马铃薯抗性淀粉消化前后的益生作用与结构变化

制备与纯化得到马铃薯抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉,研究其益生作用与结构变化。结果表明：马铃薯抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉对双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌都有显著的增殖作用,对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌有强抑制作用,对粪肠球菌、梭状杆菌、兼性细菌没有影响;它们的发酵液总酸度增大,说明它们能被肠道益生菌发酵利用;马铃薯抗性淀粉经消化处理后比表面积增加,经发酵后比表面积更大;马铃薯抗性淀粉的平均聚合度较之原淀粉显著变小,马铃薯抗性淀粉或消化抗性淀粉发酵后的平均聚合度降低;马铃薯抗性淀粉经消化前后的晶型均为B型,其抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉发酵后的晶型都转变为A型,微晶度、亚微晶度及总结晶度较之发酵前都明显降低。     

绿豆抗性淀粉消化前后益生作用与结构变化的比较

制备与纯化得到了绿豆抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉,研究了它们的益生作用及结构变化。结果表明：绿豆抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉对双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的增殖效果达到100倍以上,对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的抑制强度更是高达106倍以上,对粪肠球菌的抑制强度也有10倍,而对梭状杆菌无明显影响;它们的发酵液总酸度增大30%以上,说明它们能被肠道益生菌发酵利用;绿豆抗性淀粉经消化处理后比表面积增加,经发酵后比表面积更大。绿豆抗性淀粉的平均聚合度较之原淀粉降低了一半,发酵后绿豆抗性淀粉或消化抗性淀粉的平均聚合度继续降低30%以上;绿豆抗性淀粉经消化前后的晶型均为B型,绿豆抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉经发酵后,晶型都转变为A型,微晶度、亚微晶度及总结晶度较之发酵前都明显降低。     

几种抗性淀粉的益生作用及结构变化

采用二次循环压热法制备、纯化得到了绿豆、马铃薯、锥栗和板栗抗性淀粉,并对它们的益生作用及结构变化进行了研究。结果表明：四种抗性淀粉对双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌都有较好的增殖作用,对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌有抑制作用,对粪肠球菌、梭状杆菌、兼性细菌无明显影响。发酵液总酸度增大,表明四种抗性淀粉能被肠道益生菌发酵利用。发酵后抗性淀粉的平均聚合度有所降低,但结构变得更加整齐有序、比表面积增加,这可能与抗性淀粉在肠道所发挥的其他生理功能有关。发酵后四种抗性淀粉经的晶型均变为A型,微晶度降低。     

双歧杆菌对香蕉抗性淀粉的体外发酵研究

通过体外发酵模拟,研究香蕉抗性淀粉对肠道微生物双歧杆菌的增殖作用,以及双歧杆菌对香蕉抗性淀粉的发酵作用。香蕉抗性淀粉经过人工胃液和人工肠液模拟体外消化后,以消化产物为底物,接种大鼠粪便中经特异性培养的双歧杆菌,在厌氧条件下进行体外发酵,分别在发酵4、8、12、16、20 h后取样,测定发酵液的p H值、短链脂肪酸和乳酸的含量。结果表明:培养基中添加香蕉抗性淀粉后,双歧杆菌的数量增加了3.51 log cfu/m L。随着发酵时间的延长,p H值逐渐降低,短链脂肪酸和乳酸含量逐渐升高。发酵20 h后,短链脂肪酸总酸含量达到118.52 mmol/L,乳酸含量达到8.147 mmol/L。实验证明:香蕉抗性淀粉有利于肠道双歧杆菌的生长,并能够被肠道菌利用,维持肠道的酸性环境。     

锥栗直链淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的体外消化及益生元活性

以菊糖与低聚果糖为对照,研究了锥栗直链淀粉与己酸、葵酸、硬脂酸复合物的抗消化作用及益生元效应.试验结果表明:锥栗直链淀粉及其脂肪酸复合物对人工胃液与小肠液都具有不同程度的抗性,其中抗消化作用最强的是分别在60℃和90℃结晶温度下制备的锥栗直链淀粉-脂肪酸复合物(CASC60和CASC90);以两歧双歧杆菌与德氏乳杆菌两株典型的益生菌为研究对象,CASC60和CASC90均表现了良好的益生元活性.因此,CASC60和CASC90具有作为新型益生元开发的潜力.     

