Bread quality by substituting normal and waxy hull-less barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum Vulgare</Emphasis> L.) flours

Substitution of regular and waxy hull-less barley flour was evaluated in pan breads prepared from the blends of barley cvs. Saessal (SSWB) and Saechalssal (SCWB) with wheat flour. Effect of barley type and barley flour level (10, 20, and 30%) was investigated on compositions, dough development, and bread qualities. Compared to 100% wheat flour, increasing barley flour increased ash from 0.36 to 0.67%, and β-glucan from 0.1 to 1.91%. Pasting viscosity exhibited higher peak viscosity, through, and breakdown in barley flour blends, showing higher viscosity in SSWB than SCWB. Optimum water absorption and mixing time were increased in barley-wheat flour blends. Substitution of 10% barley flour had no significant difference from wheat bread in bread volume and crumb firmness statistically (p<0.05). The SSWB showed better bread qualities in terms of bread volume and crumb firmness than SCWB. The β-glucan content was 0.13% in wheat bread, but ranged from 0.45 to 1.05% in barley breads.     

Techno‐functional properties of wheat flour‐resistant starch mixtures applied to breadmaking

Resistant starch can be used to reduce the availability of carbohydrates in baked products. In this study, the effect of type 4 resistant wheat starch (RS₄) on wheat flour dough and breads was evaluated. Wheat flour was substituted by RS₄ at 10%, 20% and 30% w/w (RS10, RS20 and RS30, respectively). Rheological and thermal behaviours of dough were evaluated. Besides, bread quality, starch digestibility and bread staling were analysed. All substituted dough exhibited viscoelastic behaviour but lower elastic and viscous moduli. Regarding to bread quality, specific volume and crumb texture were negatively affected in samples with RS₄. However, all samples were technologically acceptable. During storage, crumb hardening was observed in breads without and with RS₄ but amylopectin retrogradation was not particularly affected. The in vitro digestibility of bread with RS showed a lower release of reducing sugars and a lower estimated glycaemic index, suggesting a healthier profile for these breads.     

Baking Studies and Nutritional Value of Bread Supplemented with Full-Fat Sweet Lupine Flour (L. albus cv Multolupa)

Full-fat sweet lupine flour (FFLF) was used to replace 3, 6, 9 and 12% of the wheat flour (WF) in bread. Physical characteristics of the dough, and the chemical composition and biological quality of the breads were investigated. Farinological studies showed that water absorption increased gradually from 60% for WF to 77% for a blend with 12% FFLF. Developing time, weakening of dough and valorimeter value were adversely modified by addition of FFLF. Different levels of FFLF increased in water absorption, loaf volume and loaf weight as compared to all wheat bread. However, specific loaf volume remained constant (3.72) up to 6% FFLF, then decreased. Protein content of wheat bread increased from 10.3% for the control to 11.7% for 9% FFLF bread. PER increased from 1.72 for the control bread to 2.00 for 9% lupine-bread (p<0.01). Bread with 9% FFLF is a possibility for using this legume in human feeding.     

STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAN BREAD USING RAW WHEAT GERM

Raw wheat germ, known to be high in vitamin E and other phytochemicals, was used to develop pan bread formulations. The raw wheat germ used had protein, fat and ash contents of 27.88, 9.86 and 4.33%, respectively, compared with 11.35, 1.26 and 0.61% for white flour. Reduction in specific loaf volume, due to the inclusion of wheat germ, was significantly restored by using a combination of 30 ppm potassium bromate and 50 ppm ascorbic acid. At levels of 10 and 20% germ incorporation, the use of 3.0% enzyme‐active soy flour significantly improved the specific loaf volume of the test breads. In comparison with white‐flour control bread, panelists did not find any significant differences in any of the sensory attributes of the test bread samples containing up to 10% wheat germ and 0.5% sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL). The minerals, protein and fat content of wheat‐germ‐enriched breads, was superior to the white‐flour control bread. It can be concluded that phytochemical‐enriched pan bread with superior nutritional and sensory qualities can be produced using white flour, 20% wheat germ, 0.5% SSL, 30 ppm potassium bromate and 50 ppm ascorbic acid.     

