Enological tannins affect acetaldehyde evolution,colour stability and tannin reactivity during forced oxidation of red wine

The addition of enological tannins is a practice admitted and widely used to improve wine phenolic compositions. Although wine ageing is an oxidative process involving phenolic compounds and acetaldehyde production and consumption, the effect of enological tannins on the acetaldehyde and chromatic and phenolic changes of a red wine during oxidation is still not known. In this study, three enological tannins preparations containing gallotannins GT, ellagitannins ET and condensed tannins CT were added to a young commercial Lambrusco red wine in order to obtain wines with three different phenolic compositions. Samples were then treated with hydrogen peroxide to trigger oxidation. All added tannins have determined a production of acetaldehyde greater than control. Acetaldehyde was then consumed in 30 days. The samples treated with CT and ET showed, after oxidation, an increase in colour intensity, determined as the sum of 420, 520 and 620 nm absorbances. A simultaneously increase in polymeric pigments was detected. No significant variation of the Saliva Precipitation Index (SPI), an index useful to give an indirect measure of wine astringency, was observed after 30 days of treatment of CT and ET samples. Results highlight that the addition of CT and ET can help to stabilise colour without affecting wine reactivity towards salivary proteins. A significant role of acetaldehyde has been even detected. These are the first data showing the effect of different enological tannins on the production and consumption of acetaldehyde formation during an oxidation process.     

可同化氮对葡萄酒发酵影响的研究进展

可同化氮是酵母进行葡萄酒发酵的主要营养成分之一。葡萄汁中可同化氮含量会影响发酵过程中微生物的生长和代谢,不仅导致乙醇、甘油和酯类等含量的增加,同时会增加乙酸、高级醇、乙醛和H2S等含量;过高的可同化氮含量还可能促进腐败微生物生长,增加葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯和生物胺等有害物质的产生,影响葡萄酒的品质。该文综述了可同化氮对酿酒酵母生长和发酵活力的影响,并介绍了可同化氮对葡萄酒发酵主要成分的影响和过量的可同化氮对葡萄酒的危害,以期为葡萄酒酿造过程中可同化氮含量的控制提供依据。     

葡萄酒酿造过程中酿酒酵母乙醛代谢特征的研究

选用4株本土酵母(G3-3、NX8423、D3-4、NX349)与2株商业酵母(X16、F15)分别在干白与干红葡萄汁中进行发酵,研究各菌株在酒精发酵过程中的乙醛动态变化,并对各菌株产生乙醛的特征进行分析。结果显示：本土酿酒酵母与商业酿酒酵母具有相似的乙醛动态变化,但各菌株的乙醛特征参数差异显著(P＜0.05)。在干白葡萄酒的发酵过程中,D3-4表现出最低的乙醛峰值及末值含量(发酵终止时发酵液中的乙醛含量),分别为58.60mg/L和39.96mg/L,较X16显著降低了25.62%及25.92%。乙醛产生速率最快的为X16菌株。乙醛降解速率最快的则为NX8423,达到5.90mg/(L·d),较X16提高了2.09倍。在干红葡萄酒发酵中,乙醛峰值含量最低的为F15,乙醛产生速率最快的为G3-3,达到65.04mg/L,较F15显著提高了45.63%。NX349的乙醛降解速率最高且末值含量最低,分别为25.62mg/(L·d)及29.65mg/L。本土酿酒酵母菌株具有较商业菌株优良的乙醛代谢特征,通过开发本土优良酵母菌株能够优化葡萄酒酿造过程中的乙醛含量。     

Acetaldehyde Determination in Fermented Food Products by Direct 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization, Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Data obtained for acetaldehyde analysis of yogurt and wine by direct 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization and extraction are compared to those obtained by distillation and DNPH derivatization. Separation and analysis of acetaldehyde 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNP) was by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Higher precision was obtained with the direct derivatization extraction technique than for the distillation derivatization technique. Data obtained by the direct derivatization extraction technique for acetaldehyde in commercial yogurt samples had less viriability than those for wine.     

