海藻糖合酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

首次构建来源于恶臭假单胞菌海藻糖合酶基因（AE015451.1）的真核表达载体,探索在毕赤酵母中的表达。PCR扩增目的基因,经EcoRⅠ/XbaⅠ双酶切后连接至同样双酶切的pPICZaA中,经PCR检测和序列测定准确后,通过电击法将重组质粒转入毕赤酵母GS115中,利用含Zeocin的YPD平板筛选到阳性转化子,提取阳性转化子基因组并利用特异性引物PCR得到一条与目的基因大小相同的条带,说明目的基因转入成功,诱导重组蛋白表达并用SDS-PAGE检测可见一条约76 ku与目的蛋白大小预测相符合的蛋白条带,最后HPLC检测重组蛋白可将麦芽糖特异转化为海藻糖,说明外源表达的海藻糖合酶具有一定酶活。通过PCR、SDS-PAGE和HPLC结果说明成功构建重组pPICZaA-TreS质粒并整合到巴斯德毕赤酵母的基因组上,且海藻糖合酶基因得到预期的表达并具有活性,为下一步研究奠定基础。     

海藻糖合酶固定化及细胞透性化技术的研究进展

介绍了海藻糖合酶性质、固定化及细胞透性化技术.通过几个海藻糖合酶固定化及透性化技术的实例,探讨适合海藻糖工业化生产的方法,展望海藻糖合酶固定化及透性化技术的研究趋势.     

海藻糖合酶研究进展

介绍了海藻糖合酶的来源、性质、固定化及细胞透性化技术.并通过实例探讨适合海藻糖工业化生产的方法,展望海藻糖合酶固定化及透性化技术的研究趋势.     

一株芽孢表面稳定展示海藻糖合酶工程菌的构建

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)168-Tres基因组为模板,PCR扩增得到同源臂基因sleB1和cwlJ1,重叠PCR连接sleB1与卡那霉素抗性(kmr )基因,电转获得B. subtilis 168-TresΔsleB菌株;连接cwlJ1与博来霉素抗性(zeor)基因,电转获得B. subtilis 168-TresΔsleBΔcwlJ菌株。结果表明,经kmr、zeor抗性筛选及PCR鉴定,成功获得sleB、cwlJ基因双缺失菌株B. subtilis 168-TresΔsleBΔcwlJ;发酵结果显示,B. subtilis 168-TresΔsleBΔcwlJ与出发菌株的芽孢形成率一致,约为88%;在LB固体培养基和麦芽糖转化生成海藻糖体系中B. subtilis 168-Tres的芽孢萌发数为4.8×108 CFU/mL,B. subtilis 168-TresΔsleBΔcwlJ芽孢未萌发;在麦芽糖转化生成海藻糖体系中,重组菌海藻糖合酶酶活为10.42 U,比原始菌提高了78.7%。敲除sleB、cwlJ基因后,不影响枯草芽孢杆菌生成芽孢的量,但能有效控制芽孢在上述转化体系中的萌发,使芽孢表面稳定展示海藻糖合酶,提高了芽孢的利用率。     

中性海藻糖酶基因缺失对面包酵母耐冷冻性的影响

研究了中性海藻糖酶基因(NTH1和NTH2)对面包酵母耐冷冻性的影响。通过分析中性海藻糖酶基因缺失突变株和亲本菌株(BY6-9α)的生长曲线、生物量、比生长速率、中性海藻糖酶酶活力、胞内海藻糖含量、胞内海藻糖降解速率、冷冻存活率、冷冻前产气量、比发酵力、冷冻后产气量和相对发酵力,结果表明,中性海藻糖酶基因对酵母生物量、比生长速率、胞内海藻糖含量和比发酵力均无显著影响,而相对于亲本菌株(BY6-9α),TL-101(nth1)和TL-201(nth1 nth2)的胞内海藻糖降解速率分别减慢了9.22%和15.60%,冷冻后CO2产生量分别提高了63.04%和65.22%,-20℃冷冻28 d后冷冻存活率分别提高了91.06%和103.01%,冷冻后相对发酵力分别提高了95.95%和116.04%,这充分说明敲除NTH1基因能明显改善酵母菌株的耐冷冻特性,而且酵母的耐冷冻特性与胞内海藻糖降解速率呈负相关。TL-102(nth2)的耐冷冻特性与亲本菌株无显著差异,说明单敲NTH2基因对酵母耐冷冻性无显著影响。     

