零脂咖啡伴侣的制备工艺优化及产品评价

以豌豆分离蛋白（pea protein isolate，PPI）和瓜尔豆胶为主要原料模拟脂肪细腻顺滑的口感，替代植脂末，制备零脂咖啡伴侣。通过湿热处理结合高速剪切工艺制备出粒径符合0.1～10 μm 的豌豆分离蛋白微凝胶颗粒，采用控制变量法，确定体系pH 值、瓜尔豆胶和三聚磷酸钠添加量，利用喷雾干燥工艺制备零脂咖啡伴侣。研究确定豌豆分离蛋白分散液的pH 值为5.5，最佳配方为豌豆分离蛋白粉100.0 g、瓜尔豆胶添加量0.8 g、三聚磷酸钠添加量0.2 g、磷酸三钙添加量1.1 g，成品的最佳冲调量为2 g 黑咖啡和7 g 零脂咖啡伴侣溶于150 mL 水中。感官评价结果表明，零脂咖啡伴侣与市售咖啡伴侣在色度上相近，并在一定程度上降低了黑咖啡苦涩的口感。该研究结果促进植物性蛋白的开发与利用，促进低脂食品的发展，并为替代传统市售植脂末咖啡伴侣提供理论基础。     

芦荟奶茶的生产工艺研究

芦荟奶茶固体饮料,用植物甾醇代替了传统奶茶中奶精(植脂末)成分,保证顺滑口感同时,无反式脂肪酸,且植物甾醇具有选择性分解有害固醇、抗癌、增强免疫力等功效,另配有芦荟蜂蜜伴侣,丰富口味的同时,增加营养性。本课题通过单因素实验与正交试验,最终确定甾醇最佳乳化条件和奶茶配方。比例为2∶1的单甘脂∶蔗糖酯作为植物甾醇的复合乳化剂,添加量为2%,温度60℃,油水比1∶3,乳化时间为10min,奶茶最佳配料比为蜂蜜添加量10m L,红茶浓缩汁添加量30m L,植物甾醇乳化液添加量0.5m L,牛奶添加量60m L,此时饮料的口感、色泽、溶解性都较好,达到了预期效果。     

牡丹籽油植脂末咖啡制备及其生酮功能评价

以微胶囊化技术制备牡丹籽油植脂末,测定其水分含量、表面油脂含量及过氧化值,并制备牡丹籽油植脂末咖啡,考察牡丹籽油植脂末添加量对其感官品质的影响,通过动物试验评价牡丹籽油植脂末咖啡在大鼠体内的生酮效果。结果表明：牡丹籽油植脂末水分含量、表面油脂含量、过氧化值均符合标准要求;以咖啡总质量为基准,添加45%牡丹籽油植脂末的咖啡口感适中,质地细腻顺滑,能够有效增加大鼠血液和尿液中酮体含量。     

不同结晶态脂肪比例对乳液奶油感感知的影响

通过调配无水乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成，构建含不同结晶态比例的乳脂肪模型和与牛奶脂肪含量和粒径匹配的乳液体系，进而模拟口腔加工，测定含不同结晶态脂肪比例乳液的口腔聚合性和摩擦学特性，并评价其奶油感。成功构建了含不同结晶态比例（10%～85%）的乳脂肪模型（F10～F85），所构建乳液（E10～E85）中脂肪球平均粒径为4 μm，在模拟口腔加工后，乳液粒径显著增大，其中E40样品增大程度最大。随着结晶态脂肪比例的增加，乳液口腔摩擦系数（μ20）先减小后增加，其中E40样品μ20最小，为（0.04±0.01）。描述性感官评价结果显示，随着结晶态脂肪比例的增加，乳液样品的整体奶油感先增大后减小，其中E40样品得分最高，为8.06±0.73。主成分分析结果显示，乳液的口腔光滑感和糊口感与整体奶油感相关性最强，其中E40样品与整体奶油感相关性最强。暂时性感官支配评价结果显示，口腔加工中后期，乳液在口腔感知中最显著的优势感官属性为口腔光滑感和糊口感，其中E40样品的口腔光滑感和糊口感优势率最高。本研究明确了结晶态脂肪比例对乳液奶油感感知的影响，为开发低脂但具备全脂口感的乳制品提供理论依据。     

香菇粉对降盐乳化肠品质及其体外消化特性的影响

探究香菇粉添加量对降盐乳化肠品质及其体外消化特性的影响。试验添加不同比例的香菇粉（1%、3%、5%、7%）制作降盐（食盐含量为1.2%）乳化肠，测定理化和感官等指标，分析香菇粉添加量对降盐乳化肠品质的影响并确定最佳添加量；在此基础上建立体外模拟消化体系，通过测定蛋白消化率、蛋白水解度、蛋白粒径和Zeta电位探究添加香菇粉对降盐乳化肠消化特性的影响。结果表明，香菇粉的添加提高了降盐乳化肠的蛋白质含量、碳水化合物含量、降低了脂肪含量、离心损失率和硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid resctive substances，TBARS）值，改善了质构和感官品质。当香菇粉添加量为5%时，感官评分最高，离心损失率（8.42%）、脂肪含量（13.89 g/100 g）、TBARS值（0.124 mg/kg）均显著低于未添加香菇粉的对照组，确定5%为香菇粉的最适添加量。经胃肠消化后，香菇降盐乳化肠的蛋白消化率（95.18%）和蛋白水解度（9.18%）均显著高于未添加香菇粉的对照组；蛋白粒径（144.2 mm）和Zeta电位（15.23 mV）显著低于对照组，说明5%香菇粉添加量可以提高降盐乳化肠的消化特性。     

奶茶粉脂肪酸指纹特征及真实性判别模型建立

目的 为评价以脂肪酸(Fatty Acid, FAs)指纹建立奶茶粉真实性判别模型的可行性。方法 采集生牛乳喷雾干燥(湿法)和植脂末、乳粉和炼乳粉粉末原料混合制备(干法)奶茶粉138种产品,并采集植脂末、奶油粉和奶粉为参照样品,气相色谱法检测FAs,进行差异性比较,并进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)和层聚类分析(Hierarchical Cluster Analysis,HCA),观察各种类奶茶粉样品聚类特征,评价模式相似度。构建奶茶粉掺植脂末OPLS-DA和偏最小二乘(Partial Least Square,PLS)预测模型。结果 生牛乳湿法制备的奶茶粉与其他3种干法制备的奶茶粉FAs指纹显著不同,与奶粉有同质性,两者模式相似度为94.4%;3种干法制备的奶茶粉与植脂末和奶油粉存在同质性,可归入同一个大类,模式相似度为27.2%。OPLS-DA和PLS模型有良好的预测能力,可以区分0%植脂末(奶粉)与添加12.5%植脂末的人工奶茶粉样品。三种市售干法制备奶茶粉植脂末掺入量在50%~100%区间,生牛乳制备奶茶粉也有填充粉末油脂现象。结论 利用FAs指纹可以判别纯正的生牛乳湿法制备与干法工艺生产奶茶粉,并可建立奶茶粉真实性的定性和定量判别模型,为奶茶粉真实性判别提供了创新策略和方法。     

无锡肉酿面筋关键工艺的研究

以无锡肉酿面筋的质构特性和感官评价为测定指标,经过试验确定了无锡肉酿面筋制作过程中最佳的加盐量和最佳加热时间。经过试验在500 g猪肉馅中添加10 g盐制作的无锡肉酿面筋成品硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度均达最佳值,其色泽、香味、切面、质感、味道等品质均比其它加盐量好,当加热时间为20 min时无锡肉酿面筋的感官品质最佳,其质构特性的各项参数指标均较稳定,纹路清晰匀称,口感软嫩而不硬实,咀嚼时口感良好。     

麸皮酥性饼干制备的工艺优化

为制备富含膳食纤维且品质良好的麸皮酥性饼干,本实验在普通酥性饼干基本配方的基础上,添加不同用量(5、10、20 g)(以面粉+麸皮=100 g计,下同)与不同粒径(200、140、80、50目)的麸皮制备麸皮酥性饼干,产品质量评价采用感官评分、质构特性分析、色差值测定,并用电子鼻主成分法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)进行风味分析。结果表明:随着麸皮添加量增加及粒径增大,产品的感官评分降低,当麸皮粒径大于80目时,对感官影响极为显著;当麸皮添加量为5~10 g时,不同粒径的添加对饼干质构特性没有显著影响(p0.05),但添加量达到20 g时,不同粒径的添加饼干质构特性存在显著差异(p0.05);添加麸皮后饼干色差b*值增加,而色差L*值减小;少量麸皮(5 g)会对饼干风味产生积极性的作用,且麸皮添加量对饼干风味的影响大于粒径的影响。综合考虑产品的感官、质构和风味,麸皮的最佳添加量为5~10 g,粒径为140目,此时制备的麸皮酥性饼干品质最优。     

胶原肽在固体奶茶饮料中的应用研究及配方优化

胶原肽奶茶是以胶原肽、红茶粉、奶粉、白砂糖和植脂末为主要原料配制而成的,影响其品质的主要因素是胶原肽、红茶粉、奶粉和白砂糖。本研究采用正交实验法,选用L_9(3~4)表对胶原肽奶茶的感官进行了优化设计,得到比较理想的配方:胶原肽10%,红茶粉2.5%,全脂奶粉20%,白砂糖45%,植脂末22.5%,按照该配方配制的胶原肽奶茶各项指标均符合相关标准要求,且口感好。     

不同种类脂肪替代物对软冰淇淋浆料流变特性及产品品质和口感的影响

分别利用浓缩牛乳蛋白（milk protein concentrate,MPC）、菊粉、葡聚糖及其复合物（浓缩牛乳蛋白-菊粉（MPC-inulin,M-I）、浓缩牛乳蛋白-葡聚糖（MPC-dextran,M-D））作为脂肪替代物制作无脂软质冰淇淋。通过仪器分析和感官评价综合分析其替代脂肪效果。结果表明,不同实验组冰淇淋在pH值、滴定酸度和膨胀率方面无明显差异,葡聚糖及菊粉的添加增加了体系稳定性,MPC可以增加体系黏度并延缓融化速率。葡聚糖组冰淇淋具有与对照组冰淇淋相似的粒径分布,而MPC组、菊粉组和M-D组的粒径更小且分布更为集中。M-I组和M-D组的频率扫描和温度扫描的动态流变学参数与对照组更为接近。感官评价分析表明,M-I和M-D组具有较好脂肪类似的口感。回归分析进一步得到整体口感与温度依赖的动态流变学参数的回归模型,为模拟低脂软冰淇淋顺滑细腻的口感提供可行的评价方法。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.