Improved Diet Quality and Increased Nutrient Intakes Associated with Grape Product Consumption by U.S. Children and Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2008

Fruit contributes to dietary nutrient density and consumption of fruit in several forms (whole, dried, or 100% juice) has been reported to be associated with a healthier dietary pattern. The goal of this study was to examine the associations of the consumption of grapes (including fresh grapes, raisins, and 100% grape juice) with diet quality and food group/nutrient intake. A secondary analysis of Natl. Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2008 data was conducted to compare grape consumers (GC) with nongrape consumers (NGC) among children aged 2 to 19 y (n = 9622) and adults 20+ y (n = 12251). GC were defined as those who mentioned the consumption of fresh grapes, raisins, or 100% grape juice during 1 or both 24‐h recall interviews. Compared to NGC, GC had higher Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI‐2005) scores and higher intakes of total and whole fruit along with lower intakes of solid fat, added sugars, and calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars (SoFAAS). Among adults, GC also had higher intakes than NGC of total and dark green/orange vegetables. Among both age groups, GC had higher intake than NGC of several key nutrients including dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Consumption of grape products is associated with a healthier dietary pattern and higher intake of key nutrients by both children and adults.     

Satisfying America's Fruit Gap: Summary of an Expert Roundtable on the Role of 100% Fruit Juice

The 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recognize the role of 100% fruit juice in health and in helping people meet daily fruit recommendations and state that 100% fruit juice is a nutrient‐dense beverage that should be a primary choice, along with water and low‐fat/fat‐free milk. The DGAs note that children are consuming 100% fruit juice within recommendations (that is, 120 to 180 mL/d for children aged 1 to 6 y and 236 to 355 mL/d for children aged 7 to 18 y). Evidence shows that compared to nonconsumers, those who consume 100% fruit juice come closer to meeting daily fruit needs and have better diet quality. In children, 100% fruit juice is associated with increased intakes of nutrients such as vitamin C, folate, and potassium. When consumed within the DGA recommendations, 100% fruit juice is not associated with overweight/obesity or childhood dental caries and does not compromise fiber intake. Preliminary data suggest that polyphenols in some 100% fruit juices may inhibit absorption of naturally occurring sugars. Given its role in promoting health and in helping people meet fruit needs, experts participating in a roundtable discussion agreed that there is no science‐based reason to restrict access to 100% fruit juice in public health nutrition policy and programs such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Reducing or eliminating 100% fruit juice could lead to unintended consequences such as reduced daily fruit intake and increased consumption of less nutritious beverages (for example, sugar‐sweetened beverages).     

100% citrus juice: Nutritional contribution,dietary benefits,and association with anthropometric measures

Citrus juices such as 100% orange (OJ) and grapefruit juice (GJ) are commonly consumed throughout the world. This review examines the contributions of OJ and GJ to nutrient intake, diet quality, and fruit intake, and supports citrus juices as nutrient-dense beverages. This review also explores the research examining associations between OJ and GJ intake and anthropometric measures. Citrus juices are excellent sources of vitamin C and contribute other key nutrients such as potassium, folate, magnesium, and vitamin A. OJ intake has been associated with better diet quality in children and adults. OJ intake has not been associated with adverse effects on weight or other body measures in observational studies in children and adults. In adults, some observational studies report more favorable body mass index or body measure parameters in OJ consumers compared to nonconsumers. Intervention studies in adults report no negative impacts of OJ or GJ consumption on anthropometric measures, although these measures were typically not the primary outcomes examined in the studies. Moderate consumption of citrus juices may provide meaningful nutritional and dietary benefits and do not appear to negatively impact body weight, body composition, or other anthropometric measures in children and adults.     

Fruit consumption and adiposity status in adults: A systematic review of current evidence

The aim of this review was to update current understanding of the potential association between fruit consumption and adiposity status in adult populations. Electronic databases were searched from January 1, 1997 to the search date of August 15, 2014, retrieving 4382 abstracts that were reviewed for eligibility: randomized controlled trial (RCT) or prospective cohort (PC), published in English, assessing the effect of whole fruit or fruit juice consumption on adiposity in healthy adult populations. Quality ratings for the 11 included RCTs were either positive (n = 2), neutral (n = 8), or negative (n = 1), while the six included PCs were either positive (n = 4) or neutral (n = 2). Consumption of whole fruit was found to contribute to a reduced risk for long-term weight gain in middle-aged adults. Experimental trials suggest this beneficial effect of whole fruit is mediated by a reduction in total energy intake. Fruit juice, however, had an opposing effect, promoting weight gain over the long term. This review reinforces national food-based dietary guidelines, encouraging the consumption of whole fruits and replacing fruit juices with plain water, as part of a broader set of dietary strategies to reduce total dietary energy intake in adult populations.     

