复合保鲜剂对鲜切山药保鲜效果的影响

为了延缓鲜切山药的褐变和品质劣变,延长保鲜期。从洋葱中提取洋葱油,结合保鲜剂柠檬酸和壳聚糖,以色差L*值和感官评分为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验,筛选适合鲜切山药保鲜的复合保鲜剂配方。结果表明:鲜切山药最佳保鲜剂组合为0.6%洋葱油+1.0%柠檬酸+1.0%壳聚糖,与清水处理相比,该组合可显著抑制鲜切山药贮藏过程中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,降低鲜切山药的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓失重和软化,保持鲜切山药的亮度和总酚含量,维持鲜切山药可溶性固形物和还原糖含量,且具有较好的感官品质。与对照组相比,该复合保鲜剂可使鲜切山药保鲜期延长6d左右。     

不同保鲜处理对鲜切苹果保鲜效果的影响

为研究不同保鲜剂及热处理对鲜切苹果品质的影响,将鲜切寒富苹果(Malus domestica)分别进行1.5%柠檬酸溶液、1.5%异抗坏血酸钠溶液、0.08%溶菌酶溶液和50℃的水浴中浸泡2 min处理,沥干后用0.08mm厚度CPP包装袋包装,抽真空(0.098 MPa)后密封,置于4℃冷库中贮藏,每3d测定与保鲜相关的生理生化指标。结果表明:不同保鲜剂及热处理均可适度延缓苹果切块感官品质、营养物质含量的下降、抑制微生物的繁殖,其中1.5%异抗坏血酸钠溶液浸泡处理的保鲜效果最好,能在4℃、15d贮藏期内较好地维持鲜切苹果的品质。     

均匀设计法优化鲜切山药的护色工艺

鲜切山药在空气中容易被氧化产生褐色素,影响其品质。通过单因素实验,研究了常用护色剂EDTA-2Na、抗坏血酸、氯化钠及柠檬酸对鲜切山药的护色效果,并确定了其单独使用时的较佳浓度。通过均匀设计安排实验,对鲜切山药的护色工艺进行优化,得到优化护色配方:0.8%EDTA-2Na,2.0%柠檬酸,0.2%抗坏血酸。通过对照实验,研究了不同前处理0.005%,0.010%Na Cl O消毒及65℃烫漂对鲜切山药的护色效果,结果表明:0.005%,0.010%Na Cl O消毒及65℃烫漂对鲜切山药均具有良好的护色效果,其中0.005%Na Cl O效果优于0.010%Na Cl O。     

大蒜素提取液对鲜切山药保鲜效果的影响

为了延缓鲜切山药的褐变和品质劣变,延长保鲜期,采用超声波法提取大蒜素,分别配制0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的大蒜素保鲜液,以清水为对照(CK),在(4±1) ℃的冷藏条件下,对鲜切山药的保鲜效果进行研究。结果表明,与对照组相比,不同含量大蒜素提取液可降低鲜切山药贮藏过程中多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的酶活性,显著抑制鲜切山药的呼吸强度和褐变度,降低失重率和腐烂率,减少丙二醛的生成量,保持鲜切山药较好的营养品质和感官品质。其中以0.3%大蒜素提取液保鲜效果较好,与对照组相比,鲜切山药保鲜期延长了9 d左右。     

铁棍山药黏液复合乳液保鲜鲜切马铃薯研究

为了降低鲜切马铃薯在贮藏过程中的酶促褐变程度、减缓营养流失,延长货架期,该文从铁棍山药中提取山药黏液,并与山梨醇以及V C复配,制备鲜切马铃薯保鲜乳液;通过色差、失重率、还原糖、抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量等指标的变化,探讨山药黏液复配乳液对鲜切马铃薯的保鲜效果。结果表明,1%山药黏液与0.5%的甘油、0.75%D-山梨醇以及0.02%V C(均为质量分数)的复配乳液涂膜的鲜切马铃薯,在室温下贮藏6 d,能够显著降低马铃薯的表面褐变程度、减少失重率和还原糖累积、显著抑制多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalnine ammonialyase,PAL)的活力,降低总酚和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量;Zeta电位和粒径分析表明该乳液具有较好的稳定性和分散性。因此,铁棍山药黏液可作为天然的鲜切果蔬保鲜剂,具有应用潜力。     

