等离子体活性水腌制对风干里脊中生物胺含量及感官品质的影响

采用介质阻挡放电系统制备等离子体活性水（plasma-activated water，PAW），研究PAW处理对风干里脊中生物胺含量及感官品质的影响，探讨低温等离子体技术在风干肉制品中应用的可行性。分别在50、60、70 kV电压条件下制备PAW，用食盐水和PAW盐水腌制猪里脊后强化成熟，制成风干里脊。分析产品pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量及生物胺含量，通过电子鼻研究不同处理组产品的风味组成，结合主成分分析和载荷分析更好区分不同处理组产品的风味，最后对不同产品进行感官评价。结果表明， 50、60、70 kV处理组产品的亚硝酸盐残留量分别为8.12、10.11 mg/kg和15.24 mg/kg，均低于国标限量。PAW处理可显著抑制产品中生物胺形成，其中尸胺和精胺显著降低（P＜0.05）。相比对照组，尸胺含量分别显著下降8.21%、11.29%和19.49%，精胺含量显著下降9.64%、16.54%和27.56%。电子鼻分析发现PAW组与对照组产品的风味整体差异不明显。感官评价结果中PAW处理的样品在风味、滋味、质地和可接受性方面与对照组无显著差异，而高强度PAW处理能赋予产品更好的腌制色泽。     

超高压对发酵兔肉干腌渍发色的研究

以马肌红蛋白为参照,研究发酵獭兔后腿肉(肱二头肌)在不同压力下对腌制色泽影响及发色机理机制。将马球肌红蛋白、獭兔肉分别在腌制前后进行超高压(0~400 MPa)处理,再对样品进行圆二色性光谱、色度、肌红蛋白含量、亚硝酸盐残留量等指标测定。结果表明:超高压处理引起肌红蛋白的二级结构发生改变:在400 MPa压力处理,形成的亚硝基肌红蛋白能够有效地维持其结构稳定性。同时,与对照组相比,超高压处理增加了獭兔肉的L*值,减少了a*值;低压处理时亚硝酸盐残留无明显差异,400 MPa压力处理时,先腌制亚硝酸盐的残留较少。本研究为兔肉制品的实际生产加工过程提供了一定的技术参考。     

猪肉助色剂的研究及配方优化

研究不同异抗坏血酸钠、烟酰胺、茶多酚添加量对猪肉色差、发色率、肌红蛋白存在形式比例及亚硝酸钠残留量的影响,并通过正交交互分析方法来确定减少亚硝酸钠用量的最佳发色配方。结果表明,亚硝酸钠的添加量为100mg/kg时,最佳助色剂配方为:异抗坏血酸钠400mg/kg、烟酰胺500mg/kg、茶多酚300mg/kg。在此条件下,a*为12.78,发色率为56.67%,经过腌制,猪肉在感官上表现为鲜艳的玫瑰红色,发色均匀,且在保藏期间长期不退色。     

干腌火腿肌肉红色色素的形成机理条件和性质

腌制剂中添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸干腌火腿的特征性红色是由亚硝基肌红蛋白形成的。亚硝基肌红蛋白是由肌红蛋白与亚硝酸盐产生的一氧化氮发生反应而生成的。腌制荆中不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的干腌火腿的亮红色是锌-原卟啉Ⅸ形成的。这两种红色色素具有不同的性质。在整个加工过程中，腌制剂中不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的干腌火腿中锌-原卟啉Ⅸ的含量持续上升。腌制剂中添加亚硝酸盐会抑制锌-原卟啉Ⅸ的形成。     

亚硝酸盐对猪肉腌制过程中颜色的影响

亚硝酸盐是腌腊肉制品中常用的食品添加剂,具有发色、抑菌、改善风味和质构等作用。文中通过感官评分、色差计、发色率和肌红蛋白含量测定,对猪肉腌制过程中颜色受亚硝酸钠添加量的影响作了初步研究,发现不同亚硝酸钠添加量的猪肉在腌制过程中,各项颜色指标发生了显著变化。通过不同方法之间的相关分析,发现CIEa*值与感官评分、发色率、肌红蛋白总量之间的相关性较好(分别为r=0·91、r=0·92、r=0·72)。     

复合护色助剂对牛肉制品亚硝酸盐残留和色泽的控制技术

以牛肉为研究对象,分析不同护色助剂处理后其制品中亚硝酸盐残留量和色度值的变化,比较不同护色助剂对牛肉制品安全和色泽的控制效果。结果显示:复合护色助剂茶多酚300 mg·kg~(-1),D-异抗坏血酸钠750mg·kg~(-1)与抗坏血酸360 mg·kg~(-1)、内酯450 mg·kg~(-1)合用,制成的牛肉亚硝酸盐残留量最少,即14.78 mg·kg~(-1)。复合护色助剂腌制的牛肉在L*,a*和b*值上与对照组没有显著性差别(p0.05)。随着贮藏时间的延长,二者的L*,a*和b*值都没有发生太大的变化。试验表明,使用复合护色助剂腌制的牛肉其色泽能够达到传统腌制方法的效果,并且在货架期内色泽稳定性较好。     

