抗性淀粉糊化特性的研究

采用差示扫描量热分析技术(DSC)对不同原淀粉及各抗性淀粉样品的糊化温度及热焓值进行了测试.DSC扫描曲线表明:抗性淀粉的DSC吸热曲线完全不同于原淀粉的吸热曲线,原淀粉只在70℃左右有一个较小的吸热峰,而抗性淀粉在150℃左右有一个较大的吸热峰,热焓值在30J/g左右;由不同来源淀粉制成的抗性淀粉样品之间其糊化特性没有显著差别.     

知名抗性淀粉的热性质分析[Ⅱ]

采用热失重法(TG)和差示扫描量热分析技术(DSC)对罗盖特Nutriose?抗性淀粉进行热性质分析。TG曲线显示该抗性淀粉在296.73℃开始分解,314.77℃分解速度最快,332.81℃是分解的最终温度。DSC吸热曲线显示,样品第一次分析曲线在29.04℃出现吸热峰,在61.64℃出现冷结晶放热峰,在74.67℃左右开始出现吸热峰,相变高峰温度约在81.92℃(相变焓267.1J/g),另外在219.89℃出现小的吸热峰;分析系统经快速降温后,样品的第二次分析曲线在31.22℃开始出现吸热峰,相变高峰温度约在86.39℃(相变焓38.97J/g),在218.70℃仍然出现一个小的吸热峰,冷结晶吸热峰消失,表明样品经过热处理后,晶体结构发生变化。     

抗性淀粉热性质分析[Ⅰ]

采用热失重法(TG)和差示扫描量热分析技术(DSC)对松谷Fibersol2抗性淀粉进行热性质分析。TG曲线显示该抗性淀粉在293.85℃开始分解,312.37℃分解速度最快,330.89℃是分解的最终温度。DSC吸热曲线显示,样品在24.36℃左右开始出现吸热峰,相变高峰温度约在98.54℃(相变焓179.1J/g),另外在204.23℃和225.48℃出现两个小的吸热峰,表明样品以支链晶体结构为主。     

抗性淀粉应用特性研究

采用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)仪和快速黏度分析(RVA)仪对抗性淀粉样品的应用特性进行了分析。DSC扫描曲线表明:抗性淀粉的DSC吸热曲线完全不同于原淀粉的吸热曲线,原淀粉只在70℃左右有一个较小的吸热峰,而抗性淀粉在150℃左右有一个较大的吸热峰,热焓值在30 J/g左右;由不同来源淀粉制成的抗性淀粉样品之间其糊化特性没有显著差别。RVA测试结果表明:马铃薯RS样品的黏度特征值远远高于玉米RS、小麦RS产品。随着RS含量的增加,玉米RS、小麦RS和马铃薯RS样品的黏度都随之降低。     

大米抗性淀粉糊化特性的研究

采用差示扫描量热分析技术(DSC)对大米原淀粉及抗性淀粉样品的糊化温度和吸热焓进行了测试和研究.差示扫描量热分析结果表明,抗性淀粉的开始吸热温度和完成温度均高于原淀粉,且吸热焓增大,说明沸水浴处理使淀粉形成了致密的结晶结构.     

淀粉在DMSO/水溶剂体系中的形态结构及相变研究

通过热台偏光显微镜、差示扫描热量仪(DSC)、布拉班德粘度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD),系统研究了不同比例的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)/水混合液体系(质量比:0/100,50/50,80/20,100/0)对蜡质玉米淀粉的形态、结晶结构及相变变化(溶解和糊化)的影响。结果表明:随着DMSO浓度的增加,淀粉的颗粒形态和结晶结构破坏程度逐渐增大,经纯DMSO溶液处理后的淀粉,其颗粒呈不规则块状形态及无序结构,无偏光十字存在,可直接溶解在水溶液中。同时淀粉的糊化温度呈现先升高后降低的趋势:当混合液体系中DMSO/水的比例为50/50时,淀粉糊化温度最高(温度区间为76.44℃~91.37℃);吸热峰强度逐渐减弱,焓值?H逐渐减小,在纯DMSO溶液中,无明显的相变峰出现。淀粉糊在DMSO混合溶液中的峰值粘度均高于水中的峰值粘度,DMSO/水比例为80/20时达到最大值。     

