国际绿趋势 绿家居 绿家具—自然 健康 环保 单纯 可续 经济

“绿生活”就是健康可持续的友好生活态度及方式。在人类文明高度发展的今天,绿色的生活方式正在变得越来越随处可见,环保生活的标地也不仅仅是糙米和草鞋,而是在每一处生活必需品都不断发展环保的创意,通过可以循环再造的尖端物科和天然材料共同营造回归自然的健康、简约之美。     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.     

风干肠贮藏过程中挥发性风味物质的变化及异味物质分析

利用动态顶空制样-热脱附-气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用技术,结合气味活度值（odor activity value,OAV）以及感官评价,对不同贮藏时间（0、7、14、21、35、49、77 d）的风干肠挥发性风味物质进行检测,分析贮藏过程中各类挥发性物质变化情况,并对造成异味的主要物质进行鉴别。结果表明：不同贮藏时间的样品中,分别检出挥发性风味物质59、56、63、58、73、68、71 种,主要为酯类物质;随着贮藏时间的延长,风干肠样品色泽变黑,失去光泽,异味逐渐增加,可接受度降低,其中有21、21、17 种风味活性物质分别与感官评价中色泽、风味、可接受度评分显著相关;经过OAV分析以及气相色谱-嗅闻鉴定,辛酸乙酯、1-辛烯-3-醇、正己醛、庚醛、正辛醛、壬醛、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛可能是造成风干肠异味的主要物质。     

1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc

Concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc were determined in samples from the 1997 UK Total Diet Study and used to estimate dietary exposures of the general UK population. Population average dietary exposures to aluminium (3.4mg/day), arsenic (0.065mg/day), cadmium (0.012mg/day), chromium (0.10mg/day), copper (1.2mg/day), mercury (0.003mg/day), nickel (0.13mg/day), tin (1.8mg/ day) and zinc (8.4mg/day) are similar to those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and are below the appropriate PTWIs, PMTDIs and TDIs. Dietary exposure of the UK population (0.026 mg/day) to lead is falling as a result of measures taken to reduce lead contamination of the environment and food and is well below the PTWI. There has been little change in UK estimates of selenium exposure since the 1994 Total Diet Study but current estimates (0.039mg/day) are lower than those derived from earlier Total Diet Studies.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

基于高压结合酶法制备的低敏虾制品体内体外致敏性检测的差异性分析

采用高压结合酶法处理凡纳滨对虾的虾蛋白、虾仁泥（虾肉）和虾仁,获得3 种低敏虾制品;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测3 种虾制品的过敏原性,采用全身性过敏反应（过敏性休克模型）及致敏离体回肠平滑肌收缩实验（Schultz-Dale反应）检测3 种低敏虾制品的致敏性,以分析体内与体外方法检测虾制品致敏性的差异性。结果显示：处理前的3 种原料过敏原性极高。经高压结合酶法处理的虾蛋白、虾肉和虾仁的过敏原性分别消减97.0%、94.1%和94.5%。而在动物实验中（以磷酸缓冲盐溶液为阴性对照,未处理虾蛋白为阳性对照,以豚鼠为受试对象）,未处理虾蛋白组的过敏反应发生率与死亡率均为100%,3 种低敏虾制品的过敏反应发生率也为100%,死亡率分别为16.7%（虾蛋白产物）、50%（虾肉产物）和83.3%（虾仁产物）。致敏的离体回肠受到3 种低敏虾制品攻击后,收缩力也明显增强,分别达到376.9%、766.2%和1 004.4%。上述结果表明,对高压结合酶法制备的低敏虾制品过敏原性的检测,体外检测与体内检测存在一定的差异性。     

Starch noodles: History,classification, materials,processing, structure,nutrition, quality evaluating and improving

Starch noodles, produced from purified starch of various plant sources, are a major category of Asian noodles. This review summarizes the current knowledge on: (1) Definition, naming, history and categories of starch noodles. (2) The morphological, physico-chemical, thermal, rheological characteristics and molecular structure of materials including mung bean starch, pea starch, sweet potato starch, potato starch and corn starch. (3) Processing technology of starch noodles including dropping, extruding and cutting. (4) Structure of starch noodles: it is composed of hydrolysis-resistant crystalline zone, network-like framework and filler mass. (5) Nutrition of starch noodles: it could be evaluated by the digestibility of starch, hydrolysis properties of gelatinized and retrograded starches, hydrolysis property of starch noodles. (6) Quality evaluating of starch noodles: it includes sensory, cooking and texture property. Correlation between the physical properties of starch, processing variables and the sensory, cooking and texture property of starch noodles are summarized. (7) Quality improving for non-mung bean starch noodles: (a) using other materials such as red bean starch, pigeonpea starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, corn starch, to substitute totally or partly mung bean starch; (b) adding chemically modified starch; (c) adding physically modified starch; (d) biologically treating starch; (e) using additives such as chitosan, polysaccharide gums.     