Analysis,occurrence and potential sensory significance of aliphatic aldehydes in white wines

An analytical method was developed for C8–C11 aliphatic aldehydes in wine consisting of solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS). The method achieves low detection limits (<30 ng L⁻¹), minimises problems of blank contamination and shows high repeatability (RSD% < 5%), but strong matrix effects were noticed during validation. These matrix effects were attributed to strong interactions between aliphatic aldehydes and other matrix elements. Three fractions were differentiated: free extractable aldehydes, aldehydes bound in hydrophilic complexes (extractable in the presence of acetaldehyde) and aldehydes bound in hydrophobic complexes (extractable in the presence of heptanal). The distribution of the three aldehyde species in wine samples was estimated using a surrogate (3,5,5-trimethylhexanal) and an internal standard (methyl phenylacetate) in double determinations (directly and after incubation with 1000 mg L⁻¹ acetaldehyde). These components had a clear additive sensory effect in mixtures and odour thresholds in wine were very low. This caused that although they were present at very low levels, in 2 out of 24 white wine samples were clearly above threshold, and in six more were at levels close to threshold. These results suggest that these components are active contributors to the citrus fruit notes of some white wines.     

甜红葡萄酒花色苷增色稳定应用研究

花色苷、单宁是形成葡萄酒色泽的主要成份。乙醛也是酒中的天然成份。这三种物质在适宜数量比例、温度和酸度条件下会发生缩合,形成新的更稳定的衍生物色素,而且酒中的乙醇可使这种分子量更大的色素保持溶解状态。对于兑制型的甜葡萄酒,通过添加葡萄皮色素、微量乙醛和与色素同量或更高摩尔比的儿茶酚,在pH3.5、室温下暗置一个月,可获得色泽更稳定的紫红色的艳丽酒色。     

不同品种甘蔗及处理方式对甘蔗酒风味的影响

以甘蔗为研究材料,考察不同品种甘蔗及处理方式对甘蔗蒸馏酒风味的影响。结果表明,不同品种及原料处理方式对甘蔗蒸馏酒风味有显著影响,带渣发酵和不带渣发酵之间风味物质和高级醇的含量有较大差别。其中,不带渣处理的新台糖22号甘蔗酒中乙酸乙酯含量为1.16 mg/mL,显著高于带渣处理的0.48 mg/mL（P＜0.05）,乙醛含量为0.31 mg/mL,显著高于带渣处理0.29 mg/mL（P＜0.05）。另外,感官评定结果显示,新台糖22号不带渣发酵甘蔗酒感官评定得分最高为83.9分,均高于其他五种甘蔗蒸馏酒,新台糖22号不带渣发酵甘蔗蒸馏酒的整体风味最佳。     

两种酒曲制备米酒品质对比研究

该研究用两种不同的酒曲制作米酒,并对两种酒曲的糖化液化、能力及其发酵米酒的pH、总糖、酒精度、氨基酸态氮、总酸和 可溶性固形物含量的变化情况进行测定,且采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析不同酒曲发酵米酒中挥发性风味物质的成分 差异。 结果表明：酒曲2发酵米酒的总糖、酒精度、氨基酸态氮和可溶性固形物都明显优于酒曲1。 酒曲1发酵米酒中检测出24种物质。 酒曲2发酵酒中共检测出23种成分。主要为醇类、酯类、酸类和醛类物质,两种酒曲发酵米酒主要风味成分组成种类基本相同,差异主 要表现在成分相对含量上。 酒曲1发酵米酒主要挥发性物质有丙酸（41.85%）、乙酸（31.48%）、糠醛（9.99%）、乙醛（6.90%）,酒曲2发酵 米酒主要挥发性物质有丙酸（65.86%）、乙酸（17.68%）、戊酸乙酯（4.06%）、乙醛（3.46%）。     

赤霞珠干红葡萄酒SO2与O2消耗动力学研究

该试验以新疆吐鲁番鄯善县新葡王酒庄赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为材料,研究在饱和氧消耗循环过程中,SO2含量、O2含量、葡萄酒酚类物质的变化,建立了葡萄酒中氧消耗动力学偏最小二乘（PLS）法回归模型。结果表明,该模型能很好的描述葡萄酒中O2变化规律,相关系数＞0.92,说明能用来描述葡萄酒中O2的消耗过程。这些模型主要解释了在葡萄酒氧化过程中葡萄酒成分的变化关系,消耗的总O2以及非SO2消耗的O2模型表明,O2主要投入氧化SO2和生产乙醛和乙酸。除了氧化乙醇之外,还可以降解黄酮醇和产生羟基肉桂酸。初始耗氧率（OCR）与总乙醛含量、没食子酸初始含量以及单宁中儿茶素的含量呈负相关。     

