明胶与合成高分子复合膜的研究进展

明胶是一种绿色的天然高分子,来源广泛,价格低廉,具有良好的成膜性、生物相容性、生物降解性等。明胶用作膜材料时,具有广泛的用途。但纯明胶膜存在着质脆、力学性能差、对水敏感、潮湿环境下易霉变等缺陷,通常需要对其进行改性处理。将明胶与合成高分子复合制备明胶基复合膜,往往赋予其良好的性能和特性,从而使明胶复合膜具有广阔的应用前景。简单综述了明胶与一些合成高分子(聚乙烯醇、聚乳酸等)共混复合制备明胶基复合膜的研究进展。     

可食性明胶复合膜及其在食品包装上的应用研究进展

明胶是一种天然生物高分子,来源广泛,价格低廉,具有良好的成膜性、生物相容性、生物降解性等。作为膜材料,单一成分的明胶膜存在着热稳定性差、机械强度低、对水敏感、潮湿环境下易变质等缺陷,通常需要对其进行改性处理。明胶通过与蛋白质、糖类、脂类复合,或添加活性功能成分可以改善明胶基膜的性能,从而使明胶基膜具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了明胶与生物聚合物、活性功能成分复合制备明胶基复合膜的研究进展及其在食品包装上的应用。     

海藻酸钠对鱼皮明胶膜理化特性的影响

采用罗非鱼皮明胶与海藻酸钠混合制备可食性复合膜,研究海藻酸钠含量对复合膜理化性质的影响。结果显示：单一罗非鱼皮明胶具有良好的成膜能力,但是机械性能差,将海藻酸钠添加到明胶膜中得到的复合膜抗拉强度和断裂伸长率有明显改善,海藻酸钠添加量在40%时,抗拉强度达最大值6.6?MPa,相对于纯明胶膜（5.5?MPa）和纯海藻酸钠膜（4.6?MPa）分别增加20%和43%,断裂伸长率也在此时达到最大值120%,比纯明胶膜（64%）和纯海藻酸钠膜（88%）分别增加87.5%和26.7%。海藻酸钠水溶性和吸湿率分别高达100%和48.7%,经共混后复合膜的水溶性降低至55%以下,吸湿率介于25%～40%之间,有较大的改善。流变学特性和X射线衍射分析结果表明：明胶和海藻酸钠具有良好的相容性,二者共混可制得性质稳定的复合膜,海藻酸钠与明胶的复合膜液为非牛顿流体,黏度和增稠能力较单一明胶膜有所增加。     

姜黄素对鸡皮明胶膜的性能及结构的影响

以新鲜鸡皮提取的明胶为成膜基材,添加具有抗氧化和抗菌作用的姜黄素,采用流延法制备不同浓度的姜黄素-鸡皮明胶膜,旨在研发出一种新型鸡皮明胶复合膜。本文研究了浓度为0.5%、1%、2%和3%的姜黄素对鸡皮明胶膜理化性质的影响,并用红外光谱和热稳定性表征了复合膜的相容性。最终表明:随着姜黄素浓度的增加,鸡皮明胶膜外观颜色逐渐变为黄色,阻隔性能呈现先下降后上升的趋势,抗拉强度与之相反,断裂伸长率和水溶性逐渐降低,抗氧化和抑菌性显著增强(p0.05);红外光谱中酰胺I带右移,发现姜黄素与鸡皮明胶之间有氢键作用,使鸡皮明胶膜从α-螺旋转变为稳定的三螺旋结构,热稳定分析表明了姜黄素的添加提高了鸡皮明胶膜的热稳定性;当姜黄素浓度为2%时复合膜的综合性能最佳。因此,姜黄素-鸡皮明胶复合膜的开发在食品包装和保鲜方面有潜在的应用价值。     

基于明胶硬胶囊性能评价的明胶—普鲁兰复合膜研究

制备了明胶—普鲁兰复合膜,通过测定复合膜的性质来指导评价硬胶囊的性能、优化硬胶囊囊材配比及降低其脆碎性和水蒸气透过系数(WVP),并通过透光率、傅立叶红外光谱、扫描电镜来表征明胶与普鲁兰的相容性。结果表明:甘油添加量为10%(干基百分比),明胶/普鲁兰质量比为91时,可用于明胶硬胶囊的共混改性。相比明胶膜,上述条件下制备的复合膜的WVP降低了26%,低湿环境下的断裂延伸率提高了1.19倍,复合膜中明胶与普鲁兰分子间具有良好的相容性,因此机械性能稳定性增强,WVP降低。     

