿部位与乙酸乙酯部位对自由基的清除较为显著.药桑提取物具有抗氧化作用,可作为原料进行开发利用.     

厚朴叶不同极性溶剂萃取物总酚含量及体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究厚朴叶抗氧化活性成分,测定厚朴叶90%乙醇提取物及其石油醚、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、甲醇萃取物和萃余相浓缩物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除活性、2,2-联氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulonic acid),ABTS]自由基清除活性和总还原力,并与抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,BHT)、抗环血酸(VC)的抗氧化活性比较;同时测定厚朴叶乙醇提取物和不同极性部位中的总酚含量。结果发现:乙酸乙酯萃取物总酚含量最高,为(178.56±11.32)mg GAE/g,其含量高于正丁醇萃取物和90%乙醇提取物。厚朴叶乙醇提取物和不同极性部位均具有一定抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗氧化活性最强,DPPH自由基清除活性接近VC,显著高于BHT,其EC50为(86.27±0.02)μg/mL;对ABTS+自由基的清除活性接近VC和BHT;对Fe3+还原力较BHT低,但显著高于正丁醇萃取物。厚朴叶乙醇提取物和不同极性部位的抗氧化性与总酚含量呈显著相关性。采用薄层色谱-生物自显影法定性检测抗氧化活性,其结果与3种抗氧化测定方法的结果一致。综上,厚朴叶乙酸乙酯萃取物具有良好的抗氧化活性,可用于进一步分离抗氧化活性物质,具有发展为天然抗氧化剂的潜力。     

吊灯花提取物体外抗氧化活性评价

目的:评价吊灯花提取物的体外抗氧化活性.方法:以乙醇、石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水为样品提取剂,以Vc作阳性对照,采用水杨酸法、二苯代苦味基肼自由基(DPPH·)法和Fe3+还原能力实验,对吊灯花不同极性溶荆提取物的体外抗氧化能力进行评价.结果:吊灯花各提取物均对羟基自由基有较强的清除作用,其中粗多糖的清除能力最强.半清除率浓度为0.61mg/mL,但效果不如Vc明显;各提取物对DPPH自由基有很强的清除作用,以乙酸乙酯萃取物清除能力为最强,半清除率浓度为0.13mg/mL.同时以上提取物还对Fe3+具有很强的还原能力,其中石油醚提取物的还原能力最强.结论:吊灯花具有明显的抗氧化活性,在抗衰老方面有广泛应用前景.     

全叶青兰提取物抗氧化活性的研究

以全叶青兰经超临界CO2萃取后的萃取物为原料,采用乙醇提取后,根据极性差异经乙醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇依次萃取,对所得提取物的抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明,3种提取物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基均具有比较强的抗氧化活性。其清除DPPH自由基的能力比较接近,而对羟基自由基的清除能力三者差异较大。其中,乙酸乙酯和乙醚提取物清除羟基自由基的半数清除率要明显小于同等条件下的对照品芦丁和BHT的清除浓度,正丁醇提取物清除DPPH自由基的半数清除率的浓度明显要小于清除羟基自由基的浓度,乙酸乙酯萃取物和乙醚萃取物在两个体系内的差异较小。     

红毛七乙醇提取物和不同极性部位抗氧化活性的研究

主要从清除DPPH自由基(DPPH.)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)、羟基自由基(.OH)和亚硝酸盐(NO2-)四个方面,研究红毛七乙醇提取物和不同极性萃取部位的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,红毛七乙醇提取物和不同极性部位对DPPH.、O2-.、.OH、NO2-均具有清除能力,其中乙醇提取物、正丁醇与乙酸乙酯中等极性部位抗氧化活性较强,而极性较小的石油醚部位和极性较大的水部位抗氧化作用较弱。     

冬凌草抗氧化活性研究及其成分分析

采用液液萃取法对冬凌草乙醇提取物进行分离,得到石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相4个不同极性部位。采用超氧阴离子、羟基与DPPH自由基清除实验和还原力实验评价了冬凌草不同极性萃取部位的抗氧化能力,结果表明:乙酸乙酯萃取部位清除3种自由基的能力显著高于石油醚、氯仿和正丁醇萃取部位(P0.01);乙酸乙酯萃取部位对DPPH和羟基自由基的清除结果与Vc相当,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力弱于Vc;还原力的大小顺序为Vc乙酸乙酯部位正丁醇部位石油醚部位氯仿部位。GC-MS分析显示,乙酸乙酯萃取部位的主要抗氧化活性成分为多酚类化合物。研究为冬凌草资源的开发提供一定的理论参考。     

