NaCl和CaCl2对箭筈豌豆芽苗菜酚类物质积累与抗氧化性的影响

目的：开发箭筈豌豆菜用价值,探究盐溶液对箭筈豌豆芽苗菜酚类物质积累与抗氧化能力影响。方法：通过超高效液相色谱分析NaCl和CaCl2 对箭筈豌豆酚类物质积累的影响,并与豌豆苗、黄豆芽和绿豆芽进行对比,探究盐溶液处理下PAL、C4H、4CL关键酶活力与基因相对表达量变化、抗氧化酶活性变化和抗氧化能力变化。结果：NaCl和CaCl2 共同处理后箭筈豌豆芽苗菜总酚含量由(10.63±0.40) mg GAE/g DW提升至(15.76±0.36) mg GAE/g DW 。箭筈豌豆芽苗菜中共检出16种酚酸成分,在两种盐离子共同作用下,芦丁含量由(22.50± 0.49) mg/kg DW增长至(57.38±0.87) mg/kg DW,分别为豌豆苗、黄豆芽、绿豆芽的79.69,260.82,5.89倍。Na+ 通过提高PAL、4CL和C4H基因相对表达量提高了酶活力,Na+ 和Ca2+ 共同处理下基因相对表达量下降或无显著变化而酶活力提高。结论：NaCl和CaCl2 混合培养箭筈豌豆芽苗菜能够富集酚类物质,提升抗氧化能力。     

青海藜麦资源酚类物质及其抗氧化活性分析

为了明确青海藜麦资源酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性的差异,筛选出酚类物质和抗氧化活性高的藜麦资源,采用化学法分析了90份藜麦资源中游离酚类、结合酚类含量,通过DPPH·、ABTS+·清除力及FRAP铁还原力指标评价各组分的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:不同藜麦酚类物质含量均存在较大差异,且结合酚类物质含量差异较大,游离酚类物质含量相对较小,游离酚类和结合酚类物质在清除DPPH·、ABTS+·、FRAP方面存在明显差异,其中结合酚类具有较强的清除DPPH·、ABTS+·能力,分别达4732.56、3371.97 μmol Trolox Eq/100 g DW;游离酚类的FRAP还原能力相对较强,达1408.64 μmol Trolox Eq/100 g DW。白色、黄色藜麦的结合酚类物质清除DPPH·、ABTS+·能力显著高于红色藜麦,分别达4657.41、5065.66 μmol Trolox Eq/100 g DW,3532.37、3350.72 μmol Trolox Eq/100 g DW;红色藜麦的酚类物质FRAP铁还原力最强(3264.42 μmol Trolox Eq/100 g DW)。聚类分析表明,参试的大部分青海藜麦资源结合酚类物质含量较低,DPPH·、ABTS+·清除力较弱,但FRAP铁还原力较强,其中有6个藜麦资源的结合酚类物质含量最高,5个藜麦资源的抗氧化活性最强。此结果为功能性藜麦新品种的选育提供了优质资源和指导意义。     

豆类种子及萌发过程中功效性成分研究概述

豆类种子及其萌发后形成的芽苗菜富含多种生物活性成分,本文综述近几年有关大豆、绿豆、红小豆、蚕豆、豌豆等多种豆类种子及其萌发过程中酚类、大豆异黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸和左旋多巴等功能性成分的研究,分别从结构与种类、植物体内合成途径、保健功能和代谢过程中的变化规律等方面对这些功能成分进行了综述,为豆类芽苗菜功能保健产品开发提供理论借鉴与技术参考。     

高温发酵和蒸汽处理对大蒜抗氧化能力的影响

通过测定总酚、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和Fe3+还原能力,比较了高温发酵、蒸汽处理对大蒜中总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,高温发酵及蒸汽处理均可显著提高大蒜中的总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化能力(p0.01)。发酵大蒜经蒸汽处理(121℃)60min后,其总酚和总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力(IC50)和Fe3+还原能力(FRAP值)均达到最大值,分别为1.63mg/g DW、1.84mg/g DW、0.41mg/mL和12.96mmol Fe2+/g DW。相关性分析表明,发酵大蒜经蒸汽处理后总酚含量与DPPH和FRAP抗氧化性显著相关(p0.05)。     