含硅藻土负载香芹酚复合体的明胶基缓释抗菌膜的制备与性能

本研究利用多孔结构的硅藻土负载香芹酚制备抗菌复合体，并将其加入至明胶基质中通过流延成膜法制备明胶基活性复合膜，探究复合体的添加量对明胶膜物理性能与抗菌活性的影响。扫描电子显微镜观察、傅里叶变换红外光谱等结果表明，香芹酚成功吸附于硅藻土孔隙内部及表面。随着复合体添加量的增加，明胶膜的厚度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率和氧气透过率增加，而透光率、水溶性、含水量和拉伸强度降低，同时抗氧化和抗菌性能明显提高。当复合体的添加量为20%时，复合膜仍表现出较好的综合性能，其拉伸强度为15.13 MPa，断裂伸长率为67.43%,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率为56.33%，对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别达到39.4 mm和23.7 mm。更为重要的是，与直接添加等量香芹酚的明胶膜相比，硅藻土负载后使得香芹酚在明胶膜中的释放速率更慢，明胶膜的抗菌性能更长效。该实验结果可为利用硅藻土等无机矿物质负载香芹酚等植物精油制备具有缓释性能的明胶基抗菌膜提供一定的参考。     

兔皮、鸡皮和三文鱼皮明胶成膜性的对比

明胶作为可食性和可降解包装的主要材料,由于近年来食品安全问题及个人宗教信仰等,使得传统明胶不能大量应用,现亟需新型明胶材料的研究开发。为寻求最合适的明胶成膜材料,通过对阻隔性能、水溶性、力学性能、红外光谱分析和热稳定性分析来测定鸡皮、兔皮和三文鱼皮明胶的成膜性。最终表明:兔皮明胶膜的水蒸气透过率、水溶性、透氧率在三者中最低,也能表现出良好的机械性能,鸡皮明胶膜的热稳定性较好,但与兔皮明胶膜没有显著性差异。通过红外光谱图表明兔皮明胶膜酰胺A带的吸收峰最低,说明兔皮明胶中的羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸含量较多,酰胺Ⅰ分离子峰高斯拟合后发现兔皮明胶膜的三螺旋结构含量较多,同时甘油特征峰表示出甘油与兔皮明胶膜发生更多的交联。因此,兔皮明胶膜的各项性能优于鱼皮和鸡皮明胶膜,可以作为新型的明胶膜材料。     

可食性抗菌肽-明胶复合膜的制备及性能表征

为了研究新型的可食性抗菌包装材料,以明胶、甘油、不同浓度的抗菌肽为抗菌剂制备了抗菌肽-明胶复合膜。以光学性能等指标以及傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对复合膜的性能进行表征。结果表明:添加了抗菌肽的明胶复合膜在250～300 nm波长范围内吸收显著提高,抗菌肽的添加使膜的颜色偏黄,机械性能得到一定的改善,如50 mg/mL的抗菌肽添加量使水蒸气透过率具有一定程度降低(与纯明胶相比降低了17.30%),膜的抗拉强度(TS)和断裂伸长率(EAB)与纯明胶膜相比,分别增加了11.40%和42.90%)。当抗菌肽的添加量为50 mg/mL时,薄膜抗菌能力最为显著(对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为14.60 mm和12.30 mm)。FT-IR和SEM显示复合膜有良好的相容性。DSC数据显示抗菌肽对复合膜的热稳定性有一定程度的降低作用。     

壳聚糖明胶可食用复合膜的制备与抗菌性能研究

以壳聚糖和明胶为复合膜骨架材料,通过加入0.3%(体积比)甘油增塑剂,制备具有显著抗菌性能的可食用复合膜。以较高的抗拉强度、较大的断裂伸长率、较低的水蒸气透过系数为主要性能指标,对成膜骨架材料壳聚糖和明胶的配比进行优化。研究结果表明,当壳聚糖浓度为1.5%、明胶浓度为1.25%时,以6∶4的体积比混合,制备获得机械性能良好(抗拉强度为13.24 MPa,断裂伸长率为112.45%),水蒸气透过系数较低(0.4032 mg·mm·kPa-1·h-1·m-2)的最优化复合膜。通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段对复合膜进行表征。结果表明,与壳聚糖膜和明胶膜相比,复合膜的内部分子之间有较强的氢键和分子间作用力,膜内部致密且水蒸气不易通过,同时复合膜液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均具有显著的抑制效果。     

淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用

肉制品作为具有高生物价值的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素和过量生物活性化合物等基本营养素的来源,被人们广泛接受和喜爱。但是肉质品在不当环境下储存极易腐败变质,因此亟需寻求绿色、高效的保鲜技术。近年来,淀粉作为一种可成膜多糖被广泛用于制备生物可降解薄膜以用于食品包装,通过作为抗氧化抗菌生物活性物质载体或隔绝氧气等来维持肉制品的新鲜度,目前基于淀粉与成膜材料联合制备的复合膜已成为肉制品防腐保鲜技术的研究热点。因此,本文通过综述淀粉的基本性质、基于淀粉制备的食品复合膜的结构及特性,以及重点阐述淀粉基食品薄膜与精油、天然提取物、纳米复合材料等联用在肉制品保鲜中的研究进展,以期为淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用提供理论参考。     

一种环保型皮革涂饰材料

蛋清A与明胶B的复合物,二者的产物可以用做生物降解的粘合剂来使用。在AB的复合物中加入戊二醇形成复合物ABC。利用FT-IR\TGA\CD光谱表征对复合物ABC进行检测同时测定其拉伸的强度。蛋清是一种天然的营养食品,用蛋清、明胶、戊二醇来联合制成天然的高分子材料。这种特殊的生物聚合非常耐高温且拉伸的强度性能更加的优良。所以,将这种新型的复合物涂在材料的表面,可以刚好的防止才来生锈,加强材料的使用寿命。     

乳链菌肽对明胶-酪蛋白钙复合膜理化及抑菌特性的影响研究

本研究将不同浓度的乳链菌肽添加到明胶-酪蛋白钙中,开发出一系列可生物降解的乳链菌肽-明胶-酪蛋白钙抗菌复合膜,并对其力学特性、光学特性、表面形貌、抑菌活性和保鲜效果进行分析。结果表明:加入乳链菌肽后,成膜液中的乳链菌肽等成分物质与明胶相互作用,导致复合膜的宏观和微观性能均有不同程度改变。随着乳链菌肽浓度的提高,复合膜的厚度和断裂伸长率逐渐增大;外观颜色变深;抗拉强度、水溶性和水蒸气透过系数逐渐降低;复合膜透光率的降低,对光的阻隔性能逐渐增强;对常见致食品腐败菌(尤其是革兰氏阳性菌)有明显抑制作用,且逐渐增强;原子力显微镜观测其表面粗糙程度逐渐增大,对冷藏肉的保鲜效果越来越好。因此,乳链菌肽-明胶-酪蛋白钙复合膜的开发在食品包装和保鲜等方面表现出潜在的应用价值。     

Composite and bi-layer films based on gelatin and chitosan

The aims of this work were: to develop composite, bi-layer and laminated biodegradable films based on gelatin and chitosan, to determine film barrier and mechanical properties and to characterize their microstructure.Gelatin and chitosan concentrations used were 7.5% and 1% (w/w), respectively. Glycerol (0.75%) was added as plasticizer.Physicochemical properties such as moisture content, transparency and color were analyzed. Composite and bi-layer systems showed a compact structure indicating a good compatibility between components.Water vapor permeability (WVP) was independent of film thickness up to 120 μm for gelatin films and 60 μm for chitosan ones. Both, bi-layer and laminated systems resulted effective alternatives to reduce WVP of composite films (at least 42.5%). Bi-layer systems showed better mechanical properties than laminated ones. The resistance at break increased from 54.3 for composite to 77.2 MPa for bi-layer films, whereas elongation at break values of both composite and bi-layer films were similar (2.2–5.7%).     