传统米酒中产酸菌的分离筛选及其发酵性能的研究

从云南及黑龙江地区的传统米酒中分离了41株乳酸菌,通过产酸能力、产乙醛和双乙酰能力及耐酒精能力试验,筛选出产酸能力强的菌株WT2和产乙醛和双乙酰能力强的菌株IW9作为发酵菌株发酵米酒。     

Impact of mixed Torulaspora delbrueckii-Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on high-sugar fermentation

Conventional wine yeasts produce high concentrations of volatile acidity, mainly acetic acid, during high-sugar fermentation. This alcoholic fermentation by-product is highly detrimental to wine quality and, in some cases, levels may even exceed legal limits. In this study, a non-conventional species, Torulaspora delbrueckii, was used, in pure cultures and mixed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, to ferment botrytized musts. Fermentation rate, biomass growth, and the formation of volatile acidity, acetaldehyde, and glycerol were considered. This study demonstrated that T. delbrueckii, often described as a low acetic producer under standard conditions, retained this quality even in a high-sugar medium. Unlike S. cerevisiae, this species did not respond to the hyper-osmotic medium by increasing acetic production as soon as it is inoculated into the must. Nevertheless, this yeast produced low ethanol and biomass yields, and the fermentation was sluggish. As a result, T. delbrueckii fermentations do not reach the required ethanol content (14%vol.), although this species can survive at this concentration. A mixed culture of T. delbrueckii and S. cerevisiae was the best combination for improving the analytical profile of sweet wine, particularly volatile acidity and acetaldehyde production. A mixed T. delbrueckii/S. cerevisiae culture at a 20:1 ratio produced 53% less in volatile acidity and 60% less acetaldehyde than a pure culture of S. cerevisiae. Inoculating S. cerevisiae after 5 days' fermentation by T. delbrueckii had less effect on volatile acidity and acetaldehyde production and resulted in stuck fermentation. These results contribute to a better understanding of the behaviour of non-Saccharomyces and their potential application in wine industry.     

有机酸含量对葡萄酒发酵的影响

为了考察有机酸含量对葡萄酒发酵的影响,在初始有机酸含量分别为4 g/L、7 g/L和10 g/L的模拟葡萄汁中接种酵母,于25 ℃发酵,比较不同初始有机酸含量对葡萄酒发酵过程中酵母生长、降糖、有机酸及挥发性化合物含量的影响。结果表明,初始有机酸含量7 g/L时酵母生长和耗糖最慢,乙醇和乙醛产生量最低;随初始有机酸含量升高,pH值、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、总酸、乙酸乙酯和总酯含量呈下降趋势;琥珀酸、正丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇及总高级醇含量呈上升趋势;但对β-苯乙醇、正丁醇及丁酸乙酯含量影响较小。初始有机酸含量10 g/L的葡萄酒发酵过程酵母生长快、降糖最快,产酸含量适中,同时香气较好。因此,葡萄酒发酵的适宜初始有机酸含量为10 g/L。     

氨基酸添加对荔枝酒发酵动力及品质影响

分别添加质量浓度范围为60～480 mg/L的D-丙氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺于荔枝汁中,测定其对荔枝酒的发酵动力及发酵过程中产生的非挥发性成分以及挥发性成分的影响。结果显示：添加不同种类与浓度的氨基酸可以不同程度加快可溶性固形物的消耗速率,缩短酵母发酵时间,且总醇类含量增加,酸类和酯类均有明显变化。乙醇含量由空白样的10.52%vol升高到处理样的10.71%vol～11.68%vol,而甘油的含量由6.33 g/L下降至4.17～6.04 g/L,乙醛的含量也明显降低。不同种类与浓度的氨基酸对荔枝酒的影响不同。     

Reducing the sulfur-dioxide binding power of sweet white wines by solid-phase extraction

The high sulfur-dioxide binding power of sweet white wines may be reduced by extracting the naturally present carbonyl compounds from wine that are responsible for carbonyl bisulphites formation. The carbonyl compounds mainly responsible for trapping SO₂ are acetaldehyde, pyruvic acid, and 2-oxoglutaric acid. The method employed was selective solid phase extraction, using phenylsulfonylhydrazine as a scavenging agent. The scavenging function was grafted onto a support prepared from raw materials derived from lignin. This approach is more acceptable to winemakers than the polymer media previously reported, as it reduces the possible contamination of wine to molecules already present in the wine making process.     