4种豆类中多酚、类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性研究

对豇豆、红小豆、绿豆和蚕豆4种豆类中游离态和结合态的多酚及类黄酮的含量进行测定,并比较了其体外抗氧化活性。数据表明,4种不同豆类的游离态多酚和结合态多酚含量范围分别为1.35~1.75mg/g和8.63~10.11 mg/g;游离态类黄酮和结合态类黄酮含量范围分别为1.58~2.07 mg/g和3.92~5.08mg/g;其中结合态多酚含量是游离态多酚的5倍以上,结合态类黄酮含量是游离态的2倍以上。4种豆类游离态和结合态提取物均具有良好的抗氧化活性,其中游离态提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力明显高于结合态,而结合态对FRAP、ABTS、O_(2-)自由基的清除能力明显高于游离态。豆类中含有丰富的酚类、类黄酮等物质,并且主要以结合态形式存在,具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

5种豆类中总多酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性比较研究

以黑豆、绿豆、红小豆、大豆和豇豆5种豆类为研究对象,测定其乙醇提取物总多酚和总黄酮含量,并通过4个指标比较其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,5种不同豆类中总多酚和总黄酮含量分别在2.05 mg/g^6.33 mg/g和1.50 mg/g^4.09 mg/g的范围内,其中黑豆的总多酚和总黄酮含量都最高,分别为6.33 mg/g和4.09 mg/g;5种豆类对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力都比较高,黑豆的清除力最强,其对3种自由基的清除能力分别为80.92%、77.42%和81.62%;相关性分析表明5种豆类的总多酚含量和总黄酮含量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),这两种活性成分含量和DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力之间都呈正相关,其中总黄酮含量和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

过热蒸汽处理对麸皮酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

研究了过热蒸汽处理条件,包括蒸汽温度、处理时间对麸皮酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,蒸汽温度为280℃时,总酚含量最高,为367.77mg/GA eq/100g DW,显著高于其他组(P＜0.05)。蒸汽温度为250℃时,总黄酮含量及总酚DPPH+.自由基清除能力最高,分别为614.82mg/RU eq/100g DW、302.64μmol /Trolox eq/100g DW。处理时间为90s时,总酚含量最高,为349.01 mg/GA eq/100g DW。处理时间为60s时,总黄酮含量最高,为575.64mg/RU eq/100g DW,显著高于其他组(P＜0.05)。总之,过热蒸汽处理的蒸汽温度越高,在较短的处理时间内,麸皮中的酚类物质及抗氧化能力可达到较高水平。     

四种豆类中多酚、类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性研究

对豇豆、红小豆、绿豆和蚕豆4种豆类中游离态和结合态的多酚及类黄酮的含量进行测定,并比较了其体外抗氧化活性。数据表明,4种不同豆类的游离态多酚和结合态多酚含量范围分别为1.35～1.75 mg/g和8.63～10.11 mg/g;游离态类黄酮和结合态类黄酮含量范围分别为1.58～2.07 mg/g和3.92～5.08 mg/g;其中结合态多酚含量是游离态多酚的5倍以上,结合态类黄酮含量是游离态的2倍以上。4种豆类游离态和结合态提取物均具有良好的抗氧化活性,其中游离态提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力明显高于结合态,而结合态对FRAP、ABTS、O2-自由基的清除能力明显高于游离态。豆类中含有丰富的酚类、类黄酮等物质,并且主要以结合态形式存在,具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

小粒黑大豆和红小豆提取物的体外抗氧化活性研究

研究测定小粒黑大豆和红小豆酸性乙醇提取液的两种抗氧化活性物质--单宁和多酚的含量,并且对不同浓度提取液进行羟自由基清除能力测定和还原能力测定.结果表明:提取液中多酚和单宁的含量均与其抗氧化性成正相关关系.有色豆类有望成为天然抗氧化剂的新来源.     

不同品种红枣冻干片的理化品质及抗氧化性比较

为比较不同品种红枣冻干片的理化品质及抗氧化能力,分析7个品种红枣冻干片的总酸、糖、VC、环磷酸腺苷(adenosine cyclic 3,5-monophosphate,cAMP)、游离氨基酸、总酚、总黄酮、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力,利用Unscramble10.1软件对数据进行主成分分析。结果表明,不同红枣品种的理化品质及抗氧化能力差异显著(p0.05),其中骏枣的总酸、总酚、总游离氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量最高,分别为13.47 mg/g DW、11.94 mg GAE/g DW、24.08 mg/g DW和4.33 mg/g DW;冬枣的果糖、葡萄糖、VC和总黄酮含量最高,分别为250.31、235.49、10.42 mg/g DW和2.57 mg RE/g DW;灰枣的蔗糖和总糖含量最高,分别为422.91、786.75 mg/g DW;骏优2号的cAMP最高(600.92μg/g DW);骏枣的抗氧化能力最强,DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除力分别为25.09、63.69μmol TE/g DW。     

Comparative analyses of phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, and color of cool season legumes and other selected food legumes