锥栗原淀粉及其分离组分的热力学特性

应用差示扫描量热分析仪研究了锥栗原淀粉、直链淀粉、中间成分和支链淀粉的热力学特性。4个样品在-50～350℃的程序升温过程包含冰晶融化(-10～5℃)、糊化(40～100℃)和熔融裂解(250～310℃)3个吸热过程。当水分质量分数为65%时,它们的晶体融化峰值温度(TP)、终止温度(TC)和吸热焓(ΔH)均升至最高。对于相同的样品,当升温速率降低时,糊化温度向低温侧移动,且伴有肩状峰;糊化时升温速率越快,其凝胶体系的峰值温度(TP)、终止温度(TC)和吸热焓(ΔH)也越高,回生度越大;同样,糊化时降温速率越慢,凝胶体系的吸热焓(ΔH)增加,回生度增大。当糊化终止温度为100℃时,4个样品凝胶体系的DSC参数值均达到最低。锥栗原淀粉、直链淀粉、中间成分和支链淀粉凝胶体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)分别为-6.0、-7.1、-8.6和-7.9℃。     

饲料含水率对淀粉糊化及蛋白变性温度的影响

在过量水的条件下,用DSC测定了小麦淀粉、小麦面粉、大豆粕、鱼粉,以及用这些组分配合而成的对虾饲料等试样加热时的吸热曲线,并以此辩认了这些原料中所含淀粉及蛋白质的吸热峰值。在不同的水分含量条件下,测定了这些峰值的变化,其结果被引用于解释常用制粒条件(水分17%,温度93℃)下所得颗粒饲料的糊化度仅为35%左右的原因。     

湿热处理淀粉的糊化特性及糊化机制

以湿热处理淀粉为研究对象,采用动态流变仪(RHE)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)在过量水分条件下[m淀粉∶m水=1∶10(g/g)]进行恒速和梯度升温糊化并研究其多阶段糊化特性和糊化机制。结果显示,湿热处理淀粉即使在过量水分条件下糊化也会呈现出双吸热峰(G和M1)和双黏度特征峰(PV1和PV2)。通过对热特性和黏度特性关联分析可将湿热处理淀粉糊化过程分为3个阶段:无定形区吸热(G)发生不可逆溶胀;晶体结构吸热(M1)解体快速吸水;结晶结构完全解体后体系自吸水溶胀(非吸热)。同时,湿热处理淀粉在糊化过程中具有时间和温度依赖特性,且淀粉在不同糊化阶段存在温度阈值,淀粉糊化的时间和温度依赖特性大小与温度阈值密切相关。     

加热糊化温度对大米淀粉中直链淀粉结晶形成的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了升降温过程中直链淀粉晶体的变化以及加热温度对大米淀粉中直链淀粉结晶形成的影响。试验结果表明:直链淀粉结晶是热可逆的,熔融后在降温过程中即可形成。对于大米淀粉(直链淀粉含量为32.6%),加热糊化的最终温度可以影响冷却过程中直链淀粉晶体的形成,糊化最终温度超过170℃后,冷却过程中才有直链淀粉的晶体形成,温度越高,形成的晶体越多。     

Effects of cultivar and growth season on the gelatinisation properties of cassava (manihot esculenta) starch

Starch was extracted from the roots of four different cassava cultivars (Munihot esculenta Crantz) grown in Colombia and harvested on four different occasions with a view to determining whether there was any relationship between the physicochemical properties of the starch and the texture of the cooked roots. The organoleptic quality of the cooked roots was evaluated by a trained taste panel and found to vary in terms of both their glassy texture and their hardness. Studies of the gelatinisation behaviour of the starches by DSC and amylography (with a Brabender amylograph), of the pasting properties by viscography and of the viscoelastic characteristics by a Bohlin rheometer demonstrated some differences between the physicochemical properties of the starches but insufficient to account for the pronounced textual differences.     

