强化前体（UDP-GalNAc）合成路径提高果糖软骨素的生产

硫酸软骨素是一种重要的糖胺聚糖,广泛应用于医药、食品、保健品行业。为了提高硫酸软骨素类似物果糖软骨素的生产,通过过量表达磷酸葡糖胺变位酶(GlmM)、葡萄糖胺合酶(GlmS),优化融合蛋白glmM-glmS的表达水平,获得了最优工程菌株E. coli K4-H-glmMglmS,并确定了最适IPTG浓度(0.4 mmol/L)以及诱导温度(37℃)。最后,在5-L罐水平下,借助DO-stat补料模式,果糖软骨素的产量达到了3.99 g/L,较原始菌株提高了108.9%,为工业化生产果糖软骨素奠定了基础。     

共表达伴侣蛋白对毕赤酵母产β-甘露聚糖酶发酵过程的影响

通过分别共表达伴侣蛋白PDI和Bip获得β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的高效表达。根据Gen Bank公布的毕赤酵母PDI和Bip序列设计引物,以酵母基因组为模板PCR扩增目的基因片段,插入表达载体p PICZαA,分别整合到β-甘露聚糖酶工程菌中,筛选共表达二硫键异构酶的重组酵母(PM115)和共表达免疫球重链结合蛋白的重组酵母(BM115),在30 L发酵罐水平上分析两种共表达伴侣蛋白菌株与初始菌株(GM115)对β-甘露聚糖酶表达的差异。相同工艺下,PM115与原始菌株相比未有提高,而BM115发酵产酶能力高于原始菌株,最高酶活达到40 900 U/m L,最高总蛋白表达量13.22 g/L,最高比酶活达到3 150 U/mg,分别比初始菌株提高38%,22%和18%。毕赤酵母基因工程菌GM115通过共表达伴侣蛋白Bip,提高了β-甘露聚糖酶的产量和比活力,达到工业化生产水平。     

共表达抗氧化酶促进脂肪氧合酶在大肠杆菌中的表达

基于脂肪氧合酶(LOX)活性对宿主菌潜在的危害,分别共表达了超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶,以期提高铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa BBE来源的LOX在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3)中的表达。将P. aeruginosa BBE超氧化物歧化酶基因sodB和sodM及E. coli过氧化氢酶基因katE克隆至pRSFDuet-1,分别得到表达质粒pRSF-sodB,p RSF-sodM和p RSF-katE,将上述表达质粒转化至表达LOX的重组大肠杆菌N6,得到菌株N6-B,N6-M和N6-K。在20℃和1 mmol/mL异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)条件下诱导70 h,N6-B、N6-M和N6-K胞内外LOX总酶活分别为21.6、28.1和7.1 U/mL,其中N6-B和N6-M较对照菌株N6(11.8 U/mL)提高了83%和138%。通过正交实验确定LOX较优的诱导表达条件为:IPTG浓度2 mmol/mL,诱导菌体浓度(OD600)2.5,诱导温度20℃。研究结果表明:共表达超氧化物歧化酶能有效促进LOX在大肠杆菌中的表达,为该酶高效异源表达研究提供了新思路。     

基于角质酶共表达策略的大肠杆菌胞外生产耐高温α-淀粉酶及其发酵条件优化

在前期工作中通过分子改造提高了来源于地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)α-淀粉酶在高温酸性条件下的稳定性,同时改良了催化效率。为了实现α-淀粉酶在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的胞外高效表达,作者尝试采用共表达嗜热放线菌(Thermobifida fusca)角质酶来增强大肠杆菌膜透性,同时优化诱导策略以提高重组α-淀粉酶的胞外表达。首先构建了能同时表达角质酶和α-淀粉酶的工程菌BL21(DE3)/pETDuet-amy-cutinase,并将此菌株与能单独表达α-淀粉酶的工程菌BL21(DE3)/pET-20b-amy进行摇瓶和3 L发酵罐的产酶发酵对比。结果显示,共表达菌株在胞外产酶方面具有明显的优势。进一步对共表达菌株的诱导条件进行优化,在32℃、诱导剂为0.15μmol/L IPTG与0.5 g/(L·h)乳糖条件下,发酵32 h后胞外α-淀粉酶最高酶活力可达6.05×10~4U/m L,是单表达菌株摇瓶发酵水平的28.3倍。此时胞外重组α-淀粉酶质量浓度为8.92 g/L,重组蛋白质的分泌效率为93.2%。     

组合策略促进碱性果胶酶在毕赤酵母中高效表达

本研究组合了基因密码子优化及分子伴侣共表达策略提高碱性果胶酶(PGL)在毕赤酵母中的胞外产量。基于Pichia pastoris密码子偏好性,优化了来源于Bacillus sp.WSHB04-02 PGL高热稳定性突变体K314M基因,并克隆至pPIC9K的Eco R I-Not I得到PGL表达载体p PIC9K-PGL。p PIC9K-PGL转化Pichia pastoris GS115(his-)得到重组菌GS115/PGL 14#,胞外PGL酶活达到301.32 U/mL,较优化前提高25.1%。在此基础上,分别及同时共表达分子伴侣内质网蛋白折叠氧化还原辅助因子(ERO1)和泛素共轭酶(UBC1)。结果显示,同时表达ERO1和UBC1(GS115/PGLl-ERO1-UBC1 2#)使重组菌胞外PGL较共表达前提高49.3%,达到450.12 U/mL。应用指数流加策略对重组菌株GS115/PGLl-ERO1-UBC1 2#进行3 L罐发酵,诱导发酵96h胞外PGL可达1 362.31 U/mL。研究结果对促进PGL产量的提升及其应用具有重要现实意义。     