Effect of Rice, Corn and Soy Flour Addition on Characteristics of Bread Produced from Different Wheat Cultivars

Preparation and consumption of bread enriched with flours that contain appreciable amounts of protein, lysine, dietary fiber, and minerals will provide a healthy alternative to consumers and also a lowering of bread making cost in countries where wheat is not a major domestic crop. Addition of rice, corn, and soy flour to bread and durum wheat flours at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% levels was carried out to examine the effects on the baking (specific volume, color, firmness) and sensory characteristics of bread. Dough rheological properties were also studied using Brabender Farinograph and Extensograph. Results of the present study suggest that incorporation of rice, corn, and soy in bread wheat flour up to a level of 10% (flour basis) and in durum wheat flour up to 20% produces bread without any negative effect in quality attributes such as color, hardness, and flavor and reasonable acceptance offering promising nutritious and healthy alternative to consumers. Increasing levels of substitution (30 and 50%) resulted in decreasing dough strength, extensibility, and loaf volume, due to the replacement of gluten by the added protein. Overall acceptability scores of these breads were found to be very low. The durum flour can be substituted with nongluten flours up to 10% more than the bread wheat flour because of its stronger gluten matrix and better dough rheological characteristics.     

INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE and BAKING QUALITY of HIGH-FIBER TOAST BREAD AS AFFECTED BY ADDED WHEAT MILL FRACTIONS

The effect of bran type, level of addition, particle size, addition of wheat germ, as well as other additives like improvers and dough conditioners, on the instrumental texture and baking quality of high-fiber toast bread (white pan bread) has been investigated. the specific loaf volume decreased significantly (3.45 cc/g) when the bran level was raised to 30%, but at 20% bran addition, the specific loaf volume was superior to that of the control bread. the specific loaf volume of test breads remained higher than the control bread up to a level of 7.5% wheat germ addition. Additives like ascorbic acid (50 ppm) and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (0.5%) further improved the baking quality of test bread samples. the objective texture values (measured as compression force, kg) indicated that the test bread with bran addition up to 20% and germ up to 7.5% possessed a softer texture (0.80 kg) than the control bread (1.02 kg). In comparison with control bread, the panelists gave higher sensory scores for all attributes of test bread samples containing up to 20% red coarse bran or up to 30% red fine bran. A similar trend in sensory quality of test samples containing up to 7.5% wheat germ was also observed. High-fiber toast bread made from white flour, equal proportions of coarse and fine bran at 20%, wheat germ at 7.5%, plus sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate at 0.5% levels, was found to possess softer texture and improved sensory quality than the whole wheat flour bread.     

Effect of flour blending on functional, baking and organoleptic characteristics of bread

Soybean (full‐fat and defatted) and barley flours were incorporated into wheat flour at 5, 10, 15 and 20% substitution levels. The gluten content, sedimentation value and water absorption capacity of the flour blends and the mixing time of the dough decreased with increase in the level of soybean and barley flour separately and in combinations. Protein and glutelin contents increased significantly on blending of soyflour (full‐fat and defatted) to bread wheat flour. The breads prepared from the blends also varied in their loaf weight, loaf volume and sensory characteristics. The bread volume decreased with increasing amount of non‐wheat flour substitution. The crumb colour changed from creamish white to dull brown and a gradual hardening of crumb texture was observed as the addition of soybean (full‐fat and defatted) and barley flours increased. At the higher levels, the acceptability declined because of the compact texture of the crumb and the strong flavour of the product. The addition of 10% of soyflour (full‐fat and defatted) or 15% of barley flour, full‐fat soy + barley or defatted soy + barley flour to bread flour produced acceptable bread.     