透性化细胞海藻糖合酶特性的研究

海藻糖是一种新型食品添加剂，目前多以微生物酶法生产。海藻糖合酶是近年来新发现的一种海藻糖合成酶。本文研究了经渗透细胞技术处理得到的透性化细胞海藻糖合酶的酶学特性。结果表明，该细胞酶的反应最适温度为35℃，最适pH7.4,Mg^2 及K^ 对该细胞酶有明显激活作用，Zn^2 ,Mn^2 及Cu^2 则可强烈地抑制酶活力。该酶对底物特异性极强，能特异性地将麦芽糖转化为海藻糖。     

NaF对酸性海藻糖酶酶活测定的影响及作用机制探讨

研究了氟化钠对酵母酸性海藻糖酶酶活力测定的影响。构建己糖转运蛋白基因缺失突变株TL-105(hxt14△)和TL-106(gal2△),分析氟化钠对菌株BY6-9α(亲本菌株)、TL-103(ath1△)、TL-104(agt1△)、TL-105(hxt14△)和TL-106(gal2△)酸性海藻糖酶酶活力、海藻糖酶分泌、海藻糖分泌、葡萄糖摄取和葡萄糖分泌的影响,结果表明,氟化钠对中性海藻糖酶、酸性海藻糖酶和海藻糖分泌均无影响,说明氟化钠对酸性海藻糖酶酶活力测定的影响与海藻糖酶和海藻糖分泌无关。在稳定期,柠檬酸法测得菌株TL-105(hxt14△)和TL-106(gal2△)的酸性海藻糖酶酶活力分别比亲本菌株提高了17.06%和300.23%,而柠檬酸氟化钠法测得菌株BY6-9α、TL-105(hxt14△)和TL-106(gal2△)的酸性海藻糖酶酶活力却相差不大,同时,在对数期,菌株BY6-9α和TL-103(ath1△)在酸性海藻糖酶酶活力测定前(氟化钠30℃诱导30 min)溶液中葡萄糖含量分别达到108.53±1.39和30.53±1.02 mg/L,这说明氟化钠能显著影响菌株对胞外葡萄糖的摄取并导致胞内葡萄糖的分泌,从而使测得的酸性海藻糖酶酶活力较高。     

海藻糖合酶的结构和催化机制研究进展

海藻糖合酶是一种能够催化麦芽糖和海藻糖之间发生双向替换反应的分子异构酶,这种合成途径是目前已知的海藻糖生成方式中最简洁的一条路径。该异构酶的结构特点及作用机制受到学术界和药理学界的广泛关注。该文从海藻糖合酶的晶体结构、催化机制及应用现状三个方面阐述有关海藻糖合酶的最新研究成果,有助于改进海藻糖相关产品研发模式,增加海藻糖工业生产经济效益。     

水生栖热菌海藻糖合成酶基因的克隆及真核表达

通过基因工程技术合成海藻糖合酶Tres 全基因,插入到毕赤酵母菌表达载体pPICZα中。电转化毕赤酵母菌GS115 后,经Zeocin 抗性筛选阳性菌株。用PCR 和全基因测序鉴定目的基因的表达。通过诱导表达目的蛋白,并以SDS-PAGE 和Western blotting 进行鉴定。成功地构建了pPICZα-Tres 重组质粒,并证明目的基因已整合于毕赤酵母菌的基因组。     

海藻糖合酶基因工程菌的高密度发酵策略

探讨海藻糖合酶基因工程菌高密度发酵过程中的一些影响因素,为海藻糖合酶基因工程菌实现工业化生产提供理论依据.     