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to characterize the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of U.S.-produced cool season legumes. A total of 33 cool season legume samples were selected. Some common beans and soybeans were included for comparisons. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannin content (CTC) were analyzed. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were used for analyzing antioxidant properties. Color of the legume flour and the seed coat was also analyzed. TPC, TFC, CTC, FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC values of legumes were significantly different not only between classes but also among samples within each class. Among cool season legume classes, lentils possessed the highest concentrations of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Colored common beans and black soybeans exhibited higher TPC, TFC, CTC, FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC values than those of yellow peas, green peas, and chickpeas. Antioxidant activities (FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC) were strongly correlated ( r = 0.96, 0.94, and 0.89, respectively, P < 0.01) with TPC. TPC and ORAC were moderately correlated ( P < 0.01) with either the seed hull surface color or the flour color.     

Comparative studies on the antioxidant activities of nine common food legumes against copper-induced human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro

ABSTRACT:  Epidemiological studies demonstrated that the consumption of dietary antioxidant was associated with the prevention of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of the hydrophilic extracts from 9 selected legumes based on copper-induced human LDL oxidation model in vitro . The antioxidant activities were assessed on the basis of the formation of conjugated dienes (lag time of oxidation) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as the early and later stage markers of LDL oxidation. The results showed that the extracts of black beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lentils ( Lens culinaris ), black soybeans ( Glycine max ), and red kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) had significant ( P < 0.05) longer LDL oxidation lag times (128.8, 124.2, 107.7, and 111.1 min, respectively) than the LDL control group (94.9 min). No significant lag-time lengthening was observed in other tested legume extracts. On the other hand, black beans, lentils, black soybeans, red kidney beans, and pinto beans exhibited higher antioxidant capacities (Trolox equivalents) than yellow peas, green peas, chickpea, and yellow soybeans in both LDL-conjugated dienes assay and LDL-TBARS assay. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities of these legumes against LDL-lipid peroxidation in the above assays were found to correlate very significantly ( P < 0.01) with their phenolic substances, and DPPH radical scavenging activity and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). These results suggest that consuming black beans, lentils, black soybeans, and red kidney beans may have potential in preventing the development of atherosclerosis from the perspective of inhibiting LDL oxidation.     

A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to investigate how 6 commonly used solvent systems affected the yields of phenolic substances and the antioxidant capacity of extracts from 8 major classes of food legumes. Several antioxidant-related phytochemical compositions, namely, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and condensed tannins content (CTC), were investigated. In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The results showed that the 50% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TPC for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. Acidic 70% acetone (+0.5% acetic acid) extracts exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and FRAP values for black bean, lentil, black soybean, and red kidney bean. The 80% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TFC, CTC, and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. The 70% ethanol extracts exhibited the greatest ORAC value for all selected legumes. These results indicated that solvents with different polarity had significant effects on total phenolic contents, extracted components, and antioxidant activities. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of legume extracts were observed. The information is of interest to the nutraceutical food/ingredient industries since legumes are a rich source of antioxidants.     

Production of enterotoxin A and thermonuclease by Staphylococcus aureus in legumes

Growth, enterotoxin A (SEA) and thermonuclease (TNase) production of S. aureus (Strains CP 7 and FRI 722) was determined in media produced from the following heat or irradiation sterilized legumes: peas, black beans, mung beans, adzuki beans and soybeans. Media containing the five legumes alone or in combination with Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) were tested. With the exception of heat-sterilized black beans and adzuki beans, S. aureus growth was excellent in all media with cell counts after 48 h (25 °C) exceeding 10⁸ cfu/ml. In black beans and adzuki beans cell counts were 1–2 log-cycles lower. Enterotoxin A was produced in amounts of 33 to 72 ng/ml in BHI after 48 h. Almost no toxin was produced in the four different beans following heat or irradiation treatment; in peas the toxin concentration reached 14 to 15 ng/ml. In the medium prepared from irradiated soybeans and BHI the final toxin concentration was about the same as in BHI alone. In all the other media consisting of a combination of legumes with BHI toxin concentrations were there to four times higher than in BHI alone. Production of thermonuclease showed variation and did not always correlate with enterotoxin production.     

