控释技术在食品活性包装中应用与研究

食品包装控释系统是指包装材料作为传送系统进行活性物质的控制释放,目的在于维持或改善包装内食品的品质。本文阐述控释技术在食品活性包装中的应用、活性物质释放机理、释放速率影响因素等最新研究进展,展望控释技术未来的研究方向。     

蒸汽爆破对植物多酚及抗氧化活性的影响研究进展

蒸汽爆破（steam explosion）是一种典型的物理-化学预处理技术,通过高温高压蒸汽瞬间释压破坏细胞壁结构,促进植物活性成分的释放。适宜的蒸汽爆破预处理有助于显著提高可溶性多酚的提取率,有效促进多酚物质的释放,同时提高抗氧化能力。将蒸汽爆破技术引入植物及加工副产物预处理中,可以明显提升天然活性成分提取率和功能活性。本文从蒸汽爆破技术对植物中结合酚、游离酚的含量及组成,以及对体外抗氧化活性的影响等方面进行了概述,以期为该技术在食品加工行业的利用提供指导。     

抗性淀粉微胶囊壁材在生物功能活性物质传递系统中应用的研究进展

生物功能活性物质对机体有益,在启动、塑造和调节肠道微生物群中可发挥关键作用,采用以抗性淀粉为壁材的微胶囊包埋技术可有效解决生物功能活性物质体内利用率低及稳定性差等问题,同时具有不易被酶解、精准释放等良好特性。本文总结了抗性淀粉微胶囊的常用制备方法及优势,简述抗性淀粉在不同生物功能活性物质传递系统中的应用,并分析了影响生物功能活性物质释放的因素,为后续抗性淀粉微胶囊的有关研究提供思路。     

块菌主要生理活性及活性物质生产的研究进展

块菌是一种与高等植物根部共生的地下真菌,生物分类学上属于子囊菌亚门、块菌目、块菌科、块菌属。块菌具有多种生理活性,包括抗氧化、抗病原微生物、保肝、抗诱变、抗肿瘤、调节女性月经周期和性功能等。该文较详细地介绍了块菌生理活性及获得活性物质的研究现状,并对目前块菌活性物质研究中存在的问题和发展前景进行了讨论和展望。     

甘蔗糖蜜和甜菜糖蜜中主要活性物质及其生理功能研究进展

文章概述了糖蜜的应用范围,综述了甘蔗糖蜜和甜菜糖蜜的主要活性物质及其生理活性,并对糖蜜活性物质的发展前景进行了展望。     

梨体外模拟胃肠消化过程中多酚、黄酮及抗氧化活性的变化规律

通过体外模拟胃肠消化法模拟梨(鸭梨、蜜梨和香梨)在胃肠道的消化过程,测定模拟胃肠消化过程中抗氧化活性物质(以多酚表示)和黄酮的释放量及总抗氧化活性的变化规律。结果显示,模拟胃环境消化过程中,与消化0 h相比,鸭梨、蜜梨和香梨的多酚最大释放量是其2.11、1.51、2.24倍,黄酮最大释放量是其1.51、1.92、2.67倍,最大抗氧化活性是其1.79、1.79、3.12倍;模拟肠环境消化过程中,与胃消化0 h和肠消化0 h相比,鸭梨、蜜梨和香梨的多酚最大释放量分别为其1.83、1.99、2.58倍和0.92、1.17、1.18倍,黄酮的最大释放量分别为其0.90、1.21、1.79倍和0.49、0.63、0.63倍,最大抗氧化活性分别为其2.78、2.15、3.42倍和1.34、1.42、1.12倍。这表明,梨在模拟胃肠消化过程中,胃蛋白酶、胰酶及胃酸均可以促进抗氧化活性物质释放,释放的抗氧化活性物质可能来自多酚与蛋白质、多糖、脂质等形成的复合物的水解。     

