国内外微生物源食源性疾病监测及其防控进展

微生物源食源性疾病是一个世界性的公共卫生问题,其暴发不仅严重危害了人类健康,还带来了严重的经济损失,受到各国的高度重视。全面了解国内外微生物源食源性疾病监测的网络和机制、食源性疾病暴发相关的原因食品以及国内外微生物源食源性疾病的发病季节和分布规律,有助于我们对食源性疾病的监测、预防和控制。本文总结了食源性疾病爆发的相关知识,介绍了世界卫生组织、发达国家(美国、英国、丹麦和澳大利亚)以及我国对常见微生物源食源性疾病的监测现状。通过了解和借鉴世界各国的监测方式,提出了预防和控制食源性疾病的措施,包括:加强食源性疾病监测网络建设,加大食品安全监管力度,扩大食源性疾病监测范围和加强对食源性疾病的宣传教育,为我国食源性疾病的监控和防控提供有价值的参考。     

肉及肉制品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌交叉污染的研究进展

单核细胞增生李斯特菌（以下简称单增李斯特菌）是一种引起细菌性食物中毒的重要食源性病原菌,常因污染肉品而引发食物中毒事件,其中交叉污染是引起单增李斯特菌污染并导致食源性疾病的主要途径。本文综述了国内外肉及肉制品污染单增李斯特菌引发的流行病学情况、家庭厨房和肉品加工厂的交叉污染情况、交叉污染模型构建、交叉污染的预防与控制等,为维护家庭食品安全以及保障工厂食品加工卫生安全提供理论依据。     

郑州市某高校餐饮食品卫生状况调查及分析

目的了解郑州市某高校餐厅的餐饮食品卫生状况。方法参照GB/T 4789.22-2003《食品卫生微生物学检验冷食菜豆制品检验》方法,在2017年3月,对该高校学生餐厅内42份饭菜样品分别进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌的检测。结果 18份素菜样品、9份荤菜样品、3份主食样品的菌落总数结果有检出,6份素菜样品、1份荤菜样品的大肠菌群结果有检出,所有样品的金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌结果均未检出。结论该高校的学生餐厅发生食源性疾病的风险较低,但食品仍存在一定的微生物污染问题,餐厅的食品卫生状况需进一步改进,并加强对餐饮食品从业人员的卫生教育和监督,持续做好食品卫生风险监测,避免发生食源性疾病。     

吉林地区食源性沙门氏菌状况研究及快速检测

目的 分析吉林市哨点医院食源性沙门氏菌监测病例,为防控食源性疾病爆发提供参考依据;为缩短检出时间,利用上转发光免疫层析技术对食源性沙门氏菌进行检测,并对其检测性能进行评价;方法 收集吉林地区哨点医院食源性沙门氏菌病例的监测信息进行研究分析;针对哨点医院细菌分离培养检出的食源性沙门氏菌,采用上转发光免疫层析方法进行检测; 结果 吉林地区食源性沙门氏菌在幼儿人群组检出率最高,疑似暴露食物主要是水果类及其制品、肉与肉制品和混合食品等三类食品,疑似暴露食物以散装最多,疑似暴露食物购买地点主要是市场,检出的食源性沙门氏菌主要是肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌;对照细菌分离培养,上转发光免疫层析检测结果与其高度一致（符合率达100%）。结论 加强吉林市食品安全卫生监督,降低食源性疾病发生;上转发光免疫层析可满足食源性沙门氏菌菌株的快速检测。     

表面增强拉曼光谱应用于肉制品中食源性致病菌快速检测的研究进展

肉制品安全一直是食品安全中备受关注的一部分,而食源性致病菌是全球公共卫生和人类健康的一大威胁因素,因此肉制品中食源性致病菌的检测是肉品行业和食品安全检测领域的热点问题。考虑到肉制品作为一种快消品,其中食源性致病菌快速检测技术的研发刻不容缓。表面增强拉曼光谱（surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）因其优异的检测特性,被许多学者应用于食品安全快速检测领域。本文简要综述SERS技术及其在肉制品食源性致病菌快速检测中的应用,并对其在食品快速检测领域的应用前景作出展望。     

