白首乌酵素对癫痫小鼠认知损伤影响研究

为研究白首乌酵素对癫痫小鼠认知损伤缓解作用,以江苏滨海白首乌为原料制备白首乌酵素。建立癫痫小鼠模型,分别测定无特定病原体（SPF）小鼠认知功能,血清和海马体组织的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）水平和海马体组织的肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）水平和核因子-κB（NF-κB）P65及其抑制蛋白（IκB）表达水平。结果表明,酵素中的二苯乙烯苷含量为78.18 μg/mL;添加酵素可显著缩短逃避潜伏期（57.7%）、增加跨越平台次数（83.3%）（P＜0.05）;组织切片显示海马体组织细胞分布轮廓较清晰,顶状树突较明显;血清、海马体组织的SOD水平分别提高19.9%、33.3%,MDA水平分别降低16.0%、26.4%;NF-α、IL-1β分别降低27.8%、20.6%;（p-NF-κB） P65、（p-IκB）蛋白表达水平显著降低至121.6%、119.1%（P＜0.05）。表明白首乌酵素可能通过NF-κB信号通路缓解癫痫小鼠认知损伤。     

基于NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路探讨栀子豉汤对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

摘 要：目的 探讨栀子豉汤对酒精性肝损伤（alcoholic liver disease, ALD）小鼠的保护作用及对NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路的影响。方法 将60只雄性小鼠随机均分为6组;空白组、模型组、甘草酸二铵阳性对照组（60 mg/kg）和栀子豉汤高、中、低（910、455、227.5 mg/kg）3个剂量组。除空白组外,其余5组均采用50%乙醇（10 mL/kg）灌胃诱导小鼠ALD模型。持续14 d。检测小鼠血清中肝功能指标水平;检测血清中炎症因子含量;同时检测血清中抗氧化因子含量。HE染色观察肝脏的组织病理学改变。用Western blot检测小鼠肝组织中核苷酸寡聚化结构域样受体家族3(nucleotide oligomeric domain-like receptor family 3, NLRP3)、半胱天冬酶-1(caspase-1)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白 (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a card, ASC)、核转录因子-κB p65[nuclear factor kappa-B p65, NF-κB(P65)]、NF-κB(PP65)、白介素-1β (interleukin-1, IL-1β)的相对表达量。结果 与模型组小鼠相比,栀子豉汤各剂量能够显著降低小鼠肝功能指标水平（P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001、P<0.0001）;炎症因子含量均显著降低（P<0.01、P<0.001、P<0.0001）;血清中抗氧化能力提高显著（P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001、P<0.0001）;病理切片结果表明,栀子豉汤能改善小鼠肝组织病理变化。肝组织中NLRP3、caspase-1、ASC、NF-κB(P65)、NF-κB(PP65)、IL-1β的相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.01、P<0.001、P<0.0001）。结论 栀子豉汤能改善ALD模型组小鼠肝损伤,抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,其作用机制可能与调控肝组织中NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路的活性有关。     

可可粉对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎的抑制作用及分子机制

利用C57BL/6小鼠连续饮用7 d 3%葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）,建立溃疡性结肠炎模型,探讨可可粉（CP）的抗炎作用及机制。20只小鼠随机分成四组,对照组（常规饮水）、模型组（3% DSS饮水）及CP低、高剂量处理组（50、100 mg/(kg?d)灌胃加3% DSS饮水）。结果发现,与对照组相比,模型组小鼠体重丢失增多,结肠长度（6.89 cm）明显低于对照组（9.85 cm）,而组织病理学评分（5.20）明显高于对照组（0.60）;同时,肠组织中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平分别增高了9.72、7.08、7.39倍和0.93、0.44、0.52倍,NF-κB信号通路关键蛋白p65的磷酸化水平增高了4倍,IκBα蛋白的磷酸化水平增高了2.12倍,差异均具有统计学意义（p<0.01）。与模型组相比,低、高剂量CP处理组小鼠体重丢失减少,结肠长度缩短明显减少,分别为8.16 cm和9.19 cm,组织病理评分分别降至3.20和2.00,促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA表达水平分别降低了0.64、0.72、1.05倍和2.03、2.27、2.07倍,蛋白表达水平分别降低了0.22、0.14、0.18倍和0.58、0.37、0.68倍,p65蛋白和IκBα蛋白的磷酸化水平也分别降低了0.62、2.07倍和1.69、2.19倍,差异均具有统计学意义（p<0.05）。综上所述,CP对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎症有显著的抑制作用,其分子机制与抑制NF-κB p65信号通路活化有关。     

