桉叶精油对水产品中4种微生物的抑菌效果及抑菌机理

本文研究了桉叶精油对水产品中4种微生物的体外抑菌活性及其抑菌机理。通过滤纸片法和倍比稀释法分别测定抑菌圈直径(DIZ)和最低抑菌浓度(MIC),分析植物精油(桉叶精油、薄荷精油、茶树精油、丁香精油)对水产品中4种常见微生物(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和副溶血性弧菌)的抑菌效果;进一步以腐败希瓦氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为研究对象,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、电导率、核酸含量、细胞内ATP含量分析植物精油的抑菌机理。结果表明,桉叶精油对大肠杆菌、腐败希瓦氏菌、副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为33.33、27.87、38.88、39.61 mm,对大肠杆菌、腐败希瓦氏菌、副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为1.00、1.25、0.75、0.63 μL/mL,在4种植物精油中显示出最强的抗菌活性。桉叶精油改变了腐败希瓦氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞形态和超微结构,加了细胞膜的通透性,破坏了细胞膜的完整性,造成细胞内容物的泄露及细胞生理功能紊乱,从而导致细菌的死亡。本实验将为桉叶精油作为一种天然抑菌物质应用于水产品行业提供理论依据。     

鸡蛋涂膜保鲜剂中抑菌物质的筛选

以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)为供试菌种,采用滤纸片法和二倍稀释法测定6 种植物精油的抑菌效果,6 种植物精油对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑制结果均为：肉桂油＞冬青油＞紫苏叶油＞茶树油＞桉叶油＞连翘油。选定肉桂油、冬青油、紫苏叶油3 种植物精油配制复合抑菌物质。复配抑菌物质的配方为：肉桂油0.6mg/mL、冬青油0.4mg/mL、紫苏叶油0.3mg/mL。     

竹叶精油组分构成及其抑菌活性的研究

目的研究竹叶精油的化学组分构成,并考察其体外抑菌活性。方法以食品常见腐败菌(枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母)作为供试菌,采用平板打孔法对竹叶精油的抑菌活性进行研究;并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对竹叶精油的组分构成进行分析鉴定。结果竹叶精油共鉴定出41个化合物,含量占挥发性成分总量的97.36%,主要成分为棕榈酸(19.35%)、植物醇(10.54%)和二十五烷(9.89%)等。竹叶精油对4种供试菌株均有抑制作用,研究发现大肠杆菌是最敏感的,其最小抑菌浓度为0.56 mg/mL。结论本研究可为竹叶精油在食品工业中的深入利用提供一定的理论技术支持。     

植物精油对杏干优势微生物的抑制效果研究

以新疆小白杏为实验材料,研究新疆小白杏杏干在储藏期间微生物含量变化,通过分离、纯化从杏干上得到3株优势霉菌,形态观察初步鉴定为根霉菌、链格孢菌和青霉菌。选取9种植物精油对杏干上的混合菌进行抑菌实验,根据抑菌率筛选出3种抑菌活性较强的精油,并通过测定抑菌圈直径和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)进一步研究这3种精油对杏干上优势霉菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,9种植物精油对杏干上微生物均有一定的抑制作用,其中肉桂精油、月桂精油和茴香精油具有较强的抑菌性,且异味较小,对3种优势霉菌也有显著的抑制作用,抑菌活性显著优于卡那霉素,抑菌效果依次为:肉桂精油月桂精油茴香精油,肉桂精油可以作为天然保鲜剂用于杏干制品,达到抑菌和延长货架期的目的。     

5种柚皮精油成分及油脂抗氧化和抑菌活性

采用气相色谱与质谱联用(GC-MS)的方法分析了中国5种柚皮精油的化学成分;采用国家标准测定方法,以过氧化值为指标,评价了5种柚皮精油对葵花籽油的抗氧化性能;采用牛津杯法测定了5种柚皮精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及四联球菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,从5种柚皮精油中共鉴定出43种化合物,其中共有化合物24种,主要化合物为d-柠檬烯(42.43%~89.91%);所有柚皮精油均具有一定的油脂抗氧化活性,其中广东沙田柚柚皮精油的油脂抗氧化活性最佳,优于阳性对照BHT;5种柚皮精油均对4种受试菌显示出抑菌活性,其中广东沙田柚柚皮精油对4种测试菌均显示出最佳的抑菌活性。     