Enhanced production of trehalose in Escherichia coli by homologous expression of otsBA in the presence of the trehalase inhibitor, validamycin A, at high osmolarity

Trehalose production in Escherichia coli DH5α was explored by overexpressing otsBA operon encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase. Production and subsequent degradation of trehalose resulted in low production of trehalose in engineered cells overexpressing otsBA, which was primarily due to the concomitant expression of endogenous trehalase. Through an in vitro enzyme assay and flask cultures of engineered cells, trehalase expression was shown to be directly related to the expression of otsBA rather than osmotic stress. Validamycin A effectively inhibited E. coli trehalase and the intracellular accumulation of trehalose was markedly enhanced in the presence of validamycin A at an optimal concentration in the medium. The trehalose production was further increased upon growth in a hypertonic medium in the presence of validamycin A, with most trehalose accumulating as an intracellular product. The highest titer was obtained when otsBA expression was induced by a medium-copy vector, ptrc99A, with 0.5mM of isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside. Trehalose titer was 1.7 g/L in controlled bioreactor cultures using synthetic M9 medium supplemented with 40 g/L glycerol, 0.1mM validamycin A, and 300 mM NaCl.     

Characterization and gene expression profiles of thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates from Thai fruits

For industrial applications, fermentation of ethanol at high temperature offers advantages such as reduction in cooling costs, reduced risk of microbial contamination and higher efficiency of fermentation processes including saccharification and continuous ethanol stripping. Three thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates (C3723, C3751 and C3867) from Thai fruits were capable of growing and producing 38 g/L ethanol up to 41°C. Based on genetic analyses, these isolates were prototrophic and homothallic, with dominant homothallic and thermotolerant phenotypes. After short-term (30 min) and long-term (12 h) exposure at 37°C, expression levels increased for the heat stress-response genes HSP26, SSA4, HSP82, and HSP104 encoding the heat shock proteins small HSP, HSP70, HSP90 and the HSP100 family, respectively. In isolates C3723 and C3867, expression was significantly higher than that in reference isolates W303 and TISTR5606 for TPS1 encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, NTH1 encoding neutral trehalase and GSY1 encoding glycogen synthase. The results suggested that continuous high expression of heat stress-response genes was important for the long-term, heat stress tolerance of these thermotolerant isolates.     

A STUDY OF VIABILITY AND TREHALOSE METABOLISM IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE VACUOLAR DEFICIENT MUTANT SKD2

The vacuolar deficient mutant SKD2 and a closely related vacuole complete strain SKD1ρ^? were studied to identify the cause of low trehalose accumulation in SKD2. The present work indicates that low intracellular trehalose levels in SKD2 result from reduced activity of enzymes of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase complex rather than higher activity of trehalase in the cytosol caused by supposed ineffective compartmentalisation of vacuolar acid trehalase. In vitro studies using crude enzyme extracts from SKD2 and SKD1ρ^? also suggested that loss of viability of SKD2 might result from a fall in free phosphate levels as sugar phosphates accumulated .     

The trehalose pathway and intracellular glucose phosphates as modulators of potassium transport and general cation homeostasis in yeast

Trk, encoded by the partially redundant genes TRK1 and TRK2, is the major potassium transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This system is specific for potassium and rubidium but, by reducing the electrical membrane potential of the plasma membrane, Trk decreases the uptake of toxic cations such as lithium, calcium, aminoglycosides and polyamines, which are transported by other systems. Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicate that TPS1, a gene encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and known to modulate glucose metabolism, activates Trk and reduces the sensitivity of yeast cells to many toxic cations. This effect is independent of known regulators of Trk, such as the Hal4 and Hal5 protein kinases and the protein phosphatase calcineurin. Mutants defective in isoform 2 of phosphoglucomutase (pgm2) and mutants defective in isoform 2 of hexokinase (hxk2) exhibit similar phenotypes of reduced Trk activity and increased sensitivity to toxic cations compared with tps1 mutants. In all cases Trk activity was positively correlated with levels of glucose phosphates (glc-1-P and glc-6-P). These results indicate that Tps1, like Pgm2 and Hxk2, increases the levels of glucose phosphates and suggest that these metabolites, directly or indirectly, activate Trk.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene HXK1 encoding the hexokinase from Yarrowia lipolytica