共表达HAC1基因对重组毕赤酵母分泌表达葡萄糖氧化酶的影响

通过增强不可折叠蛋白质响应(UPR)信号途径以及研究不同培养温度下的影响,来提高重组葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达。影响毕赤酵母外源蛋白表达的因素,主要为内质网中的折叠速率以及不可折叠蛋白积累造成的胞内胁迫压力。通过共表达HAC1基因对不可折叠蛋白信号通路进行调控,摇瓶中改造菌株PP-G-HAC1胞外酶活达到161 U/m L,相比于原始重组葡萄糖氧化酶菌株提高了34%。进一步研究不同温度下过量表达HAC1基因对菌株的生长和分泌外源蛋白的影响,菌株PP-G-HAC1在3 L发酵罐中28℃培养,酶活达到1 008 U/m L,胞外重组蛋白质达到14.43 g/L,相比原始菌株在相同条件下提高了3.12倍。     

双酶体系高效制备(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇

人工合成经密码子优化的羰基还原酶基因Sys1,并与葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Sygdh共克隆至双启动子表达质粒p ETDuet-1中,获重组质粒p ETDuet-Sygdh-Sys1。将其转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3),构建了共表达羰基还原酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶的重组工程菌E.coli BL21/p ETDuet-Sygdh-Sys1。以经IPTG诱导的重组菌为生物催化剂,不对称还原间-氯苯甲酰甲基氯(m-CPC),制备手性药物中间体(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇((R)-CCE)。在m-CPC 30 mmol/L、重组湿菌体70 mg/m L、葡萄糖40 mmol/L、辅酶NADP+0.2 mmol/L,以及p H 7.0、反应温度40℃和反应时间3 h等条件下,所获手性化合物(R)-CCE的摩尔产率高达99.0%,对映体过量值(e.e.值)为100%。     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母生产L-苹果酸

为了研究胞质还原路径对酿酒酵母积累L-苹果酸的影响,通过在酿酒酵母中过量表达源于黄曲霉的丙酮酸羧化酶(Afpyc)、苹果酸脱氢酶(Afmdh)及C4-二羧酸转运蛋白(Afmae),成功构建了L-苹果酸合成的胞质还原路径。结果表明:(1)当低水平表达Afpyc时,其丙酮酸浓度降低了42%,但不能积累L-苹果酸;(2)当共表达Afpyc和Afmdh时,菌株W005积累了1.93 g/L的L-苹果酸,与对照菌株W004相比细胞干重提高了350%,丙酮酸降低了65.9%;(3)当共表达Afpyc、Afmdh和Afmae时,菌株W006的L-苹果酸产量提高了21.2%,达到2.34 g/L;4)通过提高接种量至初始OD_(600)=2,L-苹果酸的产量提高到3.28 g/L。通过在酿酒酵母中过量表达黄曲霉胞质还原路径的关键基因,使得工程菌能够积累L-苹果酸,为目标产物的高效积累提供了一种可借鉴的思路。     

共表达磷脂酶C促进葡萄糖异构酶在大肠杆菌中的胞外表达

磷脂酶C(PLC)能够水解细胞膜主要成分磷脂,使细胞膜通透性增强,从而能够释放出胞内物质。作者构建了PLC与天然胞内定位蛋白葡萄糖异构酶(GI)共表达的重组大肠杆菌,摇瓶发酵胞外上清液中GIC酶活达到3.4 U/m L,占胞外和胞内总酶活的93%,表明GIC成功实现了胞外表达。将胞外上清液中的GIC进行分离纯化和酶学定性,发现其比活为12.1 U/mg,最适反应温度为80℃,最适pH为10,均与对照菌单独表达的GIO性质基本一致。在此基础上,对上述重组菌进行3 L发酵罐培养,发酵周期为24 h,酶活达到17.7 U/m L,表明其良好的工业化放大生产前景。     

共表达分子伴侣PDI和转录因子Aft1对毕赤酵母表达人溶菌酶的影响

通过共表达分子伴侣二硫键异构酶(protein disulfide isomerase,PDI)和毕赤酵母转录因子Aft1,提高重组人溶菌酶(human lysozyme,HLY)在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达水平。将构建的分子伴侣表达载体pG418-PDI和毕赤酵母转录因子Aft1表达载体pG418-Aft1线性化后,电击转化重组毕赤酵母KM71-HLY细胞,用含G418的平板筛选阳性转化子,得到共表达分子伴侣PDI和HLY,及共表达毕赤酵母转录因子Aft1和HLY的工程菌株KM71-HLYpG418-PDI和KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1。摇瓶发酵分析共表达PDI和Aft1对HLY表达水平的影响。结果表明,工程菌KM71-HLY、KM71-HLY-pG418-PDI和KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1经甲醇诱导均产生14.7 kDa HLY,发酵上清液在含溶壁微球菌平板上出现抑菌圈。在诱导表达前期,KM71-HLY-pG418-PDI、KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1和KM71-HLY生长量无明显差别;70 h后,KM71-HLY-pG418-PDI菌株和KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1菌株生物量少于KM71-HLY,发酵最终生长量分别为KM71-HLY的92.8%与84.1%。KM71-HLY、KM71-HLY-pG418-PDI和KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1经168 h甲醇诱导,胞外分泌总蛋白量分别为324.02、350.87 mg/L和474.8 mg/L,发酵液酶活力分别为34 880、45 600 U/mL和50 180 U/mL。与KM71-HLY相比,KM71-HLY-pG418-PDI和KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1发酵产胞外总蛋白分别增加了8.3%和46.5%;KM71-HLY-pG418-PDI和KM71-HLY-pG418-Aft1所产胞外溶菌酶总酶活力较KM71-HLY分别增加了30.7%和43.9%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.