肉类微生物学(三) 肉中革兰氏阴性食源性致病菌

肉类是人们日常生活中必不可少的食品,但因其营养丰富极易受到微生物的污染而发生腐败变质,降低其食用价值和商品价值,缩短其货架期并增加食源性疾病的危害,因此肉类的安全越来越引起人们的关注。本文主要针对肉中的G-食源性致病菌的食品卫生学意义、生物学特性、流行病学特性、检验以及相应的预防措施进行了综述。     

The need for continuous training in food factories

The dissemination in food factories of the organisms I have referred to earlier, represent significant and interesting issues of public health concern. Yet there seem to be difficulties in incorporating material in education-training-information programmes explaining merely the most simple and basic facts about the risk involved in food being contaminated in food factories. Such educational programmes are essential components in the overall scheme of foodborne disease control, yet they often represent the weakest links in the control chain. There has been a decline in the emphasis on food hygiene in some programmes at the level of institutions of higher education, and a de-emphasis on food hygiene has occurred over the past few decades in schools of veterinary medicine in some parts of the world. This committee has taken active steps to improve this situation by convening a professorial consultation on post-graduate teaching in advanced food microbiology, Copenhagen 1989 (Park, 1990). The public, as well as politicians, focus for the time being on chemical contamination of foods, possible presence of residues, thereby ignoring the fact that statistically it is not the residues that cause deaths which count, but, without a shadow of doubt, the foodborne pathogens. This fact emphasizes the need for intensive training in preventive hygienic measures. Since representatives of the food industry are participating in the Symposium, I would like to balance the problems by saying: we all share a responsibility in securing education in food hygiene in food factories.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

食品中微生物限量要求及检测技术发展趋势

近几年国家食品安全抽检不合格情况的汇总分析和中国大陆食源性疾病爆发监测的数据显示,微生物性因素导致不合格问题以及食源性疾病一直居于首位。我国的食品安全监管模式正逐步与国际接轨,从注重终产品检测转变为注重过程控制。食品微生物检测作为食品的卫生管理和安全性评价的指标越来越受到重视。本文综述了目前国内外食品中微生物的限量要求及标准体系的变化,并介绍了食源性微生物检测及鉴定技术的应用及相关产品的应用情况,包括:显色培养基、测试片、ATP荧光法、PCR技术、生物芯片、质谱、测序技术等。在此基础上,分析讨论我国标准体系及检测技术的应用面临的问题、挑战及发展趋势。     

某福利院一起肠炎沙门菌食源性疾病的调查分析

目的 对某福利院一起肠炎沙门菌食源性疾病进行调查和溯源,为研究相关食源性疾病提供参考。方法采用流行病学、食品卫生学和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)同源性分析等方法,分析本次食源性疾病事件。结果 确认本次事件中病例23名,患病率5.65%(23/407)；现场采集病例肛拭子15份和厨房工作人员肛拭子3份、留样菜品3份、水果2份以及冰棒1份,其中从11份病例肛拭子中检出肠炎沙门菌,PFGE结果显示11株肠炎沙门菌的DNA条带图谱相似性为96.4%,聚类分析为同一型,结合流行病学调查,初步判断菌株来自同一克隆系。结论 综合流行病学、食品卫生学和实验室检测结果,确定为一起肠炎沙门菌引起的食源性疾病,福利院应加强对特殊人群的饮食安全管理,制定相应的食源性疾病突发事件应急处理预案,防止此类事故再发生。     

2013年云南省市售特色食品中细菌性污染情况调查

调查云南省市售特色食品中细菌污染状况。 方法 采用国家标准规定的检测方法,对2013年云南省4个有代表性的州市市售特色食品进行卫生指标菌和常见食源性致病菌检测,并用SPSS 19.0软件对测定结果进行分析。 结果 在10类食品的288份样品中卫生指标菌不合格率为56.50%,食源性致病菌总检出率为12.15%,均为散装产品;沙门菌主要来自凉拌生猪皮和凉拌食品,检出率分别为8.33%和3.13%;金黄色葡萄球菌检出最高的为凉拌生猪皮,为31.25%,其次为乳扇25.00%;蜡样芽胞杆菌在凉拌食品中检出率低(7.81%);志贺菌和致泻大肠埃希菌在散装食品中未检出。全年4个季度沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。 结论 云南省市售特色食品,特别是散装样品,细菌性污染严重。考虑到食品的即食性,原料来源不可控,无熟制过程,存在较大食品安全隐患,应进一步加强相关食品的卫生监管。     

Are staff management practices and inspection risk ratings associated with foodborne disease outbreaks in the catering industry in England and Wales?