无硝配方及受热差异对牛肉粒作用效果的研究

肉类的无硝或低硝腌制方法是值得探索的课题。本研究以牛肉为试材,采用红曲色素、VC、EDTA二钠、柠檬酸、乙基麦芽酚等添加剂,进行了无硝、低硝腌制系统的研究。在发色、保鲜等特性方面,各样品与亚硝酸盐常规用量(156×10-6)的对照比较,结果显示:采用的无硝和低硝的腌制剂对牛肉的腌制效果,在色度、新鲜度方面可达到和优于对照所能达到的指标,且无硝腌制剂样品中亚硝酸盐残留量显著的低于对照,而采用低硝(30×10-6)腌制剂的样品亚硝酸盐残留量与对照无显著差异。另外,因腌制后热处理的程度差异,导致了肌红蛋白的不同的变性程度,影响了腌制剂的发色等效用,因此,应根据产品制作时的受热参数的不同进行腌制剂的配比。     

巴马火腿红色色素的研究进展

综述了巴马火腿红色色素研究的最新进展。巴马火腿在腌制时不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐 ,经过长期的加工过程 ,巴马火腿肉具有稳定的红色。巴马火腿的红色色素与添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐腌制的普通火腿的红色色素具有不同的吸收光谱、颜色稳定性和抗氧化性。根据巴马火腿红色色素的吸收光谱、荧光光谱、高压液相色谱和高分辨率电喷雾电离质谱 ,证实了巴马火腿的红色色素是锌 原卟啉IX。     

添加胡萝卜对低温羊肉蒸煮火腿色泽与亚硝酸盐残留量的影响

以胡萝卜浆替代无机亚硝酸盐应用到低温羊肉蒸煮火腿生产中,通过肉糖葡萄球菌和木糖葡萄球菌发酵达到火腿的护色效果。研究了胡萝卜浆添加量、菌种配比、发酵温度和发酵时间对低温羊肉蒸煮火腿色泽和亚硝酸盐残留量的影响。采用响应面分析法(RSM),结合感官评定对各参数进行了优化。结果表明:胡萝卜浆添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间对产品色泽和亚硝酸盐残留量影响较大,胡萝卜浆添加量17.5%,发酵温度25℃,发酵时间3.5 h时,护色效果较好,最终产品的a*值15.26±0.55,亚硝酸盐残留量(2.97±0.03)mg/kg,感官评分8.14±0.18,与直接添加150 mg/kg Na NO2的产品相比,添加胡萝卜显著降低了亚硝酸盐残留量,提高了产品的安全性,同时保持了产品较好的组织状态、风味和色泽,总体可接受度高。     

影响盐水火腿感官品质及亚硝酸钠残留量的研究

主要研究了盐水火腿加工过程中腌制时间、煮制时间和煮制温度以及抗坏血酸钠添加量对盐水火腿感官品质和亚硝酸钠残留量的影响。实验结果表明,腌制时间为36h,亚硝酸钠的添加量为120mg／kg,抗坏血酸钠的添加量为600mg／kg,煮制温度为80℃,煮制时间为1h（肉块大小为250g）时,盐水火腿感官品质最佳,亚硝酸钠残留量最低。     

Irradiation-induced Cured Ham Color Fading and Regeneration

ABSTRACT: Color stability of cured ham as a result of irradiation, packaging atmosphere, and storage time was evaluated. Sliced cured ham was packaged in aerobic or vacuum atmospheres, irradiated at 0, 1.2, 2.3, and 4.5 kGy and stored for 0 and 7 d. The ham treatments were evaluated for cured color, oxidation-reduction potential, and residual nitrite content. Irradiation decreased cured color as irradiation dose increased from 0 to 4.5 kGy as evidenced by lower a*/b* ratios and cured pigment analysis regardless of packaging atmosphere. Residual nitrite levels were also lower for the 4.5-kGy treatment compared with nonirradiated control following irradiation. Cured color was regenerated over time and resulted in higher a*/b* ratios on day 7 compared with day 0 for the 4.5-kGy treatment. Oxidation-reduction potential was decreased on day 0 and day 7 for the vacuum-packaged treatment that was irradiated at 4.5 kGy compared with the 0-kGy treatment.     

Incubation of curing brines for the production of ready-to-eat, uncured, no-nitrite-or-nitrate-added, ground, cooked and sliced ham

Salt concentration, vegetable juice powder (VJP) concentration and temperature were investigated to determine necessary conditions for incubation of curing brines including VJP and a starter culture containing Staphylococcus carnosus prior to production of naturally cured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added meat products. Subsequently, incubated brines were utilized to produce no-nitrate/nitrite-added sliced ham in which quality characteristics and residual nitrite concentrations were measured to determine feasibility of brine incubation for nitrate conversion prior to injection. Two ham treatments (one with VJP and starter culture; one with pre-converted VJP) and a nitrite-added control were used. No differences (P>0.05) were found for color in the VJP treatments. Control sliced ham was redder after 42 days of storage, retaining significantly (P<0.05) greater a* (redness) than either of the VJP treatments. Residual nitrite concentration was greater (P<0.05) in the control hams during the first week of storage. While the nitrite-added control retained greater red color and initially had more residual nitrite than the VJP treatments, the two VJP treatments did not differ from each other.     