红曲霉及其生理活性物质

本文叙述红曲霉及其生理活性物质的开发、生理活性物质的种类、性质、作用机制进行了讨论,并为进一步研究其生理活性物质提出了一些自己的建议。     

山楂核抗氧化、抑菌活性物质的筛选和UPLC-Q-TOF/MS分析活性物质的化学成分

为了研究山楂核醇提物抗氧化和抑菌活性的有效物质及活性化学成分,通过评价DPPH、ABTS和羟自由基清除率、Fe3+还原能力和抑菌圈直径研究山楂核醇提物不同极性溶剂(石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水)萃取物质的抗氧化和抑菌活性,通过超高效液相色谱与飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)分析活性物质。结果表明,乙酸乙酯萃取物质在清除DPPH和ABTS自由基、Fe3+还原能力方面优于其他部位;水萃取物质在清除羟自由基能力方面表现最好,乙酸乙酯萃取物质次之;在抑菌活性方面,相同生药浓度下仅有乙酸乙酯萃取物质对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑菌活性。通过UPLC-Q-TOF/MS从最佳活性物质乙酸乙酯萃取物质鉴定出10个成分,主要为木脂素和醛类成分。由此可知乙酸乙酯萃取物质有较好的体外抗氧化活性和抑菌活性,推测其可能活性成分为木脂素类和醛类成分。     

乳酸菌抗突变活性的研究进展

根据近年来国内外报道，对乳酸菌抗突变活性的研究进展进行了综述，并介绍了乳酸菌抗突变活性物质的分离、纯化及其研究方法。     

石榴的化学成分与药理活性

介绍了石榴的化学成分与活性物质,并对石榴的药理活性及其在人体中的作用进行了概述。     

Critical review of controlled release packaging to improve food safety and quality

ABSTRACT

Controlled release packaging (CRP) is an innovative technology that uses the package to release active compounds in a controlled manner to improve safety and quality for a wide range of food products during storage. This paper provides a critical review of the uniqueness, design considerations, and research gaps of CRP, with a focus on the kinetics and mechanism of active compounds releasing from the package. Literature data and practical examples are presented to illustrate how CRP controls what active compounds to release, when and how to release, how much and how fast to release, in order to improve food safety and quality.     

Mono- and multilayer active films containing lysozyme as antimicrobial agent

Active packaging materials able to release antimicrobial compounds into foodstuff can be used in order to avoid or slow down the bacterial growth during storage. In this work the use of two techniques to control the release of the chosen active compound (lysozyme) from a polymeric material into the foodstuff is proposed: a monolayer cross-linked PVOH film and a multilayer structure made of cross-linked PVOH layers are developed and studied. Lysozyme release tests into water were performed in order to compare the release kinetics from the investigated films. Results suggest that by means of both structures it is possible to control the rate at which lysozyme is released from the PVOH film. The antimicrobial activity of lysozyme released from the investigated films was tested against a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Results show that the incorporation of lysozyme into PVOH does not lead to a loss of activity of the enzyme.

Industrial relevance

The increased use of gently processed foods requires packaging to be an integral part of the preservation concept. Consequently additional antimicrobial activity from the packaging material can aid in shelf life extension.This paper concentrates on the release rate of lysozyme, a naturally occuring antimicrobial agent (eg. salvia, mothers milk, raw milk), from multilayer films. A comperision of mono- and multilayer films containing lysozyme regarding their effectiveness on M. lysodeikticus as target organism was also performed. Both aims were met leading to a controlled release of lysozyme with no loss of activity.     

Electrohydrodynamic processing of natural polymers for active food packaging: A comprehensive review

The active packaging materials fabricated using natural polymers is increasing in recent years. Electrohydrodynamic processing has drawn attention in active food packaging due to its potential in fabricating materials with advanced structural and functional properties. These materials have the significant capability in enhancing food's quality, safety, and shelf-life. Through electrospinning and electrospray, fibers and particles are encapsulated with bioactive compounds for active packaging applications. Understanding the principle behind electrohydrodynamics provides fundamentals in modulating the material's physicochemical properties based on the operating parameters. This review provides a deep understanding of electrospray and electrospinning, along with their advantages and recent innovations, from food packaging perspectives. The natural polymers suitable for developing active packaging films and coatings through electrohydrodynamics are intensely focused. The critical properties of the packaging system are discussed with characterization techniques. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects for natural polymers and electrohydrodynamic processing in active packaging are summarized.     