Despite structured enforcement of food hygiene requirements known to prevent foodborne disease outbreaks, catering businesses continue to be the most common setting for outbreaks in the United Kingdom. In a matched case control study of catering businesses, 148 businesses associated with outbreaks were compared with 148 control businesses. Hazard analysis critical control point systems and/or formal food hygiene training qualifications were not protective. Food hygiene inspection scores were not useful in predicting which catering businesses were associated with outbreaks. Businesses associated with outbreaks were more likely to be larger small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or to serve Chinese cuisine and less likely to have the owner or manager working in the kitchen, but when size of the SME was taken into account these two differences were no longer significant. In larger businesses, case businesses were more likely to be hotels and were more commonly associated with viral foodborne outbreaks, but there was no explanation within the data for this association.     

2010—2012年浙江省食源性疾病事件流行病学特征分析

目的分析2010—2012年浙江省食源性疾病事件的流行病学特征,提出当前防控重点。方法对2010—2012年食源性疾病(食物中毒)报告系统上报的食源性疾病事件进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2010—2012年浙江省共上报食源性疾病事件95起。以微生物类事件为主,占58.9%,其中又以副溶血性弧菌为最常见,占23.2%;5~9月为食源性疾病事件高发月份,占66.1%,微生物类事件夏秋季发生更为频繁,在确定的中毒食物种类中,以肉与肉制品最多,且每个季度均较多,以副溶血性弧菌、非伤寒沙门菌污染为主;其次是水产品,在二、三季度较多,主要是受到副溶血性弧菌污染;误食毒蕈、误将亚硝酸盐当成食盐等调味品引起的食源性疾病事件仍有发生。结论应加强食品安全监管,重点是肉与肉制品、水产品及亚硝酸盐的监管;落实食品安全健康教育,减少蕈类中毒发生;防控的重点场所为宾馆饭店、集体食堂,重点类型为副溶血性弧菌等常见微生物污染事件。     

Epidemiology of human listeriosis and seafoods

While rarely diagnosed prior to 1960, more than 10,000 cases of listeriosis were recorded in the medical literature between 1960 and 1982, and thousands more have been reported annually world-wide [Rocourt J., 1991. Human listeriosis, 1989. WHO/HPP/FOS/91.3, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Rocourt, J., Brosch, R., 1992. Human listeriosis, 1990. WHO/HPP/FOS/92.3, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Rocourt, J., Jacquet, Ch., Bille, J., 1997. Human listeriosis, 1991/1992. WHO/FNU/FOS/97.1, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland]. This widespread increase in reporting is most likely due to demographic trends and changes in food production, processing and storage, especially the extended cold food chain and the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow at low temperatures: L. monocytogenes is a bacterium responsible for opportunistic infections, preferentially affecting individuals whose immune system is perturbed, including pregnant women, newborns, people over 65 years, immunocompromised patients, such as cancer victims, transplant recipients, people on hemodialysis and AIDS patients. Thus, the increasing lifespan and medical progress allowing immunodeficient individuals to survive, partially explains the increasing incidence of listeriosis. Moreover, L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous and can grow at temperatures as low as 0 degrees C. At this temperature growth is very slow. The expansion of the agro-food industry, the widespread use of systems of cold storage and changes in consumers demands have led to a large increase in the pool of Listeria that can cause foodborne infections.     

多重荧光PCR快速检测食源性致病菌的研究进展

食源性疾病多由食源性致病菌引发,威胁个人健康及全球食品安全,因此寻找有效、可靠的食源性致病菌高通量检测方法对于确保食品安全具有重要意义。鉴于传统检测技术耗时长、效率低等问题,PCR等分子生物学技术应用于食用致病菌检测领域越来越广泛,本文在普及食用性致病菌知识的基础上,着重对多重荧光PCR技术原理及在食用性致病菌检测的应用进展进行综述,以期为控制由食用性致病菌引发的食品安全隐患提供理论参考。     

A comparison of standard cultural methods for the detection of foodborne Salmonella.