THE STUDY OF INGREDIENTS AND PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OF XUANWEI STYLE HAM

Xuanwei style ham is one of the famous dry-cured hams in the world. The influences of different ingredients and processing techniques on sensory properties, brine diffusing rate, chemical composition and hygienic quality of Xuanwei style cured ham were studied. Modified cured ham processing techniques were employed in this study. Massaging of green ham and injection of curing solution improved brine diffusing rate ( P <  0.05) and reduced curing time from the traditional 28 days to 21 days (weight of green ham about 13 kg). Ninety mg/kg sodium nitrite was used for improving cured ham color ( P <  0.05), and its residue still met the Chinese cured ham standard of 20 mg/kg. The hygienic and sensory qualities were not significantly affected by the addition of sodium ascorbate and polyphosphate ( P >  0.05).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The paper studied the Chinese famous Xuanwei dry-cured ham, modified curing ingredient and processing techniques of Xuanwei ham are beneficial for improving the ham quality and important to shorten the traditional cured ham processing procedure such as longer processing time and seasonal processing method to adapt to the new industrial procedures of manufacturing and marketing of Xuanwei cured ham.     

Red Pigment of Parma Ham and Bacterial Influence on its Formation

The red pigment of Parma ham was compared with the myoglobin derivatives present in meat and meat products. Spectral patterns of 75% acetone extracts and electron spin resonance spectra from Parma ham differed from those of the myoglobin derivatives. Staphylococci isolated from Parma ham generated red myoglobin derivative from metmyoglobin. Model fermented sausage prepared by inoculation with the isolates developed a more desirable red color without nitrite or nitrate treatment. The red pigment of Parma ham and the model sausage appeared to be the same myoglobin derivative. The reddening of Parma ham is probably caused by the action of bacteria.     

罗非鱼鱼片非CO发色工艺优化

拟对罗非鱼片非CO发色工艺进行研究。通过单因素试验,比较L-组氨酸、烟酰胺、亚硝酸钾、亚硝酸钠等对罗非鱼活体和鱼片发色处理的效果,确定亚硝酸钾为优选的发色剂。继而分析亚硝酸钾添加量、发色时间、鱼水质量比、暂养水温度以及放血方式对罗非鱼发色的影响,优化发色工艺。结果表明：亚硝酸钾的添加量、处理时间、鱼水质量比对罗非鱼片的发色具有较显著影响,正交试验确定适宜活体鱼的发色条件为：鱼水质量比1∶10、亚硝酸钾添加量1.5 g/kg、处理时间2 h。此条件下得到L*值45.03、a*值7.42、b*值13.18,感官评分4.4。经检测,活体发色鱼片中亚硝酸钠残留量不大于10 mg/kg,符合GB 2760-2011《食品添加剂使用标准》。     

无硝干腌火腿中红色素形成机制研究进展

干腌火腿经过长时间腌制发酵成熟,富含生物活性物质,具有良好的感官特性。在传统干腌火腿加工过程中常添加硝盐（硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐）以获得稳定的色泽,然而,由亚硝酸盐与仲胺反应生成的亚硝胺具有致癌风险,已引起人们的广泛关注。研究发现,国外的著名干腌火腿如帕尔玛火腿,在腌制过程中不添加硝盐,其红色的主要贡献者被证实为Zn-原卟啉IX。本文综述了添加硝盐与未添加硝盐干腌火腿中红色素的研究进展,重点探讨Zn-原卟啉IX在无硝干腌火腿加工过程中的形成机制,以期为干腌火腿加工过程的色泽调控提供科学理论依据。     

天然植物提取物对传统腌腊及酱卤肉制品特性的影响

以猪肉为原料,研究商业化天然植物提取物Nature 10 CS、T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV对传统腌腊和酱卤肉制品色泽等特性的影响。结果显示：与常规添加亚硝酸盐产品相比,所选用的3 种天然植物提取物对产品的pH值、水分含量和aw不存在显著影响,而Nature 10 CS使腌制、卤煮后的酱卤肉制品以及腌制、风干和煮制后的腌腊肉制品呈现良好的色泽,且亚硝酸盐残留量低于4 mg/kg。尽管其色泽比常规添加亚硝酸盐的产品稍差,但已满足产品商品特性需求。添加T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV产品的色泽效果不佳,因此不能作为亚硝酸盐的替代物。含微量亚硝酸盐的Nature 10 CS可满足传统腌腊和酱卤肉制品的发色需求,且在产品中残留甚微。