Migration study of carvacrol as a natural antioxidant in high-density polyethylene for active packaging

The migration behaviour of low molecular weight compounds from food packaging materials is one of the key issues in assessing the possibility of use in such applications. The aim of this work was to study the migration of carvacrol (1% and 2% w/w) when added to high-density polyethylene. All materials were exposed to the food simulants olive oil and distilled water separately at 40°C and 25°C. Three significant variables influencing the migration process were considered: incubation temperatures, the initial concentration of antioxidant, and the type of simulant (oil and aqueous). The amount of carvacrol migrating to olive oil was significantly higher than in water because of the higher solubility of this antioxidant in oil. Experimental results agreed reasonably well with those obtained by the application of a simple model derived from Fick's Second Law. Carvacrol could therefore be used in active packaging formulations as its release from the polymer matrix can be controlled.     

Sustainable edible packaging systems based on active compounds from food processing byproducts: A review

The global food processing industries represent a challenge and a risk to the environment due to the poor handling of residues, which are often discarded as waste without being used in further sidestreams. Although some part of this biomass is utilized, large quantities are, however, still under- or unutilized despite these byproducts being a rich resource of valuable compounds. These biowastes contain biopolymers and other compounds such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, micronutrients, and minerals with good nutritional values and active biological properties with applications in various fields including the development of sustainable food packaging. This review offers an update on the recent advancement of food byproducts recycling and upgrading toward the production of food packaging materials, which could be edible, (bio)degradable, and act as carriers of biobased active agents such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavoring additives, and health-promoting compounds. This should be a global initiative to promote the well-being of humans and achieve sustainability while respecting the ecological boundaries of our planet. Edible films and coatings formulations based on biopolymers and active compounds extracted from biowastes offer great opportunities to decrease the devastating overuse of plastic-based packaging. It has become evident that a transition from a fuel-based to a circular bio-based economy is potentially beneficial. Therefore, the exploitation of food discards within the context of a zero-waste biorefinery approach would improve waste management by minimizing its generation, reduce pollution, and provide value-added compounds. Most importantly, the development of edible packaging materials from food byproducts does not compete with food resources, and it also helps decrease our dependency on petroleum-based products. Practical Application Almost 99% of current plastics are petroleum-based, and their continuous use has been devastating to the planet as plastic-derived components have been detected in all trophic levels. Besides, the increasing amounts of food by-products are a socioeconomic and environmental challenge, and halving food loss and waste and turning it into valuable products has become necessary to achieve sustainability and economic circularity. The development of new packaging systems such as edible materials could be one of the solutions to limit the use of persistent plastics. Edible films and coatings by-products-based could also enhance food packaging performance due to their compounds' bioactivities.     

Electrospinning of nanofibers: Potentials and perspectives for active food packaging

Electrospun nanofibers with structural and functional advantages have drawn much attention due to their potential applications for active food packaging. The traditional role of food packaging is just storage containers for food products. The changes of retailing practice and consumer demand promote the development of active packaging to improve the safety, quality, and shelf life of the packaged foods. To develop the technique of electrospinning for active food packaging, electrospun nanofibers have been covalently or non‐covalently functionalized for loading diverse bioactive compounds including antimicrobial agents, antioxidant agents, oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide emitters, and ethylene scavengers. The aim of this review is to present a concise but comprehensive summary on the progress of electrospinning techniques for active food packaging. Emphasis is placed on the tunability of the electrospinning technique, which achieves the modification of fiber composition, orientation, and architecture. Efforts are also made to provide functionalized strategies of electrospun polymeric nanofibers for food packaging application. Furthermore, the existing limitations and prospects for developing electrospinning in food packaging area are discussed.     