The sensitivity of the standard cultural method of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6579 and ISO 3565 combined) was compared to that of the Health Protection Branch (HPB) procedure for the detection of foodborne Salmonella. Of 195 foods tested, 84 (43.1%) were found to contain salmonellae by one or more cultural conditions. Of these, 75 (89.3%) and 68 (81.0%) were identified by the ISO and HPB methods, respectively. The apparent lack of agreement between both methods likely stemmed from the low indigenous numbers of salmonellae in several food homogenates, and unequal transfer of the target microorganism into homologous ISO and HPB pre-enrichment broths. The sensitivities of the commercially available Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MKTBG43, Oxoid CM343), and a closely-related medium prepared with Oxoid CM29 tetrathionate base varied from 86.9 to 89.3%, and were deemed equivalent to that obtained with the ISO formulation of MKTBG43 (89.3%). Comparatively fewer contaminated samples were identified from selenite cystine (SC35) and selenite brilliant green (SBG35) enrichment cultures (82.1-83.3%). The high selectivity and saccharide-independent response of the bismuth sulfite agar medium warrants its consideration as a mandatory plating medium in ISO methodologies for the effective detection of typical and atypical biotypes of foodborne Salmonella spp.     

一起由副溶血性弧菌致群体性食物中毒的调查报告

目的查明瑞昌市375人因食用熟制小龙虾中毒的病因,为今后预防类似群体性事件提供参考。方法采用现场流行病学调查和实验室检查,并对毒力(耐热相关溶血素)基因tdh和trh检测。结果本次食物中毒由冰冻小龙虾储存不当和蒸煮时间不充分造成副溶血性弧菌污染所致。PCR试验结果表明从熟的小龙虾、患者肛拭子和粪便中分离的副溶血性弧菌均携带毒力基因。结论本次群体性食物中毒事件警示,小龙虾加工企业应该严格按照食品贮存卫生管理制度的要求,做好小龙虾的储存,要高度重视加工时的食品安全,控制食源性致病菌的污染。同时,针对参与人数众多的群体性就餐活动应充分做好食品安全监督管理,加强各环节的质量控制,加大食品安全宣传,提高预防和控制食源性疾病的能力。     

Consumer food handling in the home: a review of food safety studies

Epidemiological data from Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand indicate that a substantial proportion of foodborne disease is attributable to improper food preparation practices in consumers' homes. International concern about consumer food safety has prompted considerable research to evaluate domestic food-handling practices. The majority of consumer food safety studies in the last decade have been conducted in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (48%) and in the United States (42%). Surveys (questionnaires and interviews), the most frequent means of data collection, were used in 75% of the reviewed studies. Focus groups and observational studies have also been used. One consumer food safety study examined the relationship between pathogenic microbial contamination from raw chicken and observed food-handling behaviors, and the results of this study indicated extensive Campylobacter cross-contamination during food preparation sessions. Limited information about consumers' attitudes and intentions with regard to safe food-handling behaviors has been obtained, although a substantial amount of information about consumer knowledge and self-reported practices is available. Observation studies suggest that substantial numbers of consumers frequently implement unsafe food-handling practices. Knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and self-reported practices did not correspond to observed behaviors, suggesting that observational studies provide a more realistic indication of the food hygiene actions actually used in domestic food preparation. An improvement in consumer food-handling behavior is likely to reduce the risk and incidence of foodborne disease. The need for the development and implementation of food safety education strategies to improve specific food safety behaviors is reviewed in this paper.     

2014~2015年吉林省食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解吉林省食源性致病菌的污染情况, 确定高危食品的种类和分布。方法 依据《2014年国家食品污染物和有害物质因素风险监测工作手册》中的方法, 对2014~2015年市售7类食品中的沙门氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌和空肠弯曲菌进行检测, 并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2014~2015年监测的4067份样品中, 检出阳性致病菌67株, 总体检出率为1.65%。其中, 沙门氏菌27株、铜绿假单胞菌20株、致泻大肠埃希氏菌1株、空肠弯曲菌19株。桶装饮用水污染最为严重, 检出率为20.62%; 肉与肉制品检出率为3.72%, 散装和预包装食品中食源性疾病菌的检出率分别为1.55%和1.96%。结论 吉林省市售食品存在不同程度的食源性致病菌污染, 其中桶装饮用水、肉制品为主要污染食品类别, 卫生部门应加强对其的监督和管理。