Antioxidant properties of some commonly consumed and underutilized tropical legumes

The antioxidant properties of some commonly consumed [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)] and underutilized [pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and African yam bean (Sphenostylis sternocarpa)] legumes were assessed with regard to their Vitamin C, total phenol, and phytate content, as well as antioxidant activity as typified by their reducing power and free radical scavenging ability. The Vitamin C content of the cowpeas ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 mg/100 g, while that of underutilized legumes were 0.9 mg/100 g for pigeon pea and 0.8 mg/100 g for African yam beans. The phenol content of the cowpeas were 0.3–1.0 mg/g, African yam bean had 0.7 mg/g total phenols, while pigeon pea contained 0.4 (white) and 1.2 mg/g (brown) total phenol content, respectively. The phytate content of all the legumes [cowpea (2.0–2.9%), pigeon pea (2.0–2.4%), African yam beans (2.4%)] analyzed were generally high, while the reducing power and free radical scavenging ability for all the legumes were very low except in African yam beans (23.6%), cowpea brown (29.9%), and pigeon pea brown (54.5%) that had a relatively high free radical scavenging ability. Therefore, one of the commonly consumed cowpea V. unguiculata (brown) and underutilized legumes C. cajan (brown) and S. sternocarpa could be considered as a functional food due to their relatively higher antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging ability and redox potential) which could be as a result of their relative higher total phenol content.     

Antioxidant properties of legumes and their morphological fractions as affected by cooking

The antioxidant properties of 6 legumes: green gram (Vigna radiate), red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), red lentil (Lens esculenta), soybean (Glycine max), and moth beans (V. aconitifolia), and their morphological fractions were evaluated before and after cooking. Kidney beans had the highest total phenolic content (8.9 mg ferulic acid equivalents/g), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (38.1%), reducing power (85.5 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g), and total flavonoid content (0.9 mg catechin equivalents/g). Highest metal chelating activity was observed for moth beans (93.3%). The antioxidant properties of the seed coat in all the legumes were manifold higher as compared to the whole legume or its respective endosperm and removal of the seed coat significantly reduced the antioxidant activity. Although cooking brought about a reduction in the antioxidant activity of the legumes in majority of the legumes and their fractions, an increase in the metal chelating activity was observed.     

Enhancements of isoflavone aglycones, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of black soybean by solid-state fermentation with Rhizopus spp.

In the present study, a solid-state fermentation process of black soybean was developed. Three filamentous fungi including Rhizopus oligosporus (BCRC 31996), R. oligosporus (NTU-5), and Rhizopus oryzae (BCRC 30894) were cultivated with steam-cooked intact and dehulled black soybeans. It was found that fermentation enhanced the total phenolic and isoflavone aglycone content as well as antioxidant activity of the black soybean methanol [80 % (v/v)] extracts. Among the three candidates, R. oligosporus BCRC 31996 was chosen as the working strain, and dehulled Tainan NO.3 black soybeans were used as the substrate based on the relatively high total phenolic content, isoflavone aglycone accumulation, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of the fermented extracts. In a 6-day fermentation, extracts of the fermented dehulled black soybeans yielded higher total phenolic content (2,876.2 μg/g) which was 1.16 times of the result from the intact soybean extracts. The DPPH scavenging effect of the fermented dehulled black soybean extract reached its maximum on the third day. The activity of β-glucosidase of dehulled black soybean samples increased with time and resulted in accumulation of isoflavone aglycones. The product of solid-state black soybean fermentation serves as a functional ingredient in the products of nutritional supplements and health foods.     

Phenolic Antioxidants in Some Vigna Species of Legumes and their Distinct Inhibitory Effects on α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Activities

Phenolic extracts of 4 Vigna species of legumes (mung bean, moth bean, and black and red varieties of adzuki beans) were evaluated for phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Results showed that adzuki bean varieties contain higher phenolic indexes than mung bean and moth beans. Adzuki bean (black) variety was found to be the most active 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion scavenger. However, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating abilities were significantly higher in adzuki bean (red) variety. Mung bean exhibited least antioxidant activities in all the methods tested. Phenolic extracts from these legumes also showed distinct variations in the inhibition of enzymes associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Inhibitory activities of all the extracts against lipase were found to be more potent than α-glucosidase. Although, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was superior in the black variety of adzuki bean (IC(50,) 26.28 mg/mL), both adzuki bean varieties (black and red) along with moth bean showed strong inhibitory activities on lipase with no significant difference in their IC(50) values (7.32 to 9.85 mg/mL). These results suggest that Vigna species of legumes are potential source of antioxidant phenolics and also great sources of strong natural inhibitors for α-glucosidase and lipase activities. This information may help for effective utilization of these legumes as functional food ingredients for promoting health. Practical Application: Vigna species of legumes are good sources of phenolic antioxidants and strong natural inhibitors of enzymes associated with diabetes and obesity. Therefore, utilization of these legumes in the development of functional foods with increased therapeutic value would be a significant step toward health promotion and wellness.