氧化强度对肌原纤维蛋白结构及凝胶性能的影响

采用模拟氧化体系（10 μmol/L FeCl3,100 μmol/L抗坏血酸,0、0.5、1、3、5、10 mmol/L H2O2）,研究不同氧化程度对猪肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）结构及凝胶性质的影响。结果表明：随H2O2浓度升高,蛋白羰基含量上升,总巯基含量、自由氨基含量及内源荧光强度下降,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明氧化诱导二硫键的形成引起蛋白质交联聚集加剧,进而导致蛋白表面疏水性和溶解度降低;当H2O2浓度小于1.0 mmol/L时,MP热诱导凝胶性能无明显变化,当H2O2浓度大于1.0 mmol/L时,热诱导凝胶蒸煮损失显著增强（P＜0.05）,凝胶强度明显降低（P＜0.05）,但凝胶白度无明显变化。总体来说,H2O2浓度越高蛋白氧化程度越严重,凝胶强度越低。     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.     

不同发酵处理对香菇泡菜质构及风味物质的影响

研究并比较低温漂烫条件、亚硝酸盐控制及发酵方式对香菇发酵产品质构、亚硝酸盐含量及风味特征物质的影响。结果表明：香菇低温漂烫前处理最优条件为55 ℃、20 min,此时,发酵泡菜产品的色度L值、硬度及弹性分别为30.64、43.49 N和0.59 mJ。在发酵前加入0.5‰的VC,能够将香菇泡菜的亚硝酸盐含量从6.16 mg/kg显著降低至3.11 mg/kg。与自然发酵相比,纯种发酵将香菇泡菜发酵时间由11 d缩短至7 d,且产品中游离氨基酸总量增加了49.7%;酸、醇、醛及烷烃类化合物等特性风味物质相对含量分别增加了2.17%、5.88%、1.07%和4.37%,并赋予该产品更为丰富的风味物质成分。该研究为香菇发酵泡菜产业化、标准化加工提供了理论依据。     

选择性修饰MCM-41固定化脂肪酶及其催化合成甾醇酯的应用

将南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B（Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB）与三亚油酸甘油三酯进行分子对接,得到CALB的活性中心组成,其氨基酸残基中游离ε-NH2分布在远离活性中心的位置上,—COOH有小部分分布在活性中心。针对CALB活性基团的分布特点将MCM-41修饰成具有醛基的G-MCM-41及具有氨基的NH2-MCM-41。当G-MCM-41与CALB固定时,醛基与ε-NH2结合,酶负载量为87.4 mg/g,活性为1 176 U/g,活性较高,当NH2-MCM-41与CALB固定时,氨基与—COOH结合,酶负载量为89.6 mg/g,活性为672 U/g,活性相对较低,结果证明了CALB分子氨基酸残基分布的结论。以一级大豆油和植物甾醇为底物,固定化脂肪酶催化酯交换反应,经响应面试验优化后酯交换率达到87.4%。     

化学改性对核桃谷蛋白结构表征及功能特性的影响

采用化学（酰基化与磷酸化）方法对核桃蛋白中占70%以上的谷蛋白进行改性处理。核桃谷蛋白经改性后酰化蛋白和磷酸化蛋白溶解度分别提升了3.61 倍和4.49 倍,持水性提升了1.97 倍和1.55 倍,持油性略有降低,乳化性及起泡性总体变化不大。由光谱学分析可知,蛋白的二级以及三级结构发生了一定的变化,因此导致了蛋白功能特性的改变,这也为核桃蛋白功能特性改变提供了相应的分析依据。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法和全二维气相色谱法测定食品接触用纸制品中饱和烃矿物油的迁移量

建立并比较固相萃取-气相色谱法和全二维气相色谱法测定食品接触用纸制品中饱和烃矿物油（saturated hydrocarbon mineral oil,MOSH）迁移量的技术。结果表明,优化后的两种方法均能实现迁移液中MOSH的有效分离和检测,方法的相对标准偏差均较好,为4.3%。相较于固相萃取-气相色谱法,全二维气相色谱法前处理更简单,检出限更低（1.0 mg/L）,回收率更高（94.4%～102.4%）。对17 批实际样品的检测表明,两种方法的定量结果的偏差为8.6%,全二维气相色谱法具有更广泛的适用性,可对个别固相萃取-气相色谱法不能检出的样品进行检测与定量。本研究针对食品接触材料检测的难点问题,研究并验证了新技术,为新标准的制定提供了方法学基础数据支撑。     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

Risk assessment of antimony,barium, beryllium,boron, bromine,lithium, nickel,strontium, thallium and uranium concentrations in the New Zealand diet

ABSTRACT

Identifying and monitoring dietary toxicants is an important component of contemporary food safety systems. To characterise their potential dietary risks, analysis was undertaken of 10 elements: antimony, barium, beryllium, boron, bromine, lithium, nickel, strontium, thallium and uranium in 132 different food types. All 10 elements were reported as quantified in aportion of the analysed foods, with prevalence ranging from less than 1% for antimony to 98% for barium. Dietary exposure assessment was undertaken for 10 New Zealand population cohorts using apublished simulated diet, and proportionality of food groups to total exposure identified. Characterisation against health-based guidance values identified no dietary risk from exposures to beryllium, boron, bromine, lithium, strontium and uranium to any of the population cohorts. For antimony and thallium, the exposure range for infants was calculated to exceed the health-based guidance value, and for barium and nickel, all mean exposures were above the health-based guidance value for younger population cohorts. Although some conservatism in applying upper-bound mean exposures reduces the likelihood of asignificant dietary risk, further laboratory method development and analysis of these elements in the New Zealand diet would be beneficial to ensure protection of New Zealand public health.