4种抗性淀粉的益生作用及结构变化

采用二次循环压热法制备、纯化得到了绿豆、马铃薯、锥栗和板栗抗性淀粉,并对其益生作用及结构变化进行了研究。结果表明:4种抗性淀粉对双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌都有较好的增殖作用,对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌有抑制作用,对粪肠球菌、梭状杆菌、兼性细菌无明显影响。发酵液总酸度增大,表明4种抗性淀粉能被肠道益生菌发酵利用。发酵后抗性淀粉的平均聚合度有所降低,但结构变得更加整齐有序、比表面积增加。发酵后4种抗性淀粉的晶型均变为A型,微晶比例降低。     

抗性淀粉体外消化模拟的研究

采用体外消化模拟方法,研究了抗性淀粉在人工胃肠液和大肠液中的消化吸收情况,并用原淀粉作为对照组。结果表明,抗性淀粉和原淀粉在生理盐水中均没有被分解,生理盐水对抗性淀粉的消化毫无影响。与对照组原淀粉相比,抗性淀粉在人工胃液(pH3、pH4、pH5)和人工肠液(pH6.8)中变化很小,人工胃液和人工肠液对抗性淀粉不起消化作用。抗性淀粉在大肠液中有明显的失重,说明大肠液对抗性淀粉有影响,抗性淀粉能够被大肠中的微生物发酵或部分发酵。从而说明抗性淀粉不能在胃和小肠中消化吸收。     

板栗RS_3型抗性淀粉超声波-酸法制备及体外消化特性的研究

以信阳大板栗为原料,采用超声波-酸解法优化板栗RS_3型抗性淀粉制备工艺,并对板栗RS_3抗性淀粉的体外消化特性进行评价。在制备板栗RS_3型抗性淀粉的单因素试验时发现,淀粉乳浓度、盐酸浓度、超声波温度、超声波处理时间4个因素均对RS_3型抗性淀粉得率有显著影响;以板栗RS_3型抗性淀粉得率为评价指标,通过正交试验得出制备RS_3型板栗抗性淀粉的最佳工艺为:淀粉乳浓度为25%,盐酸浓度为1.5%,超声波温度80℃,超声波处理时间为20 min,RS_3得率为10.39%;板栗RS_3体外消化特性试验表明:板栗RS_3抗性淀粉具有很强的抗消化性;板栗RS_3抗性淀粉在人工胃液消化20min~240min,消化率不足1%;在人工肠液中消化20min~240min,消化率为2.62%~3.90%;板栗RS_3型抗性淀粉经过人工胃液消化4h后,再经人工肠液消化20min~240min,消化率从4.1%上升到9.4%,相比较单独人工胃液和人工肠液而言,抗性淀粉的消化率明显上升,但比板栗淀粉的消化率18.5%~47.8%明显偏低;这一特性为功能性产品的开发提供理论支撑。     

乳酸杆菌作用下香蕉抗性淀粉的体外发酵研究

研究香蕉抗性淀粉在乳酸杆菌作用下的体外酵解作用及其对乳酸杆菌的生长增殖作用。香蕉抗性淀粉经过人工胃液和人工小肠液模拟体外消化后,接种健康大鼠粪便中经选择性培养的乳酸杆菌,模拟在结肠中乳酸杆菌的发酵作用,培养24 h后,观察乳酸杆菌的增殖情况;设定厌氧培养时间分别为0、4、8、12、16、20 h,测定pH值、乳酸和短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)含量在发酵期间的变化。结果表明:培养基中添加香蕉抗性淀粉后,乳酸杆菌的数量增加了3.51 log cfu/mL。随着发酵时间的延长,pH值逐渐降低,短链脂肪酸和乳酸含量逐渐升高;发酵20 h后,短链脂肪酸总酸含量达到113.46 mmol/L,乳酸含量达到4.53 mmol/L。试验证明,经人工胃液和小肠液消化后的香蕉抗性淀粉更有利于肠道中乳酸杆菌的利用,并促进乳酸杆菌的生长繁殖和产酸。     