Polyethylene glycol grafted polyethylene: a versatile platform for nonmigratory active packaging applications

Nonmigratory active packaging, in which bioactive components are tethered to the package, offers the potential to reduce the need for additives in food products while maintaining safety and quality. A challenge in developing nonmigratory active packaging materials is the loss of biomolecular activity that can occur when biomolecules are immobilized. In this work, we describe a method in which a biocompatible polymer (polyethylene glycol, PEG) is grafted from the surface of ozone-treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) resulting in a surface functionalized polyethylene to which a range of amine-terminated bioactive molecules can be immobilized. Free radical graft polymerization is used to graft PEG onto the LDPE surface, followed by immobilization of ethylenediamine onto the PEG tether. Ethylenediamine was used to demonstrate that amine-terminated molecules could be covalently attached to the PEG-grafted film. Changes in surface chemistry and topography were measured by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We demonstrate the ability to graft PEG onto the surface of polymer packaging films by free radical graft polymerization, and to covalently link an amine-terminated molecule to the PEG tether, demonstrating that amine-terminated bioactive compounds (such as peptides, enzymes, and some antimicrobials) can be immobilized onto PEG-grafted LDPE in the development of nonmigratory active packaging. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nonmigratory active packaging offers the potential for improving food safety and quality while minimizing the migration of the active agent into food. In this paper, we describe a technique to modify polyethylene packaging films such that active agents can be covalently immobilized by a biocompatible tether. Such a technique can be adapted to a number of applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or immobilized enzyme active packaging.     

Use of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanohydrogels for the controlled release of pimaricin in active packaging

We propose here a delivery drug-polymer system using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) nanohydrogels that enables pimaricin to be protected from hostile environments and allows the controlled release of the antifungal through environmental stimuli. We synthesized 2 nanohydrogels, 1 with 100% N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA(5)) and 1 with 80% N-isopropylacrylamide copolymerized and 20% acrylic acid (PNIPA-20AA(5)). Both were then, loaded with a pimaricin aqueous solution. The pimaricin release profiles of these 2 nanohydrogels were considerably different: PNIPA(5) released 10% and PNIPA-20AA(5) released 30% with respect to the free pimaricin release. Moreover, the diffusion experiments showed that pimaricin was released from the PNIPA-20AA(5) nanohydrogel for up to 3 times longer than free pimaricin. Therefore, incorporating acrylic acid as comonomer into the PNIPA nanohydrogel resulted in a slower but more continuous release of pimaricin. The highest pimaricin levels were reached when the most hydrophilic nanohydrogel was used. The bioassay results showed that the pimaricin-nanohydrogel system was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of the indicator strain in conditions of thermal abuse. The spoilage in acidified samples stored under fluorescent lighting was reduced by 80.94% ± 33.02% in samples treated with a pimaricin-loaded nanohydrogel, but only by 19.91% ± 6.68% in samples treated with free pimaricin. Therefore, 2 conclusions emerge from this study. One is that the nanohydrogel delivery system could impede the degradation of pimaricin. The other is that the inhibitory effect of the antifungal on yeast growth is more pronounced when it is added included into the nanohydrogel to the food, especially in an acidic environment. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This article presents relevant results on the use of nanohydrogels in food packaging. Nanohydrogels could provide protection so that the pimaricin remains active for a longer time. They also allow the controlled release of pimaricin, which thus regulates the unnecessary presence of the antifungal in the food.     

Antimicrobial films containing lysozyme for active packaging obtained by sol–gel technique

Antimicrobial packaging is a promising form of active packaging that refers to the incorporation of antimicrobial agents into packaging systems with the aim to extend the product shelf life maintaining its quality and safety. In our work an antimicrobial active packaging based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was prepared by sol–gel route, incorporating as antimicrobial agent lysozyme with the aim to obtain packaging films with controlled release properties. The fine tuning of the sol concentration and viscosity as well as the dip-coating extraction rate, allowed to deposit on the external surface of the PET support uniform coatings with controllable thickness at the sub-micron scale. FTIR microspectroscopic and tapping mode-Atomic Force Microscopy (TM-AFM) measurements were used to characterize the prepared coatings.