明胶—壳聚糖可食性复合包装膜性能影响因素

主要研究明胶含量、明胶浓度,甘油含量对明胶―壳聚糖可食性复合膜性能影响。通过对复合膜厚度、抗拉强度、断裂伸长率及透光率检测表明,明胶在成膜液中含量、浓度及甘油含量均对复合膜性能具有显著影响。     

Development of a chicken feather protein film containing clove oil and its application in smoked salmon packaging

Chicken feathers, a by-product of the poultry industry, were utilized as a film base material after extraction of chicken feather protein (CFP). Composite films of CFP and gelatin were prepared, and their mechanical properties were investigated. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the CFP/gelatin composite film significantly (p < 0.05) increased as the gelatin content in the film increased. As a cross-linking agent, 0.5% cinnamaldehyde further improved the film's mechanical properties. Incorporation of clove oil into the composite film resulted in strong inhibition zones against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes compared with the film without clove oil. Packaging smoked salmon with the composite film containing 1.5% clove oil resulted in a decrease in the populations of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes by 1.41 and 1.34 log CFU/g, respectively, compared with the control during storage at 4 °C for 12 days. Furthermore, the peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value decreased by 28 and 36%, respectively, in the smoked salmon packaged with the composite film containing 1.5% clove oil compared with the control during storage. These results suggest that a CFP/gelatin composite film with 1.5% clove oil can be used as an active packaging material for smoked salmon.     

Preparation and mechanical properties of rice bran protein composite films containing gelatin or red algae

Edible films have been applied to food packaging. To examine a new edible film source from underutilized food processing byproducts, rice bran protein (RBP) was isolated from rice bran oil residues and the RBP films were prepared. The suitable plasticizer for the preparation of the RBP film was fructose, and the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break of the RBP film were 0.94 MPa and 25.54%, respectively. Therefore, to improve the poor mechanical properties of the RBP film, red algae or gelatin was added to the film-forming solution for preparing a composite film. Among the RBP composite films, the 4% RBP/4% gelatin composite film was the most desirable with regard to the physical property of films, having the highest TS of 28.42 MPa. These results suggest that the RBP/gelatin blend film can be applicable in food packaging.     

An approach for the enhancement of the mechanical properties and film coating efficiency of shellac by the formation of composite films based on shellac and gelatin

The purpose of this study was to enhance the mechanical properties and film coating efficiency of shellac by the formation of composite films with different concentrations of gelatin. The composite films were prepared by the casting method and their mechanical and physicochemical properties were investigated. The results demonstrated that the puncture strength and percentage elongation of the composite film increased from 3.61 to 15.58 MPa and from 3.80% to 32.47% as the gelatin concentration increased to 50% w/w, respectively, indicating the enhancement of the strength and flexibility of the shellac film. The efficiency of the composite film over two model substrates, i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates, respectively, was also studied. The work of adhesion and spreading coefficient of the composite film increased from 66.42 to 83.53 mN/m and from −8.14 to −3.07 mN/m for the hydrophilic substrate, indicating the improvement of the coating efficiency whereas the hydrophobic substrate showed the opposite trend with the increase in gelatin concentration. Therefore, the formation of the composite film not only improved the mechanical properties of shellac but also enhanced the efficiency of film coating by the modification of different concentrations of hydrocolloid polymer to suit with the type of coating substrate. Hence the knowledge of composite film could make beneficial contributions to the various applications in film coating for the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Release of active compounds from agar and agar–gelatin films with green tea extract

Active biodegradable films based on agar and agar–fish gelatin were developed by the incorporation of green tea aqueous extract to the film forming solution. The effect of the partial replacement of agar by fish skin gelatin as well as the addition of the green tea extract on the physical properties of the resultant films was evaluated. Special attention was given to the release of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds from the agar film matrices with and without gelatin. Agar–gelatin films were less resistant and more deformable than agar films. The inclusion of green tea extract decreased tensile strength and elongation at break in both agar and agar–gelatin films. Water vapour permeability and water resistance was not affected either by the replacement of agar by gelatin or the addition of green tea extract, but the water solubility noticeably increased in the films containing green tea extract. The presence of gelatin in the agar–green tea matrix film hindered the release of total phenolic compounds, catechins and flavonols in water. As a consequence, the antioxidant power released by the films was lower in the case of films containing gelatin. However, the antimicrobial activity of the films was not affected by the presence of gelatin.