Use of durum residue flour,a lower value product of durum milling,by incorporation into wheat flour dough without deterioration in baking quality

BACKGROUND: During the milling of durum wheat to semolina, about 10–15% of total products produced is residue flour, a lower value product than the semolina. This study investigated the potential for using the durum residue flour as an additive in bread‐making to improve its potential commercial value. RESULTS: Incorporation of residue durum flour from 102 breeding lines into a low protein flour and standard bakers' flour at 20% incorporation improved the bake loaf volume with minimal change in Mixograph dough mixing time and peak resistance in many of the lines tested. Loaf yellow b was always increased even with only a 10% incorporation. Baking flours can tolerate 20% incorporation with no deleterious affects on loaf volume and bake score. CONCLUSION: The results show a potential for using the lower value durum residue flour for baking bread of acceptable quality with a slightly higher yellow colour. This would improve the profitability for the miller and provide alternative ingredients to the baker for preparing specialty breads. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the Right of the State of New South Wales and Society of Chemical Industry     

添加改性麸皮对含麸皮面包结构及消化特性的影响

采用酶解-高压湿热处理对小麦麸皮进行改良,将改良后的小麦麸皮回添至高筋粉中获得不同麸皮含量的面粉,制作含麸皮面包,研究改良麸皮添加量对含麸皮面包的结构及消化特性的影响规律。结果表明：改良后的小麦麸皮中脂肪酶残余酶活降至0,不溶性膳食纤维含量从37.38%降低至15.64%,持水力升高了41.26%。与改良前的含麸皮面包相比,改良后的含麸皮面包香气浓郁,比容、硬度、弹性都得到了明显的改善。随着改良麸皮添加量增加,面包的老化程度降低、比容降低、硬度增加、弹性降低、感官品质降低。添加改良麦麸的含麸皮面包抗性淀粉含量增加,淀粉水解率降低。此外,改良麦麸显著降低了面包血糖生成指数。     

IMPROVEMENT OF THE WHEAT AND CORN BRAN BREAD QUALITY BY USING GLUCOSE OXIDASE AND HEXOSE OXIDASE

The effects of addition of wheat (10, 20 and 30%) and corn bran (10 and 20%) on rheological and bread making properties of flour were examined. To improve dough and bread properties, glucose oxidase (GO) and hexose oxidase (HO) (15–30 and 45 mg/kg) were used separately in each bran-wheat flour formula with L-ascorbic acid at 75 mg/kg, glucose at 0.5% and vital gluten at 9.2%. Water absorption and development time increased as the amount of wheat and corn bran increased, while dough stability, maximum resistance to extension, extensibility, energy and loaf volume decreased. Corn bran was found to be more detrimental to dough rheology and bread characteristics than wheat bran. Corn bran and wheat bran could be used at bread making up to levels of 10 and 20%, respectively. Addition of 30 mg/kg of HO in combination with constant additives was most effective in improving dough and bread characteristics and GO with its 15 mg/kg usage level followed it. Further increasing of enzyme levels led to over oxidizing of doughs and breads.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Corn bran up to 10% and wheat bran up to 20% levels can be used in bread making. To improve dough and bread quality, besides L-ascorbic acid (75 mg/kg) and vital gluten (as a percentage of added bran weight), GO (15 mg/kg) or HO (30 mg/kg) could be incorporated into wheat flour-bran mixtures. However, the amount of enzyme should be carefully chosen because when they are used above the mentioned levels, they cause overoxidation of doughs and small loaf volumes are obtained. As a conclusion; by using the corn bran, which is a by-product of the starch industry, not only could it be possible to offer healthy alternative breads which contain high amounts of dietary fiber to consumers, but it could also be possible to obtain economical value by evaluating such a by-product in the bread industry.     

