气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料润滑剂在脂类食品模拟物中迁移量

目的建立气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料中润滑剂(油酸酰胺、硬脂酰胺、芥酸酰胺、山嵛酰胺)在脂类食品模拟物中迁移量的方法。方法采用异辛烷、95%乙醇、改性聚苯醚3种试验介质替代脂类食品试验,用三氟乙酸酐衍生后,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定。结果油酸酰胺、硬脂酰胺在0.2~20 mg/L范围内线性良好,芥酸酰胺、山嵛酰胺在1.0~30 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法定量限为0.026~0.14 mg/L,加标回收率为76.2%~97.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~6.3%。结论本法简便、快速、准确,灵敏度及精密度较高,适用于食品接触材料中润滑剂在脂类食品模拟物中迁移量的测定。     

聚乳酸发泡餐盒中两种爽滑剂向食品模拟物的迁移

使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)建立了聚乳酸(polyactic acid, PLA)发泡餐盒中2种爽滑剂(硬脂酰胺和芥酸酰胺)的检测方法,并研究这2种爽滑剂向3种食品模拟物的迁移,PLA发泡餐盒在40℃和70℃下与异辛烷、无水乙醇和95%体积分数乙醇的双面接触;使用毒理学关注阈值法(threshold of toxicological concern, TTC)对餐盒中2种爽滑剂进行风险评估。结果表明,2种爽滑剂向95%体积分数的乙醇和无水乙醇的迁移量几乎相同,均高于在异辛烷中的迁移量;与芥酸酰胺相比,硬脂酰胺向食品模拟物中迁移的更快,有更高的迁移率,但由于芥酸酰胺在餐盒中的初始含量远大于硬脂酰胺,所以芥酸酰胺的迁移量要大于硬脂酰胺;从PLA发泡餐盒中迁移到食品模拟物中的硬脂酰胺和芥酸酰胺,其估计日摄入量(estimated daily intake,EDI)分别为0.34 mg/(人·d),0.73 mg/(人·d),均超过安全阈值0.09 mg/(人·d),说明该PLA发泡餐盒作为食品接触材料使用时要严格控制爽滑剂的用量,确保食品安全。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料中4种润滑剂的迁移量

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料中常用润滑剂在食物中迁移量的方法。方法 采用纯水、3%乙酸水溶液、10%乙醇水溶液3种食物模拟物浸泡食品接触材料,经净化、浓缩,加入三氟乙酸酐衍生,DB-5 ms毛细管色谱柱分离(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),用气相色谱-质谱法测定4种润滑剂含量。结果 油酸酰胺、硬脂酰胺在0.2～20 mg/L,芥酸酰胺、山嵛酰胺在1.0～30 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法定量限为0.028～0.17 mg/L,加标回收率为89.2%～97.6%,RSD为1.1%～5.4%。结论 本法简便、快速、准确,灵敏度及精密度较高,适用于食品接触材料中润滑剂在相应食品中迁移量的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品接触材料中油酸酰胺的迁移量

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品接触材料中油酸酰胺迁移量的分析方法。方法 按照GB 5009.156-2016《食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品迁移试验预处理方法通则》的要求配制5种食品模拟液,幵按照标准要求迚行浸泡试验,浸泡液经过滤后迚样,经过ZORBAX C_18(3.0mm×100mm,1.8μm)色谱柱分离,在正离子模式下以电喷雾电离多反应监测模式迚行定性和定量分析。结果 5种食品模拟物(4%乙酸、10%乙醇、20%乙醇、50%乙醇以及95%乙醇)中的油酸酰胺在0.25～5.0 mg/L浓度范围具有较好线性,相关系数(r2)均大于0.9990,方法检出限为0.001～0.002mg/L,方法定量限为0.003～0.005mg/L,油酸酰胺在3个浓度水平的加标回收率为90.3%～117.1%,相对标准偏差为0.20%～2.10%(n=6)。结论 该方法灵敏、准确,能够满足食品接触材料中油酸酰胺的迁移量的检测。     

改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯制品中间苯二甲酸迁移量的测定

采用内标法定量,建立了高效液相色谱法测定改性PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)制品中间苯二甲酸迁移量的试验方法。试验采用氮吹法将95%乙醇模拟物中乙醇吹至将尽,再用10%乙醇复溶来测定间苯二甲酸迁移量。试验结果表明,各类模拟物中间苯二甲酸浓度在0.8 mg/L～16 mg/L范围内线性良好(R20.999),检出限为0.3 mg/L。按照建立的方法进行加标回收试验,回收率在90.9%～106.1%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.71%～5.82%之间。     

UV油墨光引发剂EDB在食品软包装中的迁移分析

为研究UV油墨光引发剂4-二甲氨基苯甲酸乙酯(EDB)在食品软包装中的迁移行为,制作了实际印刷、直接污染和蹭脏污染三种包装试样,分别以3%(w/v)乙酸、10%(v/v)乙醇和95%(v/v)乙醇作为酸性、酒精类和脂类食品模拟液,研究了EDB的迁移和残留行为。结果表明,光引发剂EDB在三种包装试样中都发生迁移。在三种食品模拟液中,EDB向95%乙醇中的迁移量最大,且初始迁移速率最快,说明EDB更容易向脂类模拟物迁移。温度越高,迁移量越大,达到平衡的时间越短。     

