Deodorization of Garlic Breath by Foods,and the Role of Polyphenol Oxidase and Phenolic Compounds

Garlic causes a strong garlic breath that may persist for almost a day. Therefore, it is important to study deodorization techniques for garlic breath. The volatiles responsible for garlic breath include diallyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, allyl methyl disulfide, and allyl methyl sulfide. After eating garlic, water (control), raw, juiced or heated apple, raw or heated lettuce, raw or juiced mint leaves, or green tea were consumed immediately. The levels of the garlic volatiles on the breath were analyzed from 1 to 60 min by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). Garlic was also blended with water (control), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), rosemarinic acid, quercetin or catechin, and the volatiles in the headspace analyzed from 3 to 40 min by SIFT‐MS. Raw apple, raw lettuce, and mint leaves significantly decreased all of the garlic breath volatiles in vivo. The proposed mechanism is enzymatic deodorization where volatiles react with phenolic compounds. Apple juice and mint juice also had a deodorizing effect on most of the garlic volatiles but were generally not as effective as the raw food, probably because the juice had enzymatic activity but the phenolic compounds had already polymerized. Both heated apple and heated lettuce produced a significant reduction of diallyl disulfide and allyl mercaptan. The presence of phenolic compounds that react with the volatile compounds even in the absence of enzymes is the most likely mechanism. Green tea had no deodorizing effect on the garlic volatile compounds. Rosmarinic acid, catechin, quercetin, and PPO significantly decreased all garlic breath volatiles in vitro. Rosmarinic acid was the most effective at deodorization.     

Effect of Milk on the Deodorization of Malodorous Breath after Garlic Ingestion

Abstract: The effect of milk and milk components on the deodorization of diallyl disulfide (DADS), allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS), allyl mercaptan (AM), allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), and methyl mercaptan (MM) in the headspace of garlic as well as in the mouth- and nose-space after garlic ingestion was investigated using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Fat-free and whole milk significantly reduced the head-, mouth-, and nose-space concentrations of all volatiles. Water was the major component in milk responsible for the deodorization of volatiles. Due to its higher fat content, whole milk was more effective than fat-free milk in the deodorization of the more hydrophobic volatiles diallyl disulfide and allyl methyl disulfide. Milk was more effective than water and 10% sodium caseinate in the deodorization of allyl methyl sulfide, a persistent garlic odor, in the mouth after garlic ingestion. Addition of milk to garlic before ingestion had a higher deodorizing effect on the volatiles in the mouth than drinking milk after consuming garlic. Practical Application: Ingesting beverages or foods with high water and/or fat content such as milk may help reduce the malodorous odor in breath after garlic ingestion and mask the garlic flavor during eating. To enhance the deodorizing effect, deodorant foods should be mixed with garlic before ingestion.     

Effects of pH Adjustment and Subsequent Heat Treatment on the Formation of Volatile Compounds of Garlic

Effects of pH adjustment during the blending of garlic cloves and subsequence heat treatment on the formation of volatile compounds of garlic were studied by means of gas chromatography (GC). The formation of the two isomeric cyclic compounds 3-vinyl-[4H]-l,2-dithiin and 2-vinyl-[4H]-l,3-dithiin, which were artifacts from allicin, was favored around pH 5.5. Formation of diallyl trisulfide, methyl allyl trisulfide, cis-1-propenyl allyl disulfide, isobutyl isothiocyanate, 2,4-dimethylfuran, 1,3-dithiane, aniline, methyl allyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and 3-methyl-2-cyclopentene-l-thione were favored in neutral or weak acidic conditions, whereas formation of diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, methyl allyl disulfide, propenylthiol, propyl allyl disulfide and 1,2-epithiopropane were favored around pH 9.0.     

大蒜清汁加工中脱臭澄清净化技术研究

以大蒜为原料探究大蒜清汁的加工工艺,并对大蒜的脱臭温度、护色VC用量、果胶酶酶解条件及冷冻澄清进行研究,确定了合理的加工工艺和最佳参数.结果表明,大蒜清汁制取最佳工艺参数为：加热脱臭温度70℃,护色vC用量0.03％,酶解pH 4.62,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间45min.在此条件下得到的大蒜清汁澄清度最高.同时冷冻澄清（-18℃）的方法得到的大蒜出汁率最高,澄清稳定性最好.     