定心藤醇提物不同极性部分的体外抗氧化活性研究

研究定心藤75%乙醇提取物不同极性部位的体外抗氧化活性,采用5种不同极性溶剂萃取(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水)得到5种萃取物,分别测定黄酮含量,并通过还原能力测定、DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力4种测定方法,对各萃取物抗氧化能力进行研究。结果显示,各提取物对Fe3+均有一定的还原能力,乙酸乙酯萃取物还原效果最为明显;定心藤不同极性部位均具有一定的抗氧化活性,乙酸乙酯萃取物抗氧化能力最强,DPPH·的半数清除浓度IC50为0.28mg/m L,羟自由基半数清除浓度IC50为0.41mg/m L,在0.2mg/m L浓度下,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率达到42.88%,而其黄酮含量最高,达到609.96mg/g,这也许与它具有较高的抗氧化活性有关。说明乙酸乙酯萃取物具有较好的开发天然抗氧化剂的前景。     

桦褐孔菌醇提物抗氧化活性部位的筛选※

目的比较桦褐孔菌醇提物不同极性部位的抗氧化活性,从中筛选出抗氧化的功能部位。方法采用系统溶剂法分离桦褐孔菌菌核的乙醇提取物,分别得到石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和乙醇相等4个不同极性部位,以还原力及对2,2-二(4-叔辛基苯基)-1-苦肼基自由基(DPPH·)和羟自由基(·OH)的清除能力作为筛选其抗氧化活性的评价指标,并对4种萃取物所含有的黄酮含量和多酚含量进行测定。结果 4种提取物均具有较高的抗氧化活性,还原力及清除DPPH·和·OH的活性大小顺序均为:乙醇相乙酸乙酯相氯仿相石油醚相,并与多酚含量和黄酮含量具有很高的相关性。乙醇相的清除率最高,在500μg/m L时,对DPPH·和·OH的清除率分别高达83.13%和52.44%,非常接近于阳性对照抗坏血酸的清除活性。结论乙醇相是主要的抗氧化活性部位,值得进一步开发利用。     

两种工艺下蜂胶中活性成分及抗氧化活性的比较

采用乙醇浸提与超临界CO2流体萃取两种工艺分别萃取粗蜂胶,比较两者提取率,利用高效液相色谱法分别分析两种工艺下蜂胶提取物黄酮成分的差别,气相色谱法分别分析两种工艺下蜂胶提取物萜烯成分的差别,并从DPPH自由基清除能力和抗油脂氧化能力两个指标分别对两者进行了抗氧化活性的研究和比较。实验发现超临界萃取蜂胶的萃取物得率明显要高于乙醇一次浸泡的提取物得率,接近并略小于乙醇二次浸泡的提取物得率;蜂胶乙醇提取物和蜂胶超临界萃取物在黄酮及萜类化合物种类及含量上有明显差异,蜂胶超临界萃取物中只有两种黄酮,即高良姜素、苛因,总黄酮含量3.17%,比蜂胶乙醇提取物中的总黄酮含量16.32%少得多;蜂胶超临界萃取物中的萜类化合物总含量18.72%是蜂胶乙醇提取物中萜类化合物总含量7.72%的2倍多。蜂胶超临界萃取物具有较强的DPPH清除率,蜂胶乙醇提取物抗猪油氧化能力较高。     

Determination of aflatoxins in eggs,milk, meat and meat products using HPLC fluorescent and UV detectors

Raw and pasteurised sheep’s, cow’s and goat’s milk, eggs, and beef samples from different local markets in Jordan were collected during a period of 5 months (January through May 2007) and examined for aflatoxins B1(AFB1), B2(AFB2), G1(AFG1), G2(AFG2), M1(AFM1) and M2(AFM2). The samples were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV and Fluorescent detectors. The analysed samples of milk collected in January were found to contain 0.56 μg L⁻¹ AFM1 and 0.1 μg L⁻¹ AFM2 whilst, the concentration of AFM1 and AFM2 was < 0.05 μg L⁻¹ for milk samples collected between March and May. The AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 contents in the analysed food products ranged from 1.10 to 8.32 μg L⁻¹ and 0.15 to 6.36 μg L⁻¹ in imported and fresh meat samples collected during March, respectively. The mean recovery for the HPLC method was 92% to 109% and the quantification levels were 50 ng L⁻¹ for AFM1 and AFM2. The AFM1 was found in 10% of the tested samples with concentrations between 0.08 and 1.1 μg kg⁻¹ and AFM2 was only found in 1.82% of the tested samples with a level of 0.1 μg kg⁻¹. The AFM1 levels in the examined foods were higher than the maximum level of AFM1 in liquid milk set by the European Community and Codex Alimentarius of 50 ng L⁻¹.     

Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A in barley and corn foods from Korea

A survey for aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), fumonisin B₁ and ochratoxin A (OTA) was conducted on 127 samples that included 30 food-grade barley, 32 barley foods, 18 food-grade corn and 47 corn foods, randomly collected during 1998-99 in Seoul, Korea. The presence of mycotoxins was analysed by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and most of the positive samples from ELISA were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries of AFB₁ and OTA spiked at 10 ng g -1 and FB₁ spiked at 50 ng g^-1 were 106, 87 and 105% by ELISA, whereas those by HPLC were 80, 79 and 84%, respectively. Detection limits by ELISA for AFB₁, FB₁ and OTA were 1, 5 and 5 ng g^-1, and those by HPLC were 0.6, 35 and 1 ng g^-1. Naturally occurring AFB₁, FB₁ and OTA were found in 4/32 (12%), 2/32(6%) and 4/32 (12%) samples of barley foods with an average of 26, 16 and 9 ng g^-1, respectively. AFB₁ and FB₁ in corn foods were detected in 4/47 (8%) and 9/47 (19%) samples with the average being 20 and 74 ng g^-1, while no OTA was found in any corn foods samples. No AFB₁, FB₁ or OTA was detected in any of food-grade barley and corn samples. This is the first report on the natural co-occurrence of AFB₁ and FB₁ in barley and corn foods as well as on surveillance of OTA in Korea.     

Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile

The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55–2505 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 μg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 μg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 μg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.     

麦绿素对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂及MDA、SOD、ET-1、NO的影响

研究麦绿素对食饵性高脂血症大鼠血脂及血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、内皮素1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)的影响。SD大鼠32只,随机均分为四组,即正常八周对照组(8NC)、高脂模型八周组(8HF)、高脂模型四周后再加低剂量麦绿素治疗四周组(BG-L)和高脂模型四周后再加高剂量麦绿素治疗四周组(BG-H)。检测大鼠血脂及血浆MDA、SOD、ET-1、NO的变化。结果表明,麦绿素治疗组同高脂模型八周组比较,血浆总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量升高;血浆SOD活性和NO含量明显升高,而MDA和ET-1含量明显降低;提示麦绿素具有降血脂、抗氧化和改善血管内皮功能的作用。     

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are the main source of marine toxins in the aquatic environment surrounding the austral fjords in Chile. Huichas Island (Aysén) has an history of HABs spanning more than 30 years, but there is limited investigation of the bioaccumulation of marine toxins in the bivalves and gastropods from the Region of Aysén. In this study, bivalves (Mytilus chilenses, Choromytilus chorus, Aulacomya ater, Gari solida, Tagelus dombeii and Venus antiqua) and carnivorous gastropods (Argobuccinum ranelliformes and Concholepas concholepas) were collected from 28 sites. Researchers analysed the accumulation of STX-group toxins using a LC with a derivatisation post column (LC-PCOX), while lipophilic toxins (OA-group, azapiracids, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins) were analysed using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation (+/–) in visceral (hepatopancreas) and non-visceral tissues (mantle, adductor muscle, gills and foot). Levels of STX-group and OA-group toxins varied among individuals from the same site. Among all tissue samples, the highest concentrations of STX-group toxins were noted in the hepatopancreas in V. antiqua (95 ± 0.1 μg STX-eq 100 g^?1), T. dombeii (148 ± 1.4 μg STX-eq 100 g^?1) and G. solida (3232 ± 5.2 μg STX-eq 100 g^?1; p < 0.05); in the adductor muscle in M. chilensis (2495 ± 6.4 μg STX-eq 100 g^?1; p < 0.05) and in the foot in C. concholepas (81 ± 0.7 μg STX-eq 100 g^?1) and T. dombeii (114 ± 1.2 μg STX-eq 100 g^?1). The highest variability of toxins was detected in G. solida, where high levels of carbamate derivatives were identified (GTXs, neoSTX and STX). In addition to the detected hydrophilic toxins, OA-group toxins were detected (OA and DTX-1) with an average ratio of ≈1:1. The highest levels of OA-group toxins were in the foot of C. concholepas, with levels of 400.3 ± 3.6 μg OA eq kg^?1 (p < 0.05) and with a toxic profile composed of 90% OA. A wide range of OA-group toxins was detected in M. chilensis with a toxicity < 80 μg OA eq kg^?1, but with 74% of those toxins detected in the adductor muscle. In all evaluated species, there was no detection of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods. In addition, the STX-group and OA-group toxin concentrations in shellfish was not associated with the presence of HAB. The ranking of toxin concentration in the tissues of most species was: digestive glands > mantle > adductor muscle for the STX-group toxins and foot > digestive gland for the OA-group toxins. These results gave a better understanding of the variability and compartmentalisation of STX-group and OA-group toxins in different bivalve and gastropod species from the south of Chile, and the analyses determined that tissues could play an important role in the biotransformation of STX-group toxins and the retention of OA-group toxins.     

