浅析发酵周期过长及调整措施

发酵周期过长可引起窖泥发干，糟酷的色泽暗、发黄、显糙、不柔熟、骨力差等现象，影响酒的产质。调整措施有：①退出底酷，用丢糟作配糟重新“立糟”；②适当增加用曲量；③适当增加稻壳用量、量水量和投新粮；④缩短发酵期；⑤用人工优质窖泥更换老化窖泥。     

人工老窖泥培养及其应用

浓香型曲酒独特的生产工艺特点是“泥窖固态发酵、续糟配料、混蒸混烧……”。窖泥是浓香型曲酒酿造的基础。通过科学合理地设计窖泥配方，有的放矢地定向富集培养老窖泥中的有益微生物，经过2次发酵，加速窖泥老熟过程，培养出优质人工老窖泥，合理应用到浓香型曲酒的窖池改造中，可显著提高浓香型曲酒的质量。     

浓香型曲酒夏季“掉排”窖池的调整和利用

浓香型曲酒夏季“掉排”窖池的调整和利用赵晓本，耿吉昌山东苍山县兰陵美酒厂（２７７７３１）把出窖母糟与串香糟（经串香后的丢糟）以７∶２的比例作为本窖入池的底醅，确定母糟的用量进行配料。配料后，用较差的三级酒对粮糟进行串蒸：放掉底锅水，洗净锅，将酒倒入，...     

凤型酒企业生产浓香型调味酒的技术关键

西凤酒的典型特征为“醇香典雅、甘润挺爽、诸味谐调、味净悠长”。优质的浓香型调味酒为生产高档“凤兼复合香型”白酒的物质基础。可运用人工老窖工艺、新窖老熟原理进行窖池改造，生产出富具特色的浓香型调味酒，其技术关键有：窖泥配方应因地制宜；窖形、窖壁、窖底、甑窖容积比设计应经济、实惠、合理；“一长、二高、三适当”的合理酿酒工艺；预防窖泥退化、加强窖壁保养、强化窖泥等。     

窖泥老化衰退的原因及预防措施

浓香型白酒的质量直接取决于发酵窖池和窖泥，窖泥老化衰退会影响酒的质量和发酵糟醅的出酒率。引起窖泥老化衰退的原因有：窖泥中微生物生长需要的营养成分枯竭；老窖泥板结；气候干燥、窖池保温差；工艺操作控制不好；窖池护窖养窖不当；建窖时泥土的选用和窖形结构尺寸不当等。预防措施有：建窖选用优质泥土；窖泥制作选择好的茵种；严格工艺操作；严格养窖护窖和跟踪检测；做好窖池清洁卫生工作；做好安全度夏措施等。（孙悟）     

窖池对浓香型白酒生产的重要性

窖池是生产浓香型大曲白酒的重要前提条件，窖池、窖泥中生长着种类繁多、功能各异、有益于酿酒的微生物茵群落，只有具备优质的窖池、窖泥，才能生产出优质的好酒。只有严格按要求选择建窖环境、材料，窖池形状和大小合理，窖泥培养配方、方法合理，养护好窖池、窖泥，控制好窖泥感官、理化标准，控制好入窖糟醅的入窖发酵工艺，操作规范，就能生产出高产优质酒。     

浓香型大曲酒窖池设计初探

浓香型大曲酒窖池设计初探范文来（江苏洋河酒厂）一前言随着对泥窖认识的逐步深化，人们对窖池的设计愈益重视。“千年老窖万年糟”，道出了老窖对酒质的巨大影响；窖泥中己酸菌的发现，人工培养窖泥技术的成熟、完善，使浓香型大曲酒的生产取得了突破性的进展。然而，在...     

添加不同生物炭对人工窖泥培养微生物群落影响

基于高通量测序技术，分析添加不同生物炭对人工窖泥微生物群落结构、菌群网络及内部菌属与理化因子相关性的影响。结果表明，添加马弗炉慢速热解丢糟生物炭人工窖泥，微生物群落多样性、丰度及优势菌属(Clostridium＿sensu＿stricto＿12等)相对丰度更高；其不影响微生物网络稳定；窖泥微生物种群以Caproiciproducens等功能微生物为中心，并与Clostridium等功能菌菌属有较强相关性，从而有利于人工窖泥中Clostridium＿sensu＿stricto＿12等的富集，同时抑制Lactobacillus菌属生长，进而促进人工窖泥向优质窖泥转化。该文对不同生物炭添加至人工窖泥培养后微生物群落进行了分析，为揭示添加生物炭以加快人工窖泥向优质老窖泥转化提供了一定的微生物学理论基础。     

窖泥老化的原因及其处理与预防

窖泥老化常在窖壁出现白色颗粒状或针状结晶体，出现绿色或红色物质等现象。其原因有：水分过低、酒醅酸度过大、窖泥配料不合理、管理养窖不当、生产工艺调节失控、窖泥发酵不平衡等。处理与预防的方法有：强化工艺，增养补水；加强管理，培养补窖；采用科技方法，培养窖皮泥；窖泥培养，合理配料；培育优选菌种；更换窖泥。更换“人工老窖泥”可促进和提高发酵酒的优质品率。（孙悟）     

夹泥发酵改进的研究

采用自制夹泥发酵器和每轮补充窖泥功能菌的夹泥发酵法进行浓香型白酒生产，结果表明，该方法能明显增大糟醅接触窖泥的面积；提高糟醅中己酸乙酯等香味物质的含量，己酸乙酯的含量比对照糟醅增加了近3倍；不影响曲酒的出酒率；可明显提高曲酒的质量；有效地解决了窖泥易进入糟醅，使酒中出现明显的窖泥味、操作困难、难以循环使用、效果不明显等问题。同时，对夹泥发酵中所用的窖泥类型、窖泥在循环使用过程中如何变化、夹泥发酵器的材料问题等进行了探讨。（孙悟）     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the