牛蒡子苷元对四氧嘧啶诱导糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的：探究牛蒡子苷元（arctigenin,ATG）对于糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法：通过四氧嘧啶诱导雄性ICR小鼠建立糖尿病模型,设置对照组、模型组、阳性二甲双胍（metformin,Met）组以及ATG高、中、低剂量组（120、90、60 mg/kg mb）,测定小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）和谷草转氨酶（asparate aminotransferase,AST）活力以及炎症因子白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）质量浓度;分析肝脏内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）水平;对比肝脏染色切片组织形态、组织Toll样受体4（toll-like receptors 4,TLR4）、髓样分化因子88（myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88）、核因子κB p65（nuclear factor κB p65,NF-κB p65）信号通路中相关蛋白表达情况。结果：与模型组相比,ATG高剂量干预极显著降低了糖尿病小鼠血清中ALT活力和AST活力（P＜0.01）;ATG高、中剂量极显著降低了炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α质量浓度（P＜0.01）;ATG高剂量极显著提高了糖尿病小鼠肝脏内CAT、SOD活力（P＜0.01）,显著提高GSH含量（P＜0.05）;ATG高、中剂量明显改善了肝脏组织细胞形态,使苏木精-伊红染色切片中细胞内染红面积增大,细胞空泡和出血区域减少;ATG高剂量显著降低了肝脏内TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65蛋白表达量（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）。ATG保护糖尿病肝损伤作用机理可能是通过降低TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65炎性通路中关键蛋白的表达水平,抑制下游的TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子表达,进而降低氧化应激水平,改善肝脏组织损伤程度。结论：ATG对糖尿病性肝损伤具有保护作用,本研究可为ATG用于糖尿病性肝损伤的防治提供参考依据。     

芜菁酸性多糖结构及对脂多糖诱导肺损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的：研究芜菁酸性多糖（Brassica rapa L. acidic polysachharide-1,BRAP-1）的结构及其对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的小鼠肺损伤的影响及其机制。方法：采用苯酚硫酸法、间羟基联苯法、考马斯亮蓝法、高效凝胶渗透色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱法对BRAP-1化学组成、分子质量、结构及单糖组成进行分析。动物实验正常组、模型组小鼠灌胃0.5 mL/d生理盐水，BRAP-1低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃50、100、200 mg/（kg mb·d），持续10 d，采用LPS气管滴注法建立肺损伤模型，检测相关指标，包括肺湿质量/干质量比值、肺泡灌洗液蛋白质量浓度、总细胞数，并进行苏木精-伊红染色；采用酶联免疫吸附测试法测定各组小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-10、干扰素γ水平；采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法检测肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子受体、Toll样受体4、核转录因子-κB?p65(nuclear factor kappa B p65,NF-κB?p65)、IL-1β、...     

植物甾醇对脂多糖诱导小鼠炎症的抑制作用

以预饲喂植物甾醇的小鼠为研究对象,采用脂多糖诱导小鼠产生炎症,研究不同剂量的植物甾醇对炎症发生的预防效果。结果表明：与脂多糖组相比,植物甾醇组小鼠血清中炎症因子白介素1β（IL-1β）、白介素6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）含量显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）降低,肝脏和脾脏炎症病变损伤明显改善,植物甾醇组小鼠肝脏、脾脏中一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的分泌显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）减少;在蛋白水平上,核转录因子κB（NF-κB）p65蛋白的表达及其磷酸化蛋白水平显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）降低;与脂多糖组相比,预饲喂植物甾醇的小鼠发生炎症后,其肝脏、脾脏中蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1（SHP-1）极显著升高（P<0.01）。据此推测负调控因子SHP-1表达上调后,抑制了NF-κB激活,进而降低iNOS表达水平,抑制下游炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的生成,起到了降低炎症对机体器官损害的作用。因此,植物甾醇在降低小鼠机体炎症方面有显著效果,在预防养殖动物感染方面具有重要意义。     

辣椒素缓解低温低湿条件下小鼠胃肠道炎症

该研究探讨了不同辣椒素剂量在低温低湿条件下对小鼠胃肠道炎症缓解作用。将小鼠随机分为正常组、低温低湿模型组、辣椒素处理组（10、15、20 mg/kg），试验周期7天。记录小鼠体重，观察胃和十二指肠组织病理变化，检测血清中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）含量，检测胃组织和十二指肠组织中NF-κBp65、IκB-α、IL-1β、TNF-α等mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。研究发现低温低湿环境会显著降低小鼠体重，显著增加血清中炎症因子的含量，胃组织中炎症因子基因表达水平显著上调，十二指肠组织NF-κBp65蛋白水平显著下调。辣椒素剂量15 mg/kg处理后会显著增加小鼠体重，血清中炎症因子含量显著下降，辣椒素处理适当下调胃组织中炎症因子的基因表达，显著上调十二指肠组织中关键通路的蛋白表达以恢复正常水平。意味着在低温低湿（10 ℃，30%）的环境下食用辣椒素剂量为10~20 mg/kg可以缓解胃黏膜损伤，并且能恢复十二指肠绒毛断裂，对在低温低湿条件下健康食用辣椒的量提供指导意见。     

白鳞马勃发酵工艺优化及其菌丝对小鼠酒精性胃溃疡的保护作用

摘要：目的 优化白鳞马勃发酵条件并探讨白鳞马勃菌丝对乙醇诱导小鼠胃溃疡的保护作用。方法 以菌丝干重为评价指标,考察碳源、氮源、KH2PO4及MgSO4对白鳞马勃发酵的影响,通过正交试验优化最佳发酵工艺。小鼠随机分为空白对照组、乙醇模型组、奥美拉唑药物阳性对照组（0.5g·kg-1）、白鳞马勃菌丝高、中、低剂量组（1.0g·kg-1、0.75g·kg-1、0.5g·kg-1）灌胃给药15d,无水乙醇（0.2mL/只）建立乙醇型胃溃疡的小鼠模型。Elisa检测血清和胃组织中Superoxide dismutase（SOD）、Malondialdehyde（MDA）、Interleukin- 6（IL-6）、Tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）及血清中Nitric oxide（NO）含量; HE染色观察小鼠胃组织病理学改变;Western Blotting检测胃组织NF-κBP65、P-NF-κBP65、IκBα、P-IκBα蛋白表达。结果 优选白鳞马勃最佳发酵工艺为：3%蔗糖、2%酵母粉、0.15%MgSO4+0.15%KH2PO4,菌丝干重可达0.7411g。白鳞马勃菌丝能显著降低胃溃疡小鼠血清及胃组织中MDA、IL-6、TNF-α含量,显著增加SOD及NO含量;菌丝高剂量组显著减轻胃组织损伤;白鳞马勃各剂量组均能显著增加NF-κBP65、IκBα蛋白含量,显著降低P-NF-κBP65、P-IκBα蛋白含量。结论 白鳞马勃发酵工艺稳定可靠,培养基成本较低。白鳞马勃菌丝能较好的保护小鼠胃组织免受损伤,其机制推测是通过下调P-IκBα蛋白表达,上调IκBα蛋白表达,减少P-NF-κBP65表达,上调NF-κBP65表达增加,从而抑制炎症蛋白表达,达到对乙醇性胃溃疡的保护作用。     

人参、甘草、五味子复合醋提物对老年小鼠急性炎性肝损伤保护作用的研究

目的:本研究旨在通过脂多糖（Lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导肝损伤小鼠考察复合醋提物（MVE）对老年小鼠炎性肝损伤的保护效果。方法:将小鼠随机分为正常对照组、MVE组、LPS组、LPS+MVE组。通过苏木精-伊红染色评估肝组织病理情况和免疫组织化学染色判断髓过氧化物酶的表达变化。同时,检测肝组织中白介素-1β、白介素-17、CXC趋化因子配体1、CXC趋化因子配体17等生化因子水平。免疫印迹法测定肝脏中Toll样受体4（Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4）和p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达量变化。结果:复合醋提物能减少中性粒细胞及炎症细胞浸润,极显著降低LPS模型小鼠肝脏谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、活性氧（ROS）水平（P<0.01）,并降低促炎因子和中性粒细胞趋化因子水平（P<0.05）,降低炎症通路TLR4和p-NF-κB p65的蛋白表达水平（P<0.001）。结论:MVE能改善LPS诱导急性炎症小鼠的肝损伤,此外,MVE还能通过平衡促炎和抗炎因子水平变化、抑制TLR4-NF-κB信号通路,最终达到发挥护肝作用效果。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.