几种植物精油与Nisin联合抑菌性能分析

针对肉制品腐败变质的主要致病菌大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,研究乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、迷迭香、肉豆蔻及鼠尾草精油的抑菌效果,并探索三种植物精油与Nisin的复合抑菌性能。实验结果表明:Nisin较三种香辛料精油具有显著的抑菌效果,其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为7.5,0.9375mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度分别为15,0.9375mg/mL;且肉豆蔻与Nisin复配后对二者的抑菌FIC指数均为1,表现为相加作用,优于其他复合抑菌剂。     

香辛料精油抑菌及在猪肉糜脯中的应用

研究香辛料精油复配的抑菌效果,设计孜然、豆蔻、花椒、茴香4种香辛料精油分别对枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、啤酒酵母、青霉菌单一精油的抑菌试验;孜然、豆蔻及二者复配3种精油对4种菌的抑菌试验;复配精油在不同温度、pH下对大肠杆菌和青霉菌的抑菌稳定性试验。得出:孜然精油抑制细菌、豆蔻精油抑制真菌的能力较强,均高于其他几种香辛料精油的抑菌能力;复配精油对大肠杆菌、青霉菌的抑菌效果明显;且复配精油在不同温度和pH下抑菌性较为稳定,为复配精油作为抑菌剂在食品中的应用提供参考。     

10种植物精油对圣女果中三种致病菌抑制效果的研究

通过研究植物精油对圣女果致病菌的抑制效果,筛选出对圣女果有良好贮藏保鲜效果的植物精油。使用不同浓度的10种植物精油,采用体外熏蒸法和直接接触法,筛选出对圣女果中三种致病菌具有较强抑制效果的精油,并研究其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示植物精油对三种致病菌的体外熏蒸法优于直接接触法;肉桂精油、山苍子精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对白地霉菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.1×104、0.5×104、0.5×104μL/L,最低杀菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.1×104、0.5×104、1.0×104μL/L;肉桂精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对赤霉菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.2×104、0.2×104μL/L,最低杀菌浓度分别为0.05×104、0.2×104、0.5×104μL/L;肉桂精油、丁香精油、牛至精油、山苍子精油对毛霉菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.1×104、0.5×104、1.0×104、1.0×104μL/L,最低杀菌浓度分别为0.1×104、0.5×104、1.0×104、1.0×104μL/L。肉桂精油、山苍子精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对白地霉菌均有较好抑制作用;肉桂精油、丁香精油、牛至精油对赤霉菌具有良好的抑菌及杀菌作用;肉桂精油、丁香精油对毛霉菌有较好抑制作用,牛至精油对毛霉菌有一定的抑菌作用,但杀菌效果不明显,山苍子精油对毛霉菌的抑菌杀菌效果最差。     

植物精油对水产品中常见微生物的抑制效应

研究植物精油对水产品中常见腐败致病微生物的抑制效果。采用滤纸片法测定植物精油的抑菌圈直径,筛选出3种效果较佳的精油;然后运用试管梯度稀释法测定精油对供试菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);采用棋盘稀释法对3种精油的联合抑菌活性进行了研究,并以FICI值对效果进行评价。通过抑菌圈的测定,筛选出肉桂精油、紫苏精油、丁香精油,各精油对供试菌的MIC值范围分别为:0.313~0.625,0.625~2.50,0.625~2.50μL/mL。棋盘稀释法结果表明复配精油对6种供试菌都显示出了协同或相加作用,不存在无关作用和拮抗作用。     

7种芸香科植物精油抑菌活性的研究

通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取了花椒、柠檬、脐橙、蜜柚、砂糖橘、丑柑以及椪柑7种芸香科植物的挥发性成分。采用肉汤稀释法测定了上述7种单种精油以及2组复配精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等6种常见致病细菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,7种芸香科精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长均表现不同程度的抑制活性。除了丑柑精油外,其余6种精油对大肠杆菌均表现出了杀灭活性,MBC值在20~40mg/mL之间。精油按照不同比例复配后,抑制活性表现出差异性,柠檬与蜜柚或花椒精油存在拮抗作用。研究结果有助于了解单种精油和复方精油的抑菌性能,为芸香科植物精油的开发应用提供依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the