泰安大蒜与金乡大蒜挥发性风味物质成分分析

采用自动化静态顶空与气质联用的方法分析对比金乡大蒜与泰安大蒜的挥发性成分,通过GC-MS分析和NIST质谱库计算机检索,对样品进行定性分析,并采用面积归一化法进行定量分析。检测结果表明,不同产地的大蒜中的挥发性风味物质种类略有差别,金乡大蒜中含硫化合物总量高于泰安大蒜,并且,新鲜大蒜含硫化合物含量高于贮藏大蒜,存在显著差异。金乡大蒜和泰安大蒜检出的风味物质种类略有差别,地域性差别对大蒜风味物质种类影响不大,但是,在大蒜风味物质中起决定性作用的1,3-二噻烷、烯丙基三硫化物、烯丙基二硫化物以及而烯丙基四硫醚,在含量上金乡大蒜明显高于泰安大蒜。同时,研究表明,静态顶空与气质联用能够快速、简便、高效、准确地对大蒜中的挥发性风味物质进行组分分析以及鉴定。     

Volatile distribution in garlic (Allium sativum L.) by solid phase microextraction (SPME) with different processing conditions

Treatments of autoclaving, high temperature aging (aged-black garlic), crushing, and roasting at 100, 150, and 200°C were applied to alter the volatile profiles of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Headspace volatiles in samples were analyzed by a solid phase microextraction (SPME)-GC/MS. Total peak areas of crushed-raw garlic were the highest and those of aged-black garlic clove were the lowest. Crushing effects were clearly observed in raw garlic, aged-black garlic, and roasted garlic at 200°C for 60 min. Sulfur-containing volatiles including diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide were major volatiles. Generally, peak areas of diallyl disulfide decreased when garlic received autoclaving and roasting treatment while diallyl trisulfide and allyl methyl trisulfide increased during heat treatment compared to raw garlic. Roasting at 200°C for 60 min caused the formation of pyrazines greatly in garlic. Principal component analysis (PCA) for the volatile profiles by SPME-GC/MS could discriminate types of processed garlic successfully.     

Odor Components of Human Breath After the Ingestion of Grated Raw Garlic

The major odor components of finely grated, raw garlic in the air of the human mouth have been studied. Immediately after garlic ingestion, tests of the mouth air of six subjects revealed two major peaks that were positively identified as being allyl mercaptan and diallyl disulfide; these findings are based on an evaluation of the fragment patterns of a GC-MS analysis and from the actual retention times of these authentic compounds. The allyl mercaptan level was higher than the level of diallyl disulfide, although both compounds smell like garlic. Our results suggest that after garlic ingestion, allyl mercaptan is the major garlic-smelling compound in human mouth air, and diallyl disulfide is secondary.     

品种和后成熟对NFC苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分的影响

为了探讨果实品种和后成熟度对苹果浊汁风味的影响,采用顶空-固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,基于多元数据分析手段,非靶向分析了富士、嘎啦、华硕、金冠、澳洲青苹等5个品种,在3个后熟度下制成的NFC苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分差异。结果表明:醇类（2-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇等）、醛类（己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛等）和酯类（2-甲基乙酸丁酯等）为苹果浊汁的主要挥发性香气成分。品种和后熟度对苹果汁的特征性挥发性香气成分的含量和组成影响显著。澳洲青苹果汁挥发性香气成分总量少且含量低,醛类是其主要的挥发性香气物质;富士、嘎啦和金冠果汁则表现出相似的香气组分特征,酯类、醛类和醇类物质含量丰富,具有浓郁的香甜水果气味和青草味;华硕苹果汁的挥发性香气成分以醇类和醛类为主,整体具有清淡的香味和生青味。另外,随着不断后熟,不同品种苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分的变化呈现不同趋势。澳洲青苹和富士苹果汁中的香气成分逐渐累积,分别有15和28种挥发性化合物含量显著增加;嘎啦和金冠苹果汁香气物质含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在第二个后熟阶段风味最好;用采摘初期华硕苹果原料制成的苹果汁香气最浓郁,但随着不断后熟,挥发性香气含量显著降低。本研究开展的苹果汁风味特性研究,可为苹果浊汁加工的原料选择提供理论基础。     

Inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amine formation in fried ground beef patties by garlic and selected garlic-related sulfur compounds

The effects of garlic and selected organosulfur compounds (diallyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl mercaptan, cysteine, and cystine) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in fried ground beef patties were evaluated. Minced garlic cloves (ca. 4.8 to 16.7%, wt/wt) or organosulfur compounds (0.67 mmol) were added directly to ground beef. Patties (100 g) were fried at 225 degrees C (surface temperature) for 10 min per side. Two patties were fried for each replication, and five replicates were analyzed for each treatment. For each replicate, four subsamples were analyzed (two unspiked subsamples for concentration and two spiked subsamples for the recovery of HAA standards). The volatile sulfur compounds significantly (P < 0.05) reduced concentrations of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine by reductions of 46 to 81%, while average reductions of 35, 22, and 71%, were achieved with cystine, cysteine, and whole garlic, respectively. The volatile sulfur compounds reduced concentrations of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline by 34 to 67%, while reductions of 25, 19, and 63% (P < 0.05) were achieved with cystine, cysteine, and whole garlic, respectively. These studies confirm that garlic and some organosulfur compounds have the potential to reduce HAA formation incooked beef patties.     

Investigation of the volatile aroma components of garlic leaves essential oil. Possibility of utilization to enrich garlic bulb oil

The volatile aroma components of Egyptian green garlic leaves essential oil was investigated for the first time. After the utilization of garlic bulbs to prepare garlic oil or after drying the bulbs to produce garlic powder, garlic leaves are considered to be waste material, which is disposed of without any benefit. In this investigation, green garlic leaves were distilled and the essential oil was subjected to GC and GC-MS identification. The yield of the oil was 0.06% (based on wet weight of the leaves). The most prominent compounds of the essential oil were diallyl trisulfide (32.32%), followed by diallyl disulfide (31.35%) and methyl allyl trisulfide (11.40%); these compounds are the same as those found in garlic bulb oil. This means that garlic leaf oil is a rich, renewable and priceless source of garlic aroma compounds which could be utilized in fortification and enriching of garlic bulb essential oil to increase its quantity without changing the quality. Utilization of green garlic leaves for production of essential oil will also save, to some extent, the costs of disposing of large amounts of leaves in garlic possessing factories, transforming them into profits.     

气质联用法分析鱼香肉丝中的挥发性风味物质

应用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)—气相色谱和质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析鱼香肉丝中的风味物质。建立鱼香肉丝中风味物质的萃取和分析条件,对鱼香肉丝在加工前后风味物质的变化进行比较。鱼香肉丝中主要挥发性风味物质有烯丙基硫醇、乙醇、己醛、3,3’-硫丙烯、桧烯、甲基-2-丙烯基-二硫化物、2-庚烯醛、二丙基-二硫化物、乙酸、2-呋喃甲醛、Z-柠檬醛、香叶醛、3,4-二氢-3-乙烯基-1,2-二硫化物。     

Feature Selection and Recognition from Nonspecific Volatile Profiles for Discrimination of Apple Juices According to Variety and Geographical Origin

Abstract: Apple juice is a complex mixture of volatile and nonvolatile components. To develop discrimination models on the basis of the volatile composition for an efficient classification of apple juices according to apple variety and geographical origin, chromatography volatile profiles of 50 apple juice samples belonging to 6 varieties and from 5 counties of Shaanxi (China) were obtained by headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. The volatile profiles were processed as continuous and nonspecific signals through multivariate analysis techniques. Different preprocessing methods were applied to raw chromatographic data. The blind chemometric analysis of the preprocessed chromatographic profiles was carried out. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) revealed satisfactory discriminations of apple juices according to variety and geographical origin, provided respectively 100% and 89.8% success rate in terms of prediction ability. Finally, the discriminant volatile compounds selected by SLDA were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The proposed strategy was able to verify the variety and geographical origin of apple juices involving only a reduced number of discriminate retention times selected by the stepwise procedure. This result encourages the similar procedures to be considered in quality control of apple juices. Practical Application: This work presented a method for an efficient discrimination of apple juices according to apple variety and geographical origin using HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS together with chemometric tools. Discrimination models developed could help to achieve greater control over the quality of the juice and to detect possible adulteration of the product.     