Metabolic impact of 100% fruit juice consumption on antioxidant/oxidant status and lipid profiles of adults: An Evidence-Based review

One hundred percent fruit juice (FJ) contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. As such, this fruit form has the potential to improve antioxidant status and mediate outcomes influenced by redox status. A systematic review of the literature published between 1995 and 2013 was conducted using PubMed database to evaluate associations between intake of 100% FJ and markers of antioxidant/oxidant status and blood lipid levels in healthy, free-living adults ≥18 years. Data extraction and analysis was conducted according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. Limited evidence from ten clinical trials meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria suggests potential improvements in a variety of antioxidant or oxidants biomarkers postconsumption of 100% FJ. Weak evidence from five studies suggests that one or more blood lipid measures may be positively influenced by consumption of 100% FJ. Heterogeneity in study methodology including biomarkers, 100% FJ type, dosage, and intervention duration precludes the ability to make evidence-based recommendations regarding a specific dose-duration-juice effect. Key characteristics in study designs were identified which must either be controlled or statistically adjusted for in future investigations in order to obtain a more accurate understanding of the complex relationship between metabolic outcomes and consumption of 100% FJ in context of a healthy dietary pattern.     

A comparison of nutrient density scores for 100% fruit juices

ABSTRACT:  The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that consumers choose a variety of nutrient-dense foods. Nutrient density is usually defined as the quantity of nutrients per calorie. Food and nutrition professionals should be aware of the concept of nutrient density, how it might be quantified, and its potential application in food labeling and dietary guidance. This article presents the concept of a nutrient density score and compares nutrient density scores for various 100% fruit juices. One hundred percent fruit juices are popular beverages in the United States, and although they can provide concentrated sources of a variety of nutrients, they can differ considerably in their nutrient profiles. Six methodologies were used to quantify nutrient density and 7 100% fruit juices were included in the analysis: apple, grape, pink grapefruit, white grapefruit, orange, pineapple, and prune. Food composition data were obtained from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18. Application of the methods resulted in nutrient density scores with a range of values and magnitudes. The relative scores indicated that citrus juices, particularly pink grapefruit and orange juice, were more nutrient dense compared to the other nonfortified 100% juices included in the analysis. Although the methods differed, the relative ranking of the juices based on nutrient density score was similar for each method. Issues to be addressed regarding the development and application of a nutrient density score include those related to food fortification, nutrient bioavailability, and consumer education and behavior.     

Concentration of morpholine residues in major fruits and juices and its dietary exposure in China

Morpholine is a common chemical used as emulsifier in the preparation of wax coatings for some fruit to help them remain fresh and protect against insects and fungal contamination. It has been reported that morpholine has acute toxic effects on rodents. In the present study, morpholine concentrations were analysed in fruits (citrus fruits, apples, strawberries and grapes) and juices (apple juice and orange juice) in order to determine dietary exposure among the Chinese population. A total of 732 fruit and juice samples were collected during 2015–2016, which covered major foods in China. Fruit and juice consumption data were taken from China National Nutrient and Health Survey (2002) and include data from 16,407 fruit or juice consumers. It was found that mean dietary exposure to morpholine residues from fruits and/or juices for general Chinese consumers and children 2–6 years old were 0.42 and 1.24 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The 97.5% intake in general Chinese consumers and children 2–6 years old were 2.25 and 6.90 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary food sources of the morpholine dietary intake of general Chinese consumers were citrus fruits (57.4%) and apples (40.8%). These findings suggested that dietary exposure to morpholine in the Chinese population was lower than the acceptable daily intake of morpholine, and there are no health concerns.     