Application of Response Surface Methodology to the Development of Rice Flour Yeast Breads: Objective Measurements

A gluten-free wheat bread replacement was developed from rice flour (80%) and potato starch (20%). Using objective measurements as responses, response surface methodology was utilized to find carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)-water combinations which could successfully replace gluten in the rice flour yeast breads from each of three rice flours. CMC and water had the greatest effect on the responses measured; HPMC had the least. Rice bread formulations were found that resulted in breads which met wheat (white) bread reference standards for specific volume, crumb and crust color, Instron firmness and % moisture.     

Incorporation of pulse flours of different particle size in relation to pita bread quality

BACKGROUND: To increase pulse consumption, pita bread was fortified with pulse flours milled from green lentils, navy beans and pinto beans, which were ground to produce fine and coarse flours. Pita breads were prepared using composite flours containing pulse flours (25, 50, 75%) and wheat flour or 100% pulse flours and adjusting the amount of water required for mixing based on farinograph water absorption. Pita bread quality was evaluated according to diameter, pocket height, specific loaf volume, texture and crust colour. RESULTS: Blends made from pulse flours with coarse particle size showed higher rates of water absorption. All composite flours and 100% pulse flours produced pitas with pockets, confirming their suitability for this product. Crust colour of pitas was affected less by navy bean flour than by lentil flour. Pita breads made with pinto bean flour were superior in texture. Overall, navy and pinto bean flours appeared more suitable for pita bread. Flours with coarse particle sizes produced pitas with better colour and texture. Sensory parameters of pitas containing 25% coarse pinto or navy bean flour were as good as or better than those from the wheat control. CONCLUSION: Acceptable pita breads can be made using pulse flours, although the substitution level is limited to 25%. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of the Chinese steamed bun starter dough (CSB-SD) in breadmaking

The application of Chinese steamed bun starter dough (CSB-SD) in breadmaking was investigated. The activation of CSB-SD to activate the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to increase the number of yeast, prior to making bread, was conducted by mixing CSB-SD with wheat flour and water and then incubating for 24 h. Wheat flour was then substituted by this activated CSB-SD (aCSB-SD) at 10%, 30%, and 50% (w/w) to make bread. Dough and bread properties were studied comparing to the control (without aCSB-SD). From the farinograph results, a high aCSB-SD substitution level resulted in a less stability in dough with a higher degree of softening. Extensigraph results suggested that after aging, all the substituted dough yielded a greater resistance to extension with lower extensibility values than the control. Substitutions with 30% and 50% (w/w) aCSB-SD significantly increased the total CO(2) gas generation. Scanning electron microscopy SEM images of the 30% and 50% (w/w) substituted dough showed a well-developed gluten matrix. The 50% (w/w) substituted breads obtained a greater risen volume, finer crumb grain, and retained more softness after 5-d storage than the control. In addition, both the 30% and 50% (w/w) substituted breads showed a slightly increased mold stability, as compared to the 0% and 10% (w/w) substituted breads.     

Effect of defatted maize germ flour addition on the physical and sensory quality of wheat bread

Maize (Zea mays L.) processing produces large quantities of defatted maize germ (DMG) that is being used mainly for animal feed. The objective of this study was to exploit use of this nutrient-rich by-product in bread by replacing wheat flour at 5-20 g/100 g levels. Breads prepared with wheat-DMG flour blends were analyzed for loaf volume, density, instrumental dough hardness and bread firmness, Hunter color (“L”, “a”, “b”, chroma, and hue angle), and selected sensory attributes. Loaf volumes decreased significantly, from 318.8 ml to 216.3 ml, as the DMG flour supplementation was increased from 0 to 20 g/100 g; a similar effect was observed for bread specific volume. Increase in dough hardness (7.56-71.32 N) was directly related to increase in DMG flour levels. Instrumental firmness values were significantly higher for breads containing DMG flours, 61.58 N in 20 g/100 g DMG bread versus 32.84 N for the control bread, made with wheat flour only. The control bread was lighter in color, as shown by higher “L” values, than those having DMG flour, with chroma and hue angle values significantly higher in treatment breads. In general, no differences were observed for the sensory attributes of crumb color, cells uniformity, aroma, firmness, mouthfeel, and off-flavor in breads with up to 15 g/100 g DMG flour, while the overall acceptability scores showed a mixed pattern. The results of this study demonstrated that acceptable quality bread could be made with DMG flour addition at ≤15 g/100 g.     