基于GC-IMS和SPME-GC-MS分析柠檬汁对太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解液风味的改善作用

目的:探究柠檬汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用与改善牡蛎酶解液风味的效果,明确牡蛎酶解液风味改善前后的特征香气差异。方法:采用柠檬汁参与牡蛎水解过程对牡蛎（太平洋牡蛎）不良风味进行改善,利用感官评价、气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）与固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（SPME-GC-MS）等技术分析牡蛎酶解液风味改善前后的挥发性化合物,并结合感觉阈值和相对气味活度值（ROVA）对其进行特征性香气分析。结果:GC-IMS技术对牡蛎匀浆液、牡蛎酶解液及柠檬汁脱腥后的牡蛎酶解液中共鉴定出40种挥发性化合物,其中,经柠檬汁脱腥后牡蛎酶解液中新生成了7种具有花香、果香等愉快风味特点的挥发性化合物,它们是:蒎烯、苯甲醇、氧化芳樟醇、十二醛、2-庚酮、2-甲氧基苯酚、乙酸丁酯;减少了6种具有鱼腥味等不愉快特征风味的挥发性化合物含量,分别为（E,E）-2,4-辛二烯醛、庚醛、壬醛、（E）-2-辛烯醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3醇。SPME-GC-MS技术及ROAV法鉴定分析结果显示,经柠檬汁脱腥处理后烯烃类物质的相对含量由8.37%上升为42.84%,主要增加了月桂烯、D-柠檬烯等柠檬汁的特征挥发性风味成分,1-辛烯-3醇不再作为关键风味成分,具有鱼腥味特点的庚醛和（E）-2-辛烯醛的ROAV值下降,整体不良风味减弱。结论:柠檬汁参与牡蛎水解过程可有效减少牡蛎酶解液的腥味及异味,该方法高效、便捷、安全,可为扩大牡蛎酶解液的应用及推动产业脱腥技术的发展提供有益参考。     

Alginate coating as carrier of oligofructose and inulin and to maintain the quality of fresh-cut apples

The aim of this study was to apply an edible coating containing prebiotics such as oligofructose and inulin to fresh-cut apple wedges. An assessment of the quality, sensory, polyphenol, and volatile attributes of coated and uncoated fresh-cut apple wedges was also undertaken. Fructan analysis showed that all prebiotics remained stable over the 14-d storage period and an intake of 100 g of apple supplies 1 to 3 g of prebiotics. Browning index, firmness, acidity remained stable throughout the 14 d compared to the control while applying prebiotic coatings resulted in an increase in soluble solids. Sensory and visual assessment indicated acceptable quality of apple wedges coated with prebiotics. HPLC analysis showed that levels of polyphenolic compounds were more stable in coated apple wedges (without prebiotic inclusions) than in uncoated control apples. No difference was found between O(2) and CO(2) headspace concentration of coated and uncoated samples. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found for headspace volatile production between the samples. Most coated samples showed lower volatile production in the headspace than uncoated samples.     

From Apple to Juice—The Fate of Polyphenolic Compounds

Apples are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and significantly contribute to the antioxidants in our diet. Apple variety affects the levels of those compounds; concentration can also be reduced during processing, especially juice production. These compounds have been linked with numerous health benefits. Reviews on the apple polyphenolic compounds and their health benefits exist; however, a review on maximizing the retention of the polyphenolic compounds in apple juice has not been compiled. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the literature regarding apple polyphenolic compounds and the effects of processing techniques on their concentration in apple juice.     

Variety‐based discrimination of apple juices by an electronic nose and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

The variety of raw material plays a crucial role in the quality and authenticity of fruit juices and juice products. To characterise and classify apple juices according to variety on the basis of their volatile compounds, electronic nose (EN) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) were applied to detect the apple juices prepared by eight different varieties. The EN was used to analyse the mixture of volatile compounds as a whole and enabled rapid classification of juice samples when coupled with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). LDA showed a perfect discrimination of apple juices based on varieties. GC‐MS was utilised to illustrate the differences of volatile compounds among juice samples. Identification of volatile compositions and their contents provides useful access to differentiate juices from different varieties.     