Influence of microwave heating and time on functional,pasting and thermal properties of cassava starch

The effect microwaving power and time on the functional, pasting and thermal properties of cassava starch was investigated. Cassava starch at a moisture content of 30% was microwaved at 600 and 700 W for 0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 s following a preliminary study. Microwaving power and time did not alter the crystalline pattern of the starch, but there were obvious changes in the starch morphology. Starch colour was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) altered by microwave heating, with the total colour difference increasing from 4.85 to 43.01. Microwave treatment increased starch gelatinisation temperatures but decreased the swelling power, water absorption capacity and the relative crystallinity. These changes were influenced by microwave heating power and time. The results further revealed that the peak viscosity (3714.00–1947.00 cP) and setback ratio (1.70–1.49) decreased with increasing microwave heating time. However, breakdown viscosity (322.67–897.63 cP) and pasting temperature (1947.00–3714.00 °C) increased.     

Effect of varying starch properties and mashing conditions on wort sugar profiles

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between starch composition in barley and its malted counterpart alongside malt enzyme activity and determine how these factors contribute to the fermentable sugar profile of wort. Two Australian malting barley varieties, Commander and Gairdner, were sourced from eight growing locations alongside a commercial sample of each. For barley and malt, total starch and gelatinisation temperature were taken, and for malt, α‐ and β‐amylase activities were measured. Samples were mashed using two mashing profiles (infusion and Congress) and the subsequent wort sugar composition and other quality measures (colour, original gravity, soluble nitrogen) were tested. Variety had no significant (<0.05) effect on any barley, malt, enzyme or wort characteristics. However, growing location impacted gelatinisation temperature, colour, malt protein content and original gravity. The gelatinisation temperature in malt samples was higher, by ~0.8°C, than in the equivalent barley sample. Several malt samples, even with protein contents <12.0%, had gelatinisation temperature >65°C. The fermentable sugars measured in the malt prior to mashing showed a higher proportion of maltose than glucose or maltotriose. In addition, there were significant differences in the amount of sugar produced by each mashing method with the high temperature infusion producing a higher amount of sugar and proportionally more maltose. There is scope for further research on the effect of genetics and growing environment on gelatinisation temperature, mash performance and fermentable sugar development. Routinely measuring gelatinisation temperature and providing this information on malt specification sheets could help brewers optimise performance. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Effect of repeated freezing-thawing on structural,physicochemical and digestible properties of normal and waxy starch gels

The normal and waxy corn starch gels were subjected to repeated freeze–thaw treatment at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6 cycles with an interval of 24 h, and the effects on structural, physicochemical and digestible properties were investigated. The normal starch gels formed a honeycomb structure while waxy starch gels exhibited a lamellar structure, and the number of holes and lamellas increased with increasing cycles. The X-ray analysis showed that the A-type pattern of starches was converted into the B-type after treatment, and their relative crystallinity increased with the number of increased freeze–thaw cycles. The hardness increased in both normal and waxy starch. The solubility and pasting breakdown viscosity decreased in normal starch while they increased in waxy starch. The pasting peak time, peak viscosity, and setback viscosity increased in normal starch but decreased in waxy starch. The rapidly digested starch (RDS) and slowly digested starch (SDS) content in normal starch increased and non-digestible starch (RS) content decreased whereas the RDS, SDS and RS content in waxy starch was almost unchanged as the freeze–thaw cycles increased. In the meantime, the molecular weight of both normal and waxy starch decreased with freeze–thaw treatment. Therefore, the repeated freeze–thaw treatment can change the physicochemical and digestible properties which could be a basis for starch-based food processing.     