Comparative study of phytic acid content,in-vitro protein digestibility and amino acid composition of different types of flat breads

Phytic acid content of eight different types of leavened and unleavened flat breads was determined. It was highest in unleavened and non-fermented whole wheat chapati and lowest in the leavened and fermented white wheat flat bread roghni nan. The effect of baking conditions, bread composition and phytic acid content on in-vitro digestibility of protein was measured using a pepsin multienzyme pH stat technique. The amino acids released were separated by ultrafiltration. The rate of protein digestibility of flat bread and amino acid released depended upon the type of flour used, baking conditions, phytic acid content and other antiproteolytic constituents of breads. Leavening and fermentation of breads resulted in an increase of protein digestibility and availability of amino acids. Addition of soya flour increases the protein digestibility of breads whereas millet flour decreases it.     

Total phenolic content, consumer acceptance, and instrumental analysis of bread made with grape seed flour

Grape seed flour (GSF) from grape pomace, a waste product generated during winemaking, was explored for use in bread production due to its potential health benefits. This study evaluated the consumer acceptance and physical properties of bread, including total phenolic content (TPC), made with varying levels of GSF. Dough and breads were prepared using different levels of replacement of hard red spring wheat flour (HRS) with GSF (0 to 10 g GSF/100 g HRS) and stored for 0, 2, or 6 wk at -20 °C. Replacement of 10 g GSF/100 g HRS increased the bread TPC from 0.064 mg tannic acid/g dry weight to 4.25 mg tannic acid/g dry weight. Consumer acceptance and instrumental analyses were used to investigate changes in sensory and texture properties due to GSF replacement. Replacement above 5 g GSF/100 g HRS decreased the loaf brightness and volume, with an increase in the bread hardness and porosity. Generally, breads containing ≥ 7.5 g GSF/100 g HRS were characterized by lower consumer acceptance. A reduction in overall and bitterness acceptance was observed in bread at 10 g GSF/100 g HRS, with decreased acceptance of astringency and sweetness at 7.5 and 10 g GSF/100 g HRS. Based on these results, the replacement of 5 g GSF/100 g HRS is recommended for the production of fortified breads with acceptable physical and sensory properties and high TPC activity compared to refined bread. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study shows that grape seed flour (GSF) can be used to replace hard red spring wheat flour (HRS) in bread production, with moderate impact on the physical and sensory properties of the bread. Replacement of up to 10 g GSF/100 g HRS significantly decreased overall consumer acceptance of the bread, with lower consumer acceptance of sweetness and astringency at 7.5 and 10 g GSF/100 g HRS. Thus, a replacement value of 5 g GSF/100 g HRS is recommended for the production of fortified breads.     

The application of dextran compared to other hydrocolloids as a novel food ingredient to compensate for low protein in biscuit and wholemeal wheat flour

Wheat is primarily used for bread-making. However, fungal diseases, grain moisture at harvest and low-protein contents strongly influence the quality of the wheat flour, thus creating challenges for traders, millers and commercial bakers who struggle to produce consistently high-quality products. This paper address the replacement of low-protein/wholemeal flour functionality for bread-making purposes. Three hydrocolloids, xanthan gum, dextran and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, were incorporated into bread recipes based on high-protein flours, low-protein flours and coarse wholemeal flour. Hydrocolloid levels of 0–5 % (flour basis) were used in bread recipes to test the water absorption. The quality parameters of dough (farinograph, extensograph, rheofermentometre) and bread (specific volume, crumb structure and staling profile) were determined. Results showed that xanthan had negative impact on the dough and bread quality characteristics. HPMC and dextran generally improved dough and bread quality and showed dosage dependence. Volume of low-protein flour breads were significantly improved by incorporation of 0.5 % of the latter two hydrocolloids. However, dextran outperformed HPMC regarding initial bread hardness and staling shelf life regardless the flour applied in the formulation.     