复合保鲜剂对鲜切香蕉贮藏品质的影响

以市售八成熟香蕉为试材,研究柠檬酸、壳聚糖、D-异抗化血酸钠(D-sodium erythorbate,D-SE)复合保鲜剂处理5min后,4℃贮藏期间鲜切香蕉贮藏品质的变化规律。结果表明:与对照组相比,复合保鲜剂处理组能显著减缓鲜切香蕉失重率、褐变速率,同时还能抑制鲜切香蕉多酚氧化酶(PPO)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,减缓鲜切香蕉亮度下降趋势,有利于保持鲜切香蕉外观品质和营养价值。综合鲜切香蕉在储藏期内的理化品质指标,复合保鲜剂处理组效果明显优于对照组,而1.0%柠檬酸+2.0%壳聚糖+2.0%D-SE组合处理效果显著比其他处理组效果好,2.0%柠檬酸+1.0%壳聚糖+2.0%D-SE组合次之,对照组保鲜鲜切香蕉的效果最差。     

一种复配保鲜剂对鲜切油豆角贮藏品质的影响

以东北油豆角为原料,研究抗坏血酸、植酸和壳聚糖三种保鲜剂的复配对鲜切油豆角贮藏期间品质的影响,以蒸馏水为对照组,选取褐变度为指标进行单因素及正交试验,并选取叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸含量等作为指标,验证复配保鲜剂的保鲜效果。结果表明,抗坏血酸、植酸和壳聚糖三种保鲜剂的最佳浓度分别为0.25%,0.25%和1.0%;正交试验得出,鲜切油豆角的最佳复配保鲜剂由1.0%的壳聚糖溶液、0.30%抗坏血酸溶液和0.30%植酸溶液组成,影响顺序为:抗坏血酸植酸壳聚糖,得到的复配保鲜剂对鲜切油豆角有较好的保鲜作用。     

不同酶抑制剂对控制鲜切山药褐变的研究

为了延缓鲜切山药的褐变,采用不同酶抑制剂对其进行处理,研究贮藏期间山药褐变情况。将鲜切山药用不同浓度谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸和亚硫酸钠3种酶抑制剂浸泡,贮藏期间测定山药理化指标及营养成分。结果表明, 3种酶抑制剂可显著降低鲜切山药褐变度、总酚的损失(p0.05),并在一定程度上降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性。其中0.5 mmol/L谷胱甘肽、0.1 mmol/L半胱氨酸以及0.06%亚硫酸钠处理的鲜切山药效果较好,3种酶抑制剂相比, 0.5 mmol/L谷胱甘肽效果最好,贮藏5 d后,褐变度为2.29、总酚含量为0.224 mg/g、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性为0.219 U/(min·g)、过氧化氢酶(POD)活性为47.81 U/(min·g),能有效延缓鲜切山药褐变程度,且褐变度与总酚、PPO和POD具有较强的相关性。因此, 3种酶抑制剂中0.5 mmol/L谷胱甘肽能最大程度的控制鲜切山药褐变,延长其贮藏期。     

不同涂膜处理对鲜切铁棍山药品质的影响

以壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为保鲜剂,对鲜切铁棍山药进行涂膜保鲜,每隔2d测定失重率、Vc含量、可滴定酸含量、褐变度、可溶性固形物含量、多酚氧化酶活性等指标研究保鲜效果。同时以空白组、壳聚糖涂膜组作为对照。结果表明:壳聚糖浓度为1.2%的单一膜和1.2%壳聚糖、0.2%海藻酸钠复合膜都能有效地抑制鲜切铁棍山药的褐变,降低失重率,减少营养物质的损失。复合膜的保鲜效果最好。     

复合保鲜液对鲜切山药的护色保鲜作用

为改善鲜切山药的保鲜效果,以柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸和NaCl对鲜切山药进行浸泡10 min处理,以褐变度为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,进行L9(34)正交试验设计,筛选出最佳复合保鲜液配方。通过理化指标和营养指标的测定,结果表明鲜切山药最佳复合保鲜液配方为1.5%柠檬酸+0.8%抗坏血酸+0.1%L-半胱氨酸+1.5%NaCl(质量分数)。以此配方进行试验验证,测得贮藏10 d的褐变度比对照组降低23%,该保鲜液能够保持鲜切山药的色泽,抑制多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶酶活性,减少营养物质及活性分子尿囊素的损失,提高鲜切山药的商业价值,为鲜切山药提供一种简单有效的保鲜方法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.