We have cloned the gene HXK1 from the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica that encodes the unique hexokinase of this yeast. The gene has an intron located 39 base pairs after the A of the first ATG. The putative protein contains a sequence of 40 amino acids which is absent from other known hexokinase sequences. Y. lipolytica strains devoid of hexokinase grew in glucose slower than wild-type. This growth was due to the existence of a glucokinase. The hexokinase from Y. lipolytica substituted effectively for hexokinase II from S. cerevisiae in catabolite repression of invertase. The hexokinases from Schizosaccharomyces pombe or Kluyveromyces lactis were much less effective in this role. The K(m) for glucose and fructose of hexokinase was 0.38 mM and 3.56 mM, respectively. The K(m) of glucokinase for glucose was 0.17 mM. While the hexokinase was strongly inhibited by trehalose-6-phosphate (K(i)=3.6 microM), glucokinase was not affected by this compound.     

烟草CHS基因RNA干扰载体的构建及其遗传转化

类黄酮化合物是烟草香气形成的重要前体物质,其形成需要多个调控基因的参与,查尔酮合成酶基因(CHS)是类黄酮物质合成途径中的关键基因,它的突变或沉默可能影响香气物质的形成。为了探讨CHS基因的下调表达对烟草香气的影响以及为选育优良的高香气品种提供技术,采用GATEWAY技术经BP反应和LR反应将CHS基因片段重组到表达载体pH7GWIWG2(I)上,成功构建了具有反向重复序列的CHS基因的RNAi表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导法转染烟草‘大白筋599’,以期为研究CHS基因在烟叶香气物质方面的作用奠定基础。经过鉴定,获得24株阳性转基因‘大白筋599’。     

Trehalose reserve in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: phenomenon of transport, accumulation and role in cell viability

Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deleted for TPS1 encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase still accumulate trehalose when harbouring a functional MAL locus. We demonstrate that this accumulation results from an active uptake of trehalose present in the 'yeast extract' used to make the enriched culture media and that no accumulation is observed in mineral media. The uptake of trehalose was shown to be mediated by the alpha-glucoside transporter encoded by AGT1, the expression of which is linked to the presence of a functional MAL locus. Deletion of this gene in a MAL+ tps1 mutant abolished trehalose accumulation on a maltose or galactose mineral medium. However, small amounts of disaccharide were still detected in a agt1 tps1 double mutant when the medium was supplemented with 10 g trehalose l(-1), indicating the existence of a non-concentrative low-affinity sugar transporter. The presence of the high-affinity trehalose permease allowed us to investigate the effect of increasing exogenous trehalose from 0 to 10 g(-1) on intracellular accumulation. A maximum of ca. 10% (wt/wt dry cells) trehalose was attained in the presence of only 1 g l(-1) of disaccharide in the medium. The capability to monitor the intracellular content of trehalose by varying its extracellular concentration, independent of genetic alterations of the trehalose metabolic machinery, allowed the remarkable contribution of this molecule in stress tolerance to be demonstrated, as the higher the trehalose content, the longer the cell survival to a severe heat shock and to glucose starvation.     

fps转基因烤烟类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的研究

为探索法呢基焦磷酸合酶(fps)对烤烟中类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的影响,利用常规和GS/MS方法,对转fps基因烟草株系(K-4、K-6、K-17、K-35)烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量及萜烯类香气物质含量进行了分析,结果发现,烤后烟叶类胡萝卜素含量有较大差异,与未转基因对照相比普遍有所提高,其中K-35含量最高;8种类胡萝卜素降解产物及茄酮、新植二烯含量有不同程度的提高,其中K-35香气降解产物含量整体较高,表明外源fps基因在烟草中的表达对类胡萝卜素合成具有促进作用,从而有利于烟叶品质的提高。