磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐在肉制品中的使用现状

在我国的肉制品加工中,一般都会使用亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐,以此来提高肉制品的品质。因为亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐使用比较广泛,所以当前市场上的磷酸盐和亚硝酸盐种类较多。在本文中,主要介绍了肉制品加工中亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐的作用及应用情况,并对其检测方法进行了概述,最后对肉制品加工中应用亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐的一些注意事项进行了论述,以期能为肉制品加工起到一定的指导作用。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐的检测和控制

目前肉制品生产中,普遍使用亚硝酸盐作为发色剂。但亚硝酸盐具有毒性,可与胺类物质生成强致癌物质亚硝胺。因此本文简述了亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的作用,过量使用亚硝酸盐的危害。以及亚硝酸盐测定方法,探讨了亚硝酸盐在肉制品中残留情况的控制方法     

传统肉制品加工过程中亚硝酸盐的控制技术

亚硝酸盐因其具有良好的发色、抗氧化、抑菌等作用而被广泛应用于肉制品加工中,然而亚硝酸盐在肉制品中能够形成致癌性的亚硝胺类物质,致使肉制品的食用安全性降低。随着人们健康意识越来越强,传统肉制品加工过程中亚硝酸含量问题也被高度重视。目前,许多学者开始研究低亚硝酸盐肉制品的加工方式、肉制品中亚硝酸盐的控制方法等。在此研究领域,东北农业大学食品学院的孔保华教授取得了丰硕成果,本刊记者就传统肉制品加工过程中亚硝酸盐的控制技术对孔保华教授进行了专访。     

炸肉制品中硝酸盐使用方法的研究

对炸肉制品中硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的使用方法进行了比较试验，结果：不同使用方法炸肉制品中硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐含量相差较大，为减少肉制品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的用量以降低对人体的危害，提供了科学依据。     

分光光度法测定肉制品中亚硝酸盐的不确定度评定

通过建立数学模型,根据不确定度的原理对肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的不确定度进行了分析评定。影响肉制品中亚硝酸盐不确定度的因素主要有亚硝酸盐标准溶液和标准曲线引入的不确定度。肉制品中亚硝酸盐测定的扩展不确定度为(39.725±2.938)mg/kg。     

从泡菜中分离的植物乳杆菌P51降解亚硝酸盐影响因素的动态研究

从泡菜中分离得到一株植物乳杆菌P51,研究了在不同温度、不同NaCl含量、不同亚硝酸盐浓度以及不同培养基起始pH下其降解亚硝酸盐的动态变化和培养液pH值的改变。结果表明:植物乳杆菌P51能够有效降解培养基中的亚硝酸盐,其最适降解温度为37℃,最适NaCl含量为4%,最适亚硝酸盐浓度为200μg/mL,最适起始pH为6,同时植物乳杆菌P51高效降解亚硝酸盐可能主要依靠酸降解。该菌株表现出良好的耐食盐和亚硝酸盐特性,可作为良好的乳酸菌发酵剂,对于应用到泡菜和腌制肉制品中具有很大的潜力。     

降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量的方法及研究进展

分析了肉制品中添加亚硝酸盐的作用及其危害,简述了影响亚硝酸盐残留量的几种因素,重点探讨了降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量的途径。     

亚硝酸盐清除剂研究进展及其在肉制品中的应用

亚硝酸盐在食品工业,尤其是在肉制品加工工业中具有抑菌、抗氧化、赋予肉制品特殊风味及发色等重要作用。然而,亚硝酸盐的摄入超出正常范围会造成身体组织的氧气不足,还可形成亚硝胺,最终引发癌症,但目前还未发现单一物质可替代亚硝酸盐。可见,有效控制肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量具有极其重要的意义。文章探讨了亚硝酸盐对食品安全的影响,通过对从蔬菜、水果等中提取的具有亚硝酸盐清除作用的天然物质及其在肉制品中的应用进行概述,为具有亚硝酸盐清除作用的物质在降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的研究提供了理论借鉴。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留的控制

简述了亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的作用,以及过量使用亚硝酸盐的危害,通过亚硝酸盐作用机理的简述,以及亚硝酸盐作用效应的分析,探讨了亚硝酸盐在肉制品中残留情况的控制方法。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐状况分析及快检技术研究进展