Changes in flour gelatinisation of trifoliate yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) tubers after harvest

BACKGROUND: Changes in the properties of starch during postharvest hardening of trifoliate yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) tubers need to be investigated. In this work the starch gelatinisation kinetics of D. dumetorum cv. Yellow stored under prevailing tropical ambient conditions (0.98–2.32 kg vapour per 100 m³ airflow) for 0, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days was studied using a 3 × 5 factorial experiment with three cooking temperature (75, 85 and 95 °C) and five cooking times (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 min). Samples were also evaluated for starch properties and gelatinisation temperature. RESULTS: Storage of D. dumetorum tubers caused starch damage. However, the starch gelatinisation temperature was between 70 and 75 °C irrespective of the tuber storage duration. The starch gelatinisation reaction followed first‐order kinetics defined by the relationship ln(1 ? α) = ? k_Gt. The gelatinisation rate was significantly influenced (P≤0.05) by cooking temperature and increased with tuber storage duration. The activation energy also increased with tuber storage duration. CONCLUSION: Although the gelatinisation temperature of D. dumetorum starch was not influenced by tuber storage, the starch gelatinisation process was affected by tuber storage duration, since tuber storage involved a greater need of energy for starch gelatinisation, which may be an effect of the postharvest hardening phenomenon. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of the naturally occurring phosphate esters on the crystallinity of potato starch

The gelatinisation enthalpy of native potato starch, as measured by DSC, as observed to decrease ith increased natural phosphorylation of the amylopectin. The phosphate esters bound to the C-6 carbons clearly reduced the gelatinisation enthalpy, hereas the phosphate esters bound to C-3 carbons took little or no part in this reduction. Retrograded starch samples ere also studied, in order to find a corresponding relationship beteen the degree of phosphorylation and the recrystallisation enthalpy. These results ere less convincing, but the phosphate esters did tend to increase the retrogradation enthalpy independent of the phosphorylation site.     

Effects of frying temperature,pressure and time on gelatinisation of sago flour as compared to wheat and rice flour in fried coating

This study was conducted to determine the gelatinisation properties of coating with sago flour compared with wheat and rice as influenced by frying temperature, pressure and time. Chicken nuggets were immersed in sago, rice or wheat flour batters and fried at temperatures of 150, 165 and 180 °C and under pressures of 102 and 156 kPa for 0, 6, 18 and 30 s. Results showed that T_o of coatings from sago flour ranged from 71.8 to 74.7 °C. T_o of coatings from wheat flour ranged from 58.2 to 61.2 °C, while that of coatings from rice flour ranged from 77.9 to 78.6 °C. Except for a few combinations, frying temperature and pressure used did not have any significant effects on onset (T_o), peak (T_p) and end (T_e) temperatures. Except for a few combinations, degree of gelatinisation of coatings from sago flour was not influenced by frying temperature and pressure similar to coatings from rice and wheat flour.     

微波处理对板栗淀粉结晶度的影响

研究了微波辐射对板栗淀粉的结晶度及α度的影响。结果表明,微波辐射可有效影响板栗淀粉乳的结晶度和α度变化,在微波辐射功率一定的条件下,板栗淀粉乳的浓度不同,经微波辐射后的样品结晶度和α度变化也不同,板栗淀粉的浓度与经微波辐射后的样品α度呈反相关,与经微波辐射后样品的X-射线衍图谱的结晶峰面积及样品的结晶度呈正相关。     

Cowpea cooking characteristics as affected by micronisation temperature: a study of the physicochemical and functional properties of starch

Bechuana white cowpeas were micronised to three temperatures (130, 153 and 170 °C). Cooking properties of the cowpea seeds and the role of starch‐related properties were studied. In all cases, micronisation significantly reduced the cooking time and thus the time required for the cowpea seeds to attain a suitably soft texture. This was attributed in part to the significant improvement in rate of water absorption during cooking and starch pre‐gelatinisation, as evidenced by loss of birefringence and increased susceptibility of the cowpea starch to α‐amylase digestion. However, micronisation to 170 °C resulted in a severe deterioration in pasting properties of the cowpea flour, possibly due to starch depolymerisation and/or amylose‐associated crosslinking. Owing to these changes, cowpea seeds micronised to 170 °C required a longer cooking time than the other two micronised samples. Flour prepared from cowpea seeds micronised to 170 °C may have limited starch functionality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry