云南不同产地臭灵丹草氨基酸测定及营养评价

目的以云南10个不同产地臭灵丹草为研究对象,测定其氨基酸组成及含量,对其营养价值进行评价,为臭灵丹草的资源利用及质量控制提供理论依据。方法采用氨基酸自动分析仪对氨基酸测定,利用氨基酸比值系数法和聚类分析法探讨不同产地臭灵丹草在氨基酸营养价值上的差异。结果各产地臭灵丹草中均含有17种氨基酸以及1种非蛋白类氨基酸γ-氨基丁酸,其中包括7种人体必需氨基酸,各产地臭灵丹草氨基酸总量为9.25%~19.74%,必需氨基酸含量为3.97%~8.63%,各产地臭灵丹草中氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量有明显差异,但各种氨基酸含量分布类似。臭灵丹草中氨基酸含量较高,且比例均衡,超过FAO/WHO提出的推荐值。臭灵丹草的氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)平均值为78.22,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。臭灵丹草中含有丰富的药效氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的62.74%~66.48%。以氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量、药效氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量比值(E/T)、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(E/N)、SRC值等为指标,聚类分析将各地臭灵丹草分为4类。结论臭灵丹草具有较高的营养价值和保健作用,有待成为新资源食品,可进一步开发利用。     

不同产地金耳中氨基酸含量分析及营养价值评价

目的 测定不同产地金耳中氨基酸的组成及含量,并评价其营养价值。方法 利用氨基酸分析仪测定云南、陕西、福建、西藏和甘肃金耳中氨基酸的含量,比较不同产地金耳中氨基酸组成和含量之间的差异,并采用氨基酸评分(amino acid score, AAS)、氨基酸比值(amino acid ratio, RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(ratio coefficient of amino acid, RC)和氨基酸比值系数评分(score of RC, SRC)以及主成分分析等对不同产地金耳中氨基酸的营养价值进行综合评价。结果 不同产地金耳中均检出17种氨基酸,其氨基酸总含量在9.25～19.50g/100g之间;必需氨基酸含量在2.72～6.07g/100g之间,占总氨基酸含量在26.6%～31.7%之间;非必需氨基酸含量在6.33～13.43 g/100 g之间,占总氨基酸含量在68.3%～73.4%之间。5个产地金耳中4种呈味氨基酸含量由高到低依次为:甜味氨基酸>鲜味氨基酸>苦味氨基酸>芳香族氨基酸,而不同产地金耳中呈味氨基酸总含量由低到高依次为:陕西<云南<福建&l...     

不同产地雪菊氨基酸组成分析及综合评价

目的:深入研究和开发利用雪菊资源。方法:采用盐酸水解法处理样品(和田、乌鲁木齐、阿坝、泸定、西宁5个产地雪菊),使用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定其17种氨基酸含量,在此基础上,分析雪菊氨基酸的呈味特征,与联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织 FAO/WHO颁布氨基酸模式谱相比较,计算雪菊的氨基酸比值(RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(RC)、氨基酸比值系数分(SRC),并对雪菊的17种氨基酸进行相关性分析和聚类分析,综合评价雪菊蛋白质的营养价值。结果:5种产地雪菊均含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量差距不大。泸定、阿坝雪菊呈味特征以苦味为主,其余3种雪菊呈味强度从大到小依次为鲜味、苦味、甜味。与氨基酸模式谱相比较,5个产地雪菊中Met+Cys均低于模式谱标准,泸定、和田与乌鲁木齐的其他必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均接近并高于模式谱标准。根据RC值大小,可确定Met与Cys为雪菊的第一限制氨基酸。各产地雪菊SRC值为75~80,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比值(E/T值)为31%~36%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(E/N值)为46%~55%。5个产地雪菊E/N值均略低于FAO/WHO理想蛋白质标准。结论:雪菊有丰富的氨基酸,具有一定的药用价值且冲泡口感好,可深入开发。     

不同种质花椒氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为比较不同产地花椒种质的氨基酸组成差异,并作出营养评价,使用氨基酸自动分析仪快速检测13个不同种质花椒的氨基酸组成,采用氨基酸比值、氨基酸比值系数、氨基酸比值系数分以及含量阈值比营养学方法进行营养价值评价。结果表明:花椒中氨基酸种类齐全,均含有被检测的17种氨基酸,其中包括除色氨酸以外的7种必需氨基酸,具有较丰富的营养价值。不同种质花椒氨基酸含量存在差异,氨基酸总量在5.82%~10.9%之间。必需氨基酸/总氨基酸的值在0.17~0.33范围内,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸的值在0.21~0.48范围内,都低于联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织模式参考值0.4和0.6。花椒果皮中药用氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的58%左右,其中陈家圪崂无刺花椒(ZB1)果皮药用氨基酸质量分数最高,达6.70%,占总氨基酸含量的61%,不同种质花椒果皮药用氨基酸含量相差较大,但是在总氨基酸中所占比例基本一致。花椒果皮样品中蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸为第1限制性氨基酸,天冬氨酸属于鲜味氨基酸对花椒风味有较高的影响。对13个花椒种质进行聚类分析归为3类,陈家圪崂无刺花椒营养价值最高,可根据不同花椒种质氨基酸含量的多少开发和利用花椒植物蛋白资源。     

网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉营养成分分析及评价

采用常规生化分析方法测定湖南芷江网箱养殖刺鲃(Spinibarbus caldwelli)肌肉(鲜样)营养成分的组成和含量,并对其营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分的含量分别为73.44%、24.18%、3.63%、1.28%。肌肉中共检测出17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量(TAA)为18.08%,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量为6.70%,占氨基酸总量的37.06%,必需氨基酸(EAA)与非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量的比值为58.88%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。以氨基酸评分(AAS)评价,Val和Ile为肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸;以化学评分(CS)评价,Met+Cys和Val为肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为58.39,鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量为6.97%,占氨基酸总量的38.55%。肌肉中检测出饱和脂肪酸(SFA)3种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA) 3种、多不饱和脂肪(PUFA)5种,共11种脂肪酸。SFA、MUFA、PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的20.56%、54.71%、24.72%,C20:5n-3(EPA)与C22:6n-3(DHA)之和占脂肪酸总量的1.86%。研究表明,网箱养殖刺鲃肌肉具有食用营养价值。     

坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸营养品质评价

目的评价坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的营养品质。方法运用多种方法对坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成及含量进行测定,并用必需氨基酸指数法(essential amino acid index method,EAAI)、氨基酸评分法(amino acid score, AAS)、化学评分法(chemical score, CS)评价坛子肉中蛋白质的营养价值。结果坛子肉中氨基酸总量为20.76%±0.21%, 8种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的42.60%, 4种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36.90%,AAS和CS均表明第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸。坛子肉中粗脂肪含量为28.15%±0.31%,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的70.79%±0.31%。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的38.15%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为61.68%。结论坛子肉是一种具有独特风味的优质蛋白源以及具有均衡脂肪酸的高营养价值的肉制品。     

重庆巫山等多地党参氨基酸及营养价值比较与分析

采集全国10 个产地党参,利用L-8800型全自动氨基酸分析仪对其检测,比较分析重庆巫山与各产地党参氨基酸组成特点,评价其营养价值。除云南昭通样品未检出组氨酸外,其余样品均检出17 种氨基酸,总氨基酸平均含量46.96 mg/g,游离氨基酸11.25 mg/g。不同产地党参必需氨基酸占氨基酸组分总量比例变化范围在20.41%～33.06%之间,山西晋城最高,巫山笃坪庙宇党参位次之。精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸是党参氨基酸的主要成分,产地差异明显,巫山红椿党参精氨酸含量显著高于其他产地,达23.79 mg/g。以氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量等为指标,聚类分析将各产地党参分为3 类,重庆巫山红椿、山西长治、贵州威宁品质相对较好。党参中氨基酸种类齐全,富含味觉氨基酸、药效氨基酸,营养价值丰富,有待成为新资源食品,为人们广泛食用。     

梅花鹿初乳主要营养成分及氨基酸组成分析

为更好了解梅花鹿初乳的组成成分,采用比色法、凯氏定氮法等测定梅花鹿初乳中基本营养成分;使用氨基酸自动分析仪测定氨基酸含量并与其他几种哺乳动物初乳汁进行比较。结果表明:梅花鹿初乳富含蛋白质(7.07 g/100 g)、脂肪(10.69 g/100 g)、钙(1 172.19 mg/kg)、镁(151.22 mg/kg)、铁(10.34 mg/kg)、锌(8.86 mg/kg)等矿物质元素和17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的0.407,必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸总量的0.716,含量最高的氨基酸为谷氨酸,第1限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸。通过氨基酸比值系数法评价,按照联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织提出的标准模式与全鸡蛋蛋白标准模式计算,梅花鹿初乳的比值系数分分别为81.08和71.82,必需氨基酸指数为0.96,说明梅花鹿初乳是一种能够满足于人体需要且营养价值高的优质蛋白质。     

3个不同产地的松露氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

该试验测定了四川会东县、四川攀枝花以及云南永仁县松露中蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸的含量,并对其蛋白质的营养价值进行系统评价。结果表明,3个产地的蛋白质量分数在15.19%~19.91%之间,脂肪含量在2.12%~2.53%之间。不同产地松露的总氨基酸含量存在差异,介于14.82%~17.25%之间,17种游离氨基酸中谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸含量较高,鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸分别占游离氨基酸总量的37.37%和32.55%;EAA/TAA在32.10%~34.12%之间,EAA/NEAA在47.29%~51.84%之间。氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)均值为90.83,酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸的氨基酸比值系数(RC)最小,为第一限制性氨基酸。     

薇菜干氨基酸组成分析与营养价值评价

为了对薇菜干中氨基酸进行综合分析评价,以6-氨基喹啉基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚氨基甲酸酯作为衍生剂,采用超高效液相色谱法对薇菜干中17种氨基酸进行分析测定,采用分光光度法对其色氨酸进行定量分析,再结合氨基酸比值系数法、模糊识别法,对薇菜干蛋白质的营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:薇菜干中含18种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量达697.93 mg/g·蛋白质,必需氨基酸总量/氨基酸总量为0.45,必需氨基酸总量/非必需氨基酸总量为0.83,高于FAO/WHO所推荐的理想蛋白标准。薇菜干中粗蛋白含量为12.09%。鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸及药效氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的23.99%,22.16%,12.46%,63.97%。8种必需氨基酸均衡性良好,与FAO/WHO标准氨基酸模式贴近。在各种必需氨基酸中,第一限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.