不同脱腥方法对鸡肝风味物质的影响

为研究不同脱腥方法鸡肝中风味物质的变化,采用感官评定、电子鼻与顶空固相微萃取-气质联用（headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术,分析了不同脱腥方法的生熟鸡肝样品的挥发性风味物质。结果表明:姜酒浸泡、β-环状糊精包埋和酵母发酵均能显著降低生样品腥味值（P<0.05）;电子鼻响应值雷达图显示,组成鸡肝整体气味主要是硫化物、芳香成分和醇、醛酮类物质,姜酒浸泡能改变鸡肝原本的气味轮廓,且采用主成分分析（PCA）能较好区分各样品;HS-SPME-GC-MS共检出了124种挥发性风味物质,经姜酒浸泡和酵母发酵后,鸡肝中醛类物质含量均明显降低,多种致腥物质含量均明显下降。鸡肝熟化后,苯甲醛构成了鸡肝的主体风味,姜酒浸泡组中的乙醇含量明显高于对照组和酵母发酵组,是鸡肝熟化后保持较好风味的因素。研究表明,姜酒浸泡和酵母发酵能较好地改善鸡肝风味。     

超临界CO2-分子蒸馏纯化蒜油与水蒸气蒸馏法制取蒜油挥发性成分分析

采用分子蒸馏技术(MD)将超临界CO2(SFE)萃取的蒜油进行纯化,以顶空固相微萃取气质联用技术(HSSPME-GC-MS)分析蒜油中的挥发性成分,确定最佳工艺：进样速度1 滴/s,蒸馏温度60℃,刮膜转速250r/min。纯化的蒜油挥发性成分仅有4 种,二烯丙基二硫醚和二烯丙基三硫醚、2- 乙烯基-1,3- 二硫杂-4- 环己烯和3- 乙烯基-1,2- 二硫杂-5- 环己烯;与水蒸气蒸馏法制得的新鲜蒜油(F-GO)比较,SFE 法是一种理想的制取蒜油的方法;蒜油放置30d(S-GO)后有效成分含量下降,导致品质下降。     

CHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMERCIAL SAUERKRAUT1

Canned sauerkraut from eight U.S. companies was analyzed for salt, titra-table acidity (TA), fermentation substrates and end products, volatile sulfur compounds and sensory characteristics. The TA ranged from 0.9–1.5%, while salt content ranged from 1.4–2.0%, which was lower than in previous surveys. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to monitor lactic, acetic, malic, succinic, propionic and butyric acids; mannitol, ethanol, propanol, glycerol, glucose, fructose and sucrose. Low concentrations of propionic acid, propanol and glycerol were found. These three compounds are not characteristic of lactic acid fermentations. No butyric acid was detected. GC analysis revealed seven main sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and dimethyl trisulfide) and six other organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2propanol, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate) in the headspace of sauerkraut juice. A profile panel characterized aroma, flavor and after-taste of sauerkraut with ten distinct notes. The sour, sulfur and salt notes had the greatest impact on sauerkraut flavor.     

大葱挥发油含量与化学成分的分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取莱芜鸡腿葱中的挥发油 ,测知其含量为 0 0 1 % ;并用毛细管气相色谱 /质谱法定性鉴别了挥发油中的 2 5种化学成分。其中含硫有机硫化合物为 2 0种 ;主要成分有 :丙基甲基硫代硫磺酸酯 ,甲基烯丙基硫代硫磺酸酯 ,甲基丙烯基三硫醚 ,烯丙基硫醇 ,甲丙基二硫醚 ,反式甲基烯丙基二硫醚 ,二甲基三硫醚 ,二丙基二硫醚 ,反式烯丙基丙基二硫醚 ,二甲基四硫醚 ,二丙基三硫醚 ,反式烯丙基丙基三硫醚 ,顺式烯丙基丙基三硫醚 ,甲硫醇 ,丙硫醇 ,二巯基甲烷 ,2 ,5 二甲基噻吩等含硫化合物 ,还鉴定出不饱和脂肪醛 1种 (3 ,7 二甲基 2 ,6 二辛烯醛 ) ,脂肪酮 1种 (十一酮 2 ) ,萜烯类化合物 2种 (2 甲基 庚稀 2和顺式 2 ,6 二甲基 2 ,6 辛二烯 ) ,挥发性无机化合物 1种 (SO2 )。