Dough and bread qualities of flours with whole waxy wheat flour substitution

Whole wheat flour has been developed as fiber-rich food for healthy bowel function. In this study, whole waxy wheat flour (WWF) was characterized and applied for breadmaking with the hope that breads made from WWF would improve the quality based on the superior properties of the waxy flour in retardation of bread staling. WWF had significantly higher protein, ash and dietary fiber contents (13.5%, 1.6% and 15.3%, respectively), but lower lipid content (0.8%) than commercial white flour (CWF). Amounts of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in WWF were 4.1% and 11.2% (% total weight), respectively. WWF had lower pasting temperature and viscosities than CWF. Dough made from WWF increased water absorption and showed lower stability during mixing than that from CWF. The high amount of dietary fiber diluted the gluten protein in dough during mixing to form weak and inextensible dough. Bread made from whole waxy wheat flour had significantly low specific volume and big gal cell distribution as compared to that from CWF. Also, dark-brown color and bitter taste are weak points of whole waxy wheat bread. However, the WWF bread was significantly softer than CWF bread during storage. The qualities of breads were also improved using partial WWF substitution (10%, 30% or 50%) for CWF. As a result, whole waxy wheat flour can be used for breadmaking to improve nutritious quality of bread for health benefits.     

Towards the development of peanut–wheat flour composite dough: Influence of reduced‐fat peanut flour on bread quality

The effect of partial substitution of wheat flour with reduced‐fat peanut flour at different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) on physical parameters, proximate composition, sensory profile, and shelf stability of bread were investigated. Loaf volume, specific volume, and crumb density were significantly (p ≤ .05) reduced with increasing level of substitution with the peanut flour. Peanut flour had significant (p ≤ .05) improvement on the protein content and reduction in carbohydrate content of loaves. Consumers preferred the taste aroma and color of the peanut–wheat flour composite loaves at ≥20% peanut flour inclusion. Freshly baked composite peanut–wheat bread loaves with 10% level of peanut substitution had higher overall acceptability than 100% wheat flour formulation but less microbial stability during storage. Reduced fat‐peanut has potential application for improving the nutritional quality and shelf stability of wheat flour bread.

Practical applications

The demand for convenient alternative to conventional foods is on the increase with the dynamics of the world's social values, lifestyles, and demographic trends. Having peanut incorporated into dough (as one food system) will offer convenience to consumer and therefore add value to bread variety on market shelves. Assessing the influence of the peanut flour on bread quality provides first‐hand information that can facilitate optimization of the baking process toward commercial production of peanut–wheat flour bread.     

Wheat Germ Lipoxygenase: Its Effect on Dough Rheology,Microstructure, and Bread Making Quality

Extracted lipoxygenase from defatted wheat germ of commercial bread wheat along with raw and defatted germ were used to study their effect on rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough and bread making quality. The addition of 500 U and 1000 U of lipoxygenase increased the water absorption from 59.5 to 62.3 and 66.7%, respectively. The dough stability increased to 10.5 min, whereas mixing tolerance index values marginally decreased, and the addition of raw or defatted germ did not affect the mixing profile of the wheat flour dough. Breads with lipoxygenase were softer with a lower firmness value of 546 g when compared to the control (594 g) and had brighter crumb as seen in the reduction in ΔE values from 22.34 (control) to 19.04. The addition of gluten along with the lipoxygenase showed a synergistic effect. The specific volume of breads increased to 3.95 cc/g and the firmness values decreased to 538 g. Scanning electron micrographs at different stages of bread processing have shown improvement in the gluten network.