金标免疫层析法检测黄曲霉毒素B1的方法

应用金标免疫层析法（GICA）研制的金标免疫试纸条对食品中黄曲霉毒素B1的检测，来确立该方法的各项技术指标。结果表明：方法的最低检测限：2．5ng／mL；金标免疫试纸条在4℃环境下可稳定10个月以上；与类似毒素AFB2、AFG2的交叉反应率分别是7，14％、6，25％；检测时间小于15min；GICA与ELISA方法的符合率达90％以上。该方法简便、快速，有较高的灵敏度，重复性好，特异性强，能定性或半定量检测食品中的黄曲霉毒素B1含量。     

基于尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1解毒通路探讨枸杞汁对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯代谢的干预作用

目的:通过大鼠毒性干预实验观察枸杞汁对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)染毒大鼠肝脏中尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1(uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1,UGT1)活性及代谢解毒的影响,探讨枸杞汁对DEHP代谢的干预效果。方法:60只雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、DEHP组和枸杞汁干预组,每组20只,DEHP组和干预组在DEHP一次染毒(3 000 mg/kg mb)后连续7 d分别灌胃生理盐水和枸杞汁,对照组则给予同等体积的芝麻油或生理盐水,期间每天收集大鼠24 h尿液。在染毒1、3、5、7 d后各组分别随机处死5只。采用试剂盒检测肝脏UGT1的活力,高效液相色谱法检测血清中的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,MEHP)以及尿液MEHP和邻苯二甲酸(phthalic acid,PA)含量。结果:枸杞汁干预组大鼠第5天UGT1活性显著高于DEHP组和对照组(P0.05),且相对于DEHP组血清中MEHP含量减少而尿液中MEHP和PA含量增加。结论:枸杞汁可能通过提高UGT1活力促进了DEHP的代谢与排泄,发挥了解毒效应,将来可能作为一种预防或对抗邻苯二甲酸酯类物质或其他有毒化学物潜在危害的保健药材或功能食品用于人群的健康防护。     

Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from central China

Between 2012 and 2014, 2528 feed ingredient and complete feed samples were collected from central China. Numbers of 2083, 255 and 190 samples were analysed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON), respectively, by high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with UV or fluorescence detection. The incidence rates of AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were 33.9%, 90.2% and 77.4%, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for AFB1 ranged from 13.1% to 97.1%. Cottonseed meal presented the most serious contamination by AFB1. ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 50% to 100%, indicating serious contamination over the studied 3-year period. This study demonstrates that AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feeds in central China is serious and differs over the years. Feeds are mostly contaminated with ZEN, followed by DON and AFB1.     

鲜食葡萄无公害贮藏保鲜处理

采用乙烯受体抑制剂1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)不同浓度、臭氧(O3)不同浓度和处理时间相结合处理我国南方产区的巨峰葡萄,并对其冷藏期保鲜效果进行研究.结果表明:在处理环境温度为10℃,相对湿度(RH)为60%～80%条件下,臭氧处理浓度和处理时间交互作用影响腐烂率,两者与腐烂率呈显著负相关(r=-0.9908),其中高浓度、长时间臭氧(O3)处理对供试鲜食葡萄的防腐保鲜效果更好一些,巨峰葡萄落粒率与乙烯受体抑制剂1-MCP浓度相关性不大(r=-0.042 8),可见该供试葡萄衰老引起的落粒可能不受乙烯直接影响,或果梗衰老引起的离层落粒可能不是该鲜食葡萄落粒的主要诱因.