筷子涂层中重金属元素的暴露研究

目的研究筷子涂层中12种重金属元素(锌、铜、镍、镉、铅、汞、铬、钼、硒、砷、钡、锑)在体液模拟物和食品模拟物中的暴露。方法以胃液模拟物、唾液模拟物作为体液模拟物,以4%乙酸(V/V)、水、95%乙醇(V/V)作为食品模拟物,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)法测定筷子涂层中12种重金属元素的溶出量和迁移量。结果对20批次筷子涂层中12种重金属元素的含量进行测试发现10种重金属元素(锌、铜、镍、镉、铅、铬、钼、硒、砷、钡)有检出,其中铅元素含量高达347660.8mg/kg。对检出的重金属元素进一步分析其在体液模拟物中的溶出量和食品模拟物中的迁移量,发现高含量的元素能通过体液模拟物溶出和食品模拟物迁移。结论筷子涂层中重金属元素可能通过3种途径暴露至人体,分别是胃液溶出、唾液溶出、食品中迁移,且涂层涂覆的位置可对重金属元素的暴露途径产生影响;胃液模拟物中溶出量是唾液模拟物中溶出量的10倍以上;4%乙酸(V/V)食品模拟物中的迁移量最多可高于水和95%乙醇(V/V)食品模拟物中的迁移量近1000倍,且随着迁移次数的增加迁移量逐渐降低。     

包装膜袋中芥酸酰胺含量测定的优化及结果分析

通过对提取溶剂、提取方式和特征离子的优化,确定包装膜袋中芥酸酰胺含量的最佳测试条件.样品用无水乙醇超声提取,气质联用仪测定,外标法定量,在0.5～8.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9990,方法检出限为5.0 mg/kg,回收率为93.9％～97.7％,标准相对偏差(RSD)为1.30％～2.80％.方法能满足复合包装袋产品日常检测的要求.测试样品结果表明,薄膜中芥酸酰胺的含量总体上高于复合膜袋中的含量,薄膜的摩擦系数随芥酸酰胺含量的增大而降低.     

食品接触材料AS/ABS中14种苯类化合物迁移量和风险评估模型的建立

为建立顶空-气相色谱质谱联用仪测定AS/ABS产品在水、4%乙酸、10%乙醇、20%乙醇、50%乙醇和95%乙醇模拟物中,14种苯类化合物特定迁移量(乙醇模拟物为13种苯类化合物迁移量)的定性和定量检测方法,通过优化分流比、载气流速、程序升温速度、平衡温度和时间等色谱条件,采用DB-WAXMS(30 m×0.25μm×0.25 mm)色谱柱,实现了苯、二甲苯、三甲苯以及丙苯等苯类的有效分离,14种苯类化合物迁移量的定量限(10S/N)为0.6~2.1μg/kg,0.20 mg/kg的混合标准溶液回收率为80.2%~118.3%,RSD值为3.6%~9.7%,线性相关系数均大于0.9950,实现了对AS/ABS中14种苯类化合物特定迁移量的快速定性和定量分析。试验还考察不同温度和时间条件下食品接触产品AS/ABS中苯类化合物的迁移量规律,结果显示,温度越高,苯类化合物特定迁移量越大。建立了不同温度下苯类化合物迁移模型,确定了扩散系数DP值、特征参数Ap值、活化能Ea等动力学参数,建立了食品接触材料AS/ABS中苯类化合物风险评估数学模型,为AS/ABS中苯类化合物风险管控提供了依据。     

纳米铜/低密度聚乙烯复合膜在乳制品中的铜迁移

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测自制纳米铜/低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene,LDPE)复合膜中铜在乳制品中的迁移。实验对比复合膜中铜在乳制品及其对应食品模拟物中的迁移,并研究紫外照射处理复合膜后对复合膜中铜在乳制品中的迁移影响,以及蒸煮条件下铜在纯乳中的迁移量。结果表明:用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测纳米铜迁移量的检出限为8.42 mg/kg,定量限为28.06 mg/kg,方法的加标回收率为97.46%～107.30%,精密度为1.98%～6.06%。纳米铜在酸乳中的迁移量比在纯乳中的迁移量高,当纳米铜/LDPE复合膜中铜添加量为1%时,在相同的迁移条件下,纳米铜在酸乳中的迁移量显著高于在纯乳中的迁移量;纳米铜在50%乙醇模拟液中的迁移量显著小于纯乳,差值在39.19～48.94 mg/kg之间,在3%乙酸和4%乙酸模拟液中的迁移量显著高于酸乳,差值分别在1 598.66～1 760.92 mg/kg和1 868.97～2 159.58 mg/kg之间;紫外照射处理复合膜对复合膜中铜在乳制品中的迁移无影响;蒸煮条件下,纳米铜的迁移量也远小于法规中对金属元素迁移量的限定。现行标准中对纯乳和酸乳的食品模拟物的设定不适用于纳米铜。     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).