亚硝酸盐作为肉制品加工行业中一种常见的添加剂,不仅能够增加肉制品的色泽、避免不良风味形成,同时具有抑菌防腐的作用,但亚硝酸盐摄入过多会对人体产生一定的健康危害。在近年来对肉制品的监测中发现,亚硝酸盐的超标问题仍然比较常见。肉制品中亚硝酸盐通过细菌作用转化而来或于加工过程中添加后,在贮藏过程中还会发生含量变化。因此,应用快速可靠的亚硝酸盐快检产品显得尤为重要。本文主要对肉制品中亚硝酸盐的来源及对人体的危害、监测情况、贮藏时的含量变化、亚硝酸盐快检技术的研究进展和应用现状进行了概述,并分析了现有快检产品目前存在的问题及发展前景。     

浅析肉制品中亚硝酸钠的残留

本文指明了肉制品生产中亚硝的投放量和残留量标准,并详细分析了影响亚硝残留量的几种因素.     

Influence of turkey meat on residual nitrite in cured meat products

A response surface experimental design was employed to estimate residual nitrite level at various initial nitrite concentrations, percent turkey meat in the formula, and heat quantity (F) values using a typical wiener as the test system. Pork and mechanically separated turkey were used as the meat ingredients. Residual nitrite and pH were measured at day 1, 7 days, 14 days, and 49 days after processing. Protein, fat, salt, moisture, and CIE (L*a*b*) color values were also determined. Results showed that the effect of turkey meat on residual nitrite level was significant (P < 0.01). An increased amount of turkey meat in the formula resulted in lower residual nitrite levels at a fixed pH. The residual nitrite level was initially proportional to initial nitrite concentration, but it became a nonsignificant factor during longer storage time. Differences in heat quantity had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on residual nitrite level initially. Greater heat quantity decreased residual nitrite level in finished cured meat products at a fixed pH. However, this effect became nonsignificant during longer storage. Reduction of residual nitrite in wieners because of turkey meat addition at a fixed pH was due to characteristics of the turkey tissue, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. It was also established that commercial wieners had a higher pH if poultry meat was included in the formulation.     

肉制品中亚硝残留问题浅探

通过测定几种熟肉制品在不同存放时间的亚硝残留量,探讨了二者的相关关系.并指出了亚硝在当前肉制品生产中,仍是必不可少的添加剂.     

风鸭加工过程中二乙基亚硝胺与亚硝酸盐含量的变化

研究风鸭加工过程中,亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)添加量和风干时间对产品中残留的NaNO2和生成的二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)含量的影响,并探讨NaNO2含量和NDEA含量随着加工工艺点的变化规律.结果表明:原料肉中没有或含量极微的NDEA,NDEA主要在腌制阶段生成并积累;在风干阶段,NaNO2含量和NDEA含量都呈下降趋势.NaNO2残留量和NDEA含量都随着NaNO2添加量的增大而明显增大.     

降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量的研究进展

亚硝酸盐是重要的食品添加剂。指明了亚硝酸盐在肉制品中的作用及其引发的食品安全性问题,并对降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量的方法进行了综述。     

柠檬膳食纤维对午餐肉中亚硝酸盐残留量的影响

目的：研究柠檬膳食纤维（dietary fiber,DF）在午餐肉中的应用,确定其最适添加量以及在午餐肉中的抗氧化特性,还考察了柠檬DF对午餐肉中亚硝酸盐残留量的影响。方法：在午餐肉中添加不同用量（0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%）的柠檬DF,从感官角度确定柠檬DF的最适添加量,并考察添加柠檬DF后午餐肉对自由基的清除能力及其亚硝酸盐残留量变化。结果：柠檬DF在午餐肉中的最适添加量为0.5%～1.0%,此时午餐肉的色泽、滋味、组织状态等指标都较好,感官指标与传统配方产品没有显著差异;1.0%的柠檬DF添加量对O2－·、·OH、1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼自由基具有较强的清除作用,能使午餐肉中亚硝酸盐残留量降低41%。结论：柠檬DF具有较强的抗氧化特性,可显著降低午餐肉中的亚硝酸盐残留量,可考虑作为一种功能性成分添加在肉制品中,以提高肉制品的健康功效。     

Sensoric and chemical limits in lowering the dose of sodium nitrite in the process of pork curing