气相色谱法测定清爽型黄酒中的乙醛和杂醇油含量

乙醛和杂醇油是饮用黄酒引起上头的主要因素。建立了外标法毛细管气相色谱法测定清爽型黄酒中乙醛和杂醇油的方法,PEG-20色谱柱,氮气为载气,FID检测器,外标法定量。结果清爽型黄酒样品中乙醛含量达到40.5mg/L,杂醇油达到38.3mg/100mL,样品加标回收率在91.7%～98.5%之间,相关系数大于0.9973,相对标准偏差为0.83%～3.8%。     

Acetaldehyde and Accelerated Storage of Wine: A New Rapid Method for Analysis

A method was developed for rapid analysis of total acetaldehyde in wine. The method converts acetaldehyde acetals and bisulfite addition products to free acetaldehyde. These conversions were achieved through a series of 1 min acid, base, and iodine treatments followed by a 10 min equilibration period. Acetaldehyde was quantified by gas chromatographic headspace analysis and the method was found to be precise to ± 1 ppm standard deviation. An accelerated shelf life procedure using this method was developed by promoting oxidation by agitation at oxygen saturation. The resulting procedure was 4 to 15 times faster than previous studies.     

红枣发酵酒香气成分分析及感官品质评价

以甘肃地区3 个红枣品种（临泽小枣、小口枣和民勤圆枣）为原料酿造红枣酒,测定其基本理化指标和挥发性香气成分,并进行感官评价分析,以期对红枣酒的酿造及枣酒品质分析提供依据。结果表明：3 种枣酒的理化指标均符合国标要求,但临泽小枣酒样的总酸含量和色度值最高且差异显著;香气成分结合香气轮分析表明,小口枣酒样中的酯类、醇类和萜烯类香气物质含量显著较高,民勤圆枣酒样中酸类和醛酮类香气化合物含量显著较高,大马士酮、苯乙醛、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、丁酸乙酯和异戊醇可能是构成红枣酒花香、果香和溶剂味的主要成分;感官评价结果显示,小口枣酒样香气最为浓郁优雅,临泽小枣酒样具有较好的色泽和典型性,2 种枣酒的感官品质均较佳,可用于甘肃特色枣酒的生产。     

Reaction Between Malvidin 3-Glucoside and (+)-Catechin in Model Solutions Containing Different Aldehydes

ABSTRACT: The contribution of the aldehyde composition of wine spirit to the color changes in Port red wine was studied in model solutions. Malvidin 3-glucoside was shown to be very reactive towards catechin in the presence of different aldehydes: acetaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, benzaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, formaldehyde, and 2-methylbutyraldehyde. LC/MS data confirmed the formation of oligomeric pigments resulting from the reaction between the anthocyanin and the flavanol (colored products) and between 2 flavanol units (colorless products) mediated by each aldehyde assayed. The UV-visible spectra of the colored pigments showed a λ_max bathochromically shifted relatively to the λ_max of original anthocyanins. All samples revealed a "blueing" and "darkening" color effects using the CIELAB system.     

Acetic acid bacteria spoilage of bottled red wine -- a review

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are ubiquitous organisms that are well adapted to sugar and ethanol rich environments. This family of Gram-positive bacteria are well known for their ability to produce acetic acid, the main constituent in vinegar. The oxidation of ethanol through acetaldehyde to acetic acid is well understood and characterised. AAB form part of the complex natural microbial flora of grapes and wine, however their presence is less desirable than the lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Even though AAB were described by Pasteur in the 1850s, wine associated AAB are still difficult to cultivate on artificial laboratory media and until more recently, their taxonomy has not been well characterised. Wine is at most risk of spoilage during production and the presence of these strictly aerobic bacteria in grape must and during wine maturation can be controlled by eliminating, or at least limiting oxygen, an essential growth factor. However, a new risk, spoilage of wine by AAB after packaging, has only recently been reported. As wine is not always sterile filtered prior to bottling, especially red wine, it often has a small resident bacterial population (<10(3) cfu/mL), which under conducive conditions might proliferate. Bottled red wines, sealed with natural cork closures, and stored in a vertical upright position may develop spoilage by acetic acid bacteria. This spoilage is evident as a distinct deposit of bacterial biofilm in the neck of the bottle at the interface of the wine and the headspace of air, and is accompanied with vinegar, sherry, bruised apple, nutty, and solvent like off-aromas, depending on the degree of spoilage. This review focuses on the wine associated AAB species, the aroma and flavour changes in wine due to AAB metabolism, discusses the importance of oxygen ingress into the bottle and presents a hypothesis for the mechanism of spoilage of bottled red wine.