传统发酵牦牛乳中2株高产胞外多糖乳酸菌在模拟消化道中耐受力的研究

从传统发酵牦牛发酵乳中分离出的2株高产胞外多糖乳酸菌,为了研究其在模拟消化道中耐受力,对2株乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌)分别在人工胃液、人工肠液、人工胆汁和高盐4个模拟人工胃肠道消化环境中进行培养,测其耐受力以及对Caco﹣2细胞的黏附能力。结果表明:植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌在人工胃液中作用3 h的存活率随pH值的增大而增加。在pH4.5时,植物乳杆菌的存活率达到53.63%,干酪乳杆菌的存活率达到50.83%;在人工肠液中作用4h,植物乳杆菌的存活率达到了59.58%,干酪乳杆菌的存活率达到了51.42%;在胆盐环境中培养24 h后的植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌活菌数随牛胆盐质量浓度的增加而降低,活菌数均保持在108cfu/m L以上;在高盐环境中培养24 h后的活菌数随盐质量浓度的增加而降低,活菌数均在108 cfu/mL以上;并且2株乳酸菌的黏附能力也很强,植物乳杆菌可以达到16.83%、干酪乳杆菌可以达到14.86%。结论:植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌均能通过胃进入肠道并保持活力,而且能在肠道很好地定植,为植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌作为益生菌应用在食品中提供了理论基础。     

甘薯交联抗性淀粉热力学性质与消化性研究

根据膨胀度、糊化度及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测得热力学参数,综合分析甘薯交联抗性淀粉和原淀粉热力学性质,并采用Jenkins提出In–vitro模型测定淀粉体外消化性。结果表明:在同一温度下,甘薯交联抗性淀粉膨胀度和糊化度均较原淀粉低,且交联剂用量越高,淀粉膨胀度和糊化度越小;DSC测试结果显示,甘薯交联抗性淀粉相转变温度To、Tp、Tc随交联剂用量增加而升高,Tc–To和△H均比原淀粉低。In–vitro消化模拟实验表明,甘薯交联抗性淀粉消化性比原淀粉低,并随交联剂含量增加,消化产物量减少,消化速度降低。     

常用淀粉对甘薯粉糊化特性的影响

利用Brabender粘度仪考察了几种常用淀粉对甘薯粉糊化特性的影响，认为马铃薯、甘薯淀粉使甘薯粉糊化温度降低，玉米、木薯淀粉则使其升高；甘薯、玉米淀粉使甘薯粉糊化时间延长。添加各种淀粉均可使甘薯粉的峰谷粘度提高；马铃薯、玉米淀粉还可大幅度提高其峰值粘度。但马铃薯淀粉粘度破损值大，玉米淀粉破损值小、峰谷粘度高。     

Hydrothermal modifications of tropical tuber starches – Effect of ANN on the physicochemical,rheological and gelatinization characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches were hydrothermally modified by ANN under different conditions of temperature, moisture and time duration of treatment and the properties are compared. ANN brought about changes in swelling volume, solubility, gelatinization and rheological properties. The three starches behaved differently after the treatment. All the three tuber starches showed decrease in swelling volume after ANN treatment. The solubility decreased for cassava starch, whereas it slightly increased for majority of annealed sweet potato starches and significantly increased for arrowroot starch. For cassava starch, there was a decrease in peak viscosity, but for the other two starches, it increased after ANN. Differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that ANN resulted in a narrowing of DSC patterns for all the starches. The effect of ANN on the dynamic rheological properties was found to depend up on the source of starch. The modification resulted in increased gel hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness and decreased springiness for the starch gels. Tuber starches became less susceptible to enzyme action after ANN.     

Hydrothermal Modifications of Tropical Tuber Starches. 1. Effect of Heat‐Moisture Treatment on the Physicochemical,Rheological and Gelatinization Characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches have been subjected to heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) under different conditions using a response surface design of the variables. A comparative study was performed on the pasting properties, swelling behaviour and the gelatinization properties of the modified starches and also on the rheological and textural properties of their pastes. X‐ray diffraction studies have shown that cassava starch exhibited a slight decrease in crystallinity, whereas sweet potato and arrowroot starches showed an increase in crystallinity after HMT at 120ºC for 14 h with 20% moisture. The swelling volume was reduced and the solubility was enhanced for all three starches after HMT, but both effects were more pronounced in the case of arrowroot starch. The decrease in paste clarity of the starch after HMT was higher in the case of cassava and sweet potato starches. Viscosity studies showed that the peak viscosity of all three starches decreased after HMT, but the paste stability increased as seen from the reduced breakdown ratio and setback viscosity. Studies on rheological properties have shown that storage and loss moduli were higher for the starches heat‐moisture treated at higher moisture and lower temperature levels than the corresponding native starches. Storage of the gel at ‐20ºC resulted in a significant increase in storage modulus for all the three starches. All the textural parameters of the gels were altered after the treatment which depended on the nature of the starch and also the treatment condition.     