The specific cured meat odour and taste stimulus thresholds in pork containing different quantities of sodium nitrite were determined in relation to the residual nitrite level and relative contents of nitrosylpigments in meat. It was stated, that the specific odour and taste detection thresholds were equal to 10 and below 10 mg NaNO2/kg of meat, respectively, and the specific odour and taste recognition thresholds were equal to 26 and 21 mg NaNO2/kg of meat, respectively. The detection and recognition thresholds corresponded to 2.4 and 8.5 mg of residual nitrite in meat, respectively. In all the cases the relative contents of nitrosylpigments were above 50%. Taking into account the maintening of specific cured meat odour and taste, the dose of sodium nitrite in pork curing may be lowered to 30 mg/kg.     

Time-dependent depletion of nitrite in pork/beef and chicken meat products and its effect on nitrite intake estimation

The food additive nitrite (E249, E250) is commonly used in meat curing as a food preservation method. Because of potential negative health effects of nitrite, its use is strictly regulated. In an earlier study we have shown that the calculated intake of nitrite in children can exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) when conversion from dietary nitrate to nitrite is included. This study examined time-dependent changes in nitrite levels in four Swedish meat products frequently eaten by children: pork/beef sausage, liver paté and two types of chicken sausage, and how the production process, storage and also boiling (e.g., simmering in salted water) and frying affect the initial added nitrite level. The results showed a steep decrease in nitrite level between the point of addition to the product and the first sampling of the product 24 h later. After this time, residual nitrite levels continued to decrease, but much more slowly, until the recommended use-by date. Interestingly, this continuing decrease in nitrite was much smaller in the chicken products than in the pork/beef products. In a pilot study on pork/beef sausage, we found no effects of boiling on residual nitrite levels, but frying decreased nitrite levels by 50%. In scenarios of time-dependent depletion of nitrite using the data obtained for sausages to represent all cured meat products and including conversion from dietary nitrate, calculated nitrite intake in 4-year-old children generally exceeded the ADI. Moreover, the actual intake of nitrite from cured meat is dependent on the type of meat source, with a higher residual nitrite levels in chicken products compared with pork/beef products. This may result in increased nitrite exposure among consumers shifting their consumption pattern of processed meats from red to white meat products.     

Citrus Co-Products as Technological Strategy to Reduce Residual Nitrite Content in Meat Products

ABSTRACT:  Sodium or potassium nitrite is widely used as a curing agent in cured meat products because it inhibits outgrowth and neurotoxin formation by  Clostridium botulinum , delays the development of oxidative rancidity, develops the characteristic flavor of cured meats, and reacts with myoglobin and stabilizes the red meat color. As soon as nitrite is added in the meat formulation, it starts to disappear and the nitrite that has not reacted with myoglobin and it is available corresponds to residual nitrite level. Health concerns relating to the use of nitrates and nitrites in cured meats (cooked and dry cured) trend toward decreased usage to alleviate the potential risk to the consumers from formation of carcinogenic compounds. Recently, some new ingredients principally agro-industrial co-products in general and those from the citrus industry in particular (albedo [with different treatments], dietetic fiber obtained from the whole co-product, and washing water used in the process to obtain the dietetic fiber) are seen as good sources of bio-compounds that may help to reduce the residual nitrite level in meat products. From these co-products, citrus fiber shows the highest potential to reduce the residual nitrite level, followed by the albedo and finally the washing water. The aim of this article is to describe the latest advances concerning the use of citrus co-products in meat products as a potential ingredient to reduce the nitrite level.     

Effect of Turkey Meat, Phosphate, Sodium Lactate, Carrageenan, and Konjac on Residual Nitrite in Cured Meats

ABSTRACT: Wieners were chosen as the model system. They were made with mechanically separated turkey meat (MST) and retained more residual nitrite than other such sausages (p < 0.01). Use of sodium tripolyphosphate resulted in a slightly higher residual nitrite in the finished product (p < 0.05). Wieners containing both MST and sodium tripolyphosphate, or either MST or sodium tripolyphosphate showed higher pH values than the control group. A relationship between product pH and residual nitrite level was observed. Wieners retained more residual nitrite at higher pH. Addition of sodium lactate, carrageenan, and konjac to the wiener formulation did not influence the residual nitrite level in the finished product.