Effect of debranching and storage condition on crystallinity and functional properties of cassava and potato starches

Debranching starch by pullulanase is considered to improve the RS content of starch which is widely used to produce the starch‐based foods with high‐health benefit impacts. In this study, the cassava and potato starches were debranched by pullulanase, followed by an autoclave treatment and storage at −18°C, 4°C, or 25°C to investigate their crystallinity and functional properties. After debranching, the potato starch contained significantly higher CL (35.4 glucose units) than did the cassava starch (32.4 glucose units). The debranched cassava and potato starches after retrogradation at the storage temperatures had a typical B‐type crystalline structure although the native cassava and potato starches exhibited the different crystalline forms (A‐ and B‐type, respectively). The RS contents of the debranched cassava and potato starches significantly improved with higher RS content of the debranched potato starch than that of the debranched cassava starch at the same storage condition. The storage temperature significantly affected the RS formation of the debranched starches with the highest RS content at storage temperature of −18°C (35 and 48% for the debranched cassava and potato starches, respectively). The debranched starches had significantly lower viscosities and paste clarities but higher solubilities than did the native starches. As a result, the debranched cassava and potato starches can be considered for use not only in functional foods with enhanced health benefits but also in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.     

薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响

为研究薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响,测定了红薯淀粉（SPS1、SPS2、SPS3）、马铃薯淀粉（PS）、木薯淀粉（CS）的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度,分析了这些性质与鱼面品质之间的关系。结果表明:不同薯类淀粉的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉的糊化温度（78.37~79.97 ℃）最高,马铃薯淀粉的粒径、溶解度及膨胀度最大。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面的质构特性、煮制品质、感官评价及色泽均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。红薯淀粉加工鱼面的硬度显著大于马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉中SPS3加工鱼面的硬度最大。马铃薯淀粉加工鱼面的拉伸强度、吸水率及煮制损失率最大。SPS2加工鱼面的感官评价最高,CS加工鱼面的最低。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面干燥前的色泽在亮度、红绿值和白度上差异显著（P<0.05）,但对鱼面干燥后的色泽影响并不明显。根据综合评分的大小对鱼面的品质进行排序为:SPS2>SPS1>SPS3>PS>CS。淀粉的糊化特性、直链淀粉含量、粒径与鱼面的品质具有显著的相关性（P<0.05）。     

The effects of blackcurrant and strawberry powder on the physicochemical and in vitro glycaemic response of starches derived from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Phenolic compounds have been shown to deliver numerous health benefits. Research has also shown that starch and phenolic compounds interact. This study aimed to investigate the effects of blackcurrant and strawberry powder on the physicochemical and in vitro predicted glycaemic response of sweet potato and potato starches. Sweet potato, or potato, starches were mixed with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) of blackcurrant, or strawberry, powder, to form blackcurrant and strawberry-enriched starch pastes. The results showed that enrichment with 5%, 10% and 15% blackcurrant or strawberry powder for sweet potato and potato starch significantly altered the pasting viscosity and colour profiles (P < 0.05), increased the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of starch pastes (P < 0.05). Blackcurrant or strawberry powders mixed with sweet potato or potato starches reduced amount of reducing sugar released during in vitro digestion. Addition of 15% blackcurrant powder for the starch exerted stronger in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties than that of 15% strawberry powder. Collectively, these findings suggested that addition of blackcurrant or strawberry powder into sweet potato and potato starches manipulated the hypoglycaemic property of pastes.     

6种不同种类直支链淀粉相互混合对其回生的影响

目的 研究6种不同种类直支链淀粉相互混合对其回生的影响。方法 将玉米淀粉、甘薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、糯米淀粉、小麦淀粉等6种不同种类直支链淀粉分离出来, 然后两两混合, 研究不同直支链混合对其回生率的影响。 结果 马铃薯支链淀粉与甘薯支链淀粉以2:8(m:m)混合回生率最低, 为60.0%, 玉米支链淀粉与木薯支链淀粉以8:2(m:m)混合回生率最低为52.6%, 小麦支链淀粉与糯米支链淀粉以8:2(m:m)混合回生率最低为51.2%, 甘薯支链淀粉与小麦支链淀粉以1:1(m:m)混合回生率最低为53.7%。木薯支链淀粉与小麦直链淀粉以1:1(m:m)混合时所得淀粉回生率最大, 达到了92.0%, 混合淀粉回生后X射线晶型为B型。结论 不同种类直支链淀粉混合对其回生率影响很大, 食品加工中尽量不要混合使用木薯支链淀粉与小麦直链淀粉。