结核病患者膳食多样化及营养素摄入情况调查分析

目的:了解结核病患者各类营养素摄入情况及膳食多样化水平。方法:采用横断面调查方法,随机抽取山东省临沂市结核病患者1095人,采用24h膳食回顾方法及食物频率法调查结核病患者营养素摄入情况。膳食多样化评分(DDS),按1周内每消费1类食物计1分,2类食物计2分,总分不超过9分,分析并评价其饮食行为。结果:结核病患者DDS均值为5.06分,得4分者比例达到20.9%;不同性别的DDS值存在差异,女性显著高于男性(p<0.05)。结核病患者的DDS值与年龄之间存在显著负相关关系,相关系数为-0.145(p<0.05)。体重指数在18.5—25.0之间的肺结核患者DDS分值逐渐降低,相关系数为-0.73(p<0.05)。膳食调查结果显示:结核病患者每人日能量平均摄入量为1681kcal,仅为推荐摄入量(RNI)的70.03%。钙和锌摄入量分别为272.27mg和7.53mg,仅为RNI的34%和49%,视黄醇当量(238.67μg)、硫胺素(0.49mg)和核黄素(0.51mg)摄入水平严重偏低,不足RNI的50%。结论:结核病患者多种营养素摄入不足,膳食结构有待改善。     

住院儿童膳食营养素摄入情况调查

目的：调查了解住院儿童膳食营养素摄入情况。方法：对326名住院患儿进行连续5d的膳食调查,用营养评价软件对其进行营养素摄入分析,与中国营养学会1988年修订的每日膳食营养素供给量（RDA）进行比较。结果：住院患儿存在能量（小于80％RDA）、蛋白质（小于80％RDA）和脂肪摄入不足,维生素A（28％-38％RDA）、维生素D（63％-75％RDA）、维生素B,（42％12％RDA）,以及钙（24％-6％RDA）、铁（40％-74％RDA）、锌（40％—67％RDA）摄入缺乏,而钠（104％-190％RDA）摄入过多。膳食结构中豆类、奶蛋类及其制品（分别小于8％和9％RDA）比例较少。结论：住院患儿膳食营养素摄入不平衡,应保证热卡和蛋白质摄入,增加豆类及奶蛋类,补充含VA、VD,以及含钙、铁、锌较高的食物。     

The Role of Dairy Products in Healthy Weight and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents

Overweight and obesity are major public health concerns with approximately 32% and 17% of U.S. children aged 2 - 19 being classified as overweight or obese, respectively. While the cause of overweight and obesity is multi-factorial, changes in eating habits and physical activity patterns have been proposed as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic. For example, the displacement of nutrient rich foods and beverages with non-nutrient dense items may be influencing childhood obesity. Many children do not consume the recommended servings of the Food Groups to Encourage, i.e. low-fat and fat-free dairy foods, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains identified by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans which results in low intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin E. While attention has focused primarily on reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure for weight maintenance, a promising beneficial role for dairy products in weight management has emerged. Most research has focused on adults, but there is evidence in children and adolescents indicating either a beneficial or neutral effect of dairy food consumption on body weight or body composition. The current review provides and assessment of the scientific evidence on the effects of dairy food consumption on body weight and body composition in children and adolescents.     

孕中期女性营养素补充剂使用状况分析

目的：了解孕期女性在怀孕期间各种营养素补充剂的使用情况,为进一步针对孕期营养指导和干预提供科学依据。方法：在北京医院产科常规查体的孕妇在孕22w记录3d的饮食记录,其中包含营养素补充剂的使用情况。计算出3d饮食及营养素补充剂中主要营养素的摄入量等。结果：孕期多种营养素补充剂的使用率均超过50％（其中钙62．7％、铁56．9％、锌55．6％、维生素A54．2％、B族维生素56．2％）,钙的摄入量仍然偏低,平均为891．39±359．93mg／d,其它主要营养素的摄入量均达到推荐摄入量;但没有使用孕期营养素补充剂的孕妇,除了维生素c以外,多数营养素均低于中国居民膳食推荐摄入量。结论：营养素补充剂在孕妇每日饮食摄入中占据重要作用,孕期应合理补充。     

北京大学医学部集体就餐学生营养调查

分析集体就餐学生群体能量摄入量和各种营养素摄入水平。方便抽样集体就餐学生共40名作为调查对象,通过称重法与24h膳食回顾法分别估算能量和营养素水平。在3d时间内,男生的平均能量摄入量为2 260±588kcal/d;女生为2 022±461kcal/d,低于我国目前现行的轻体力活动成年男女能量推荐量。男女生各餐供能比分别为早餐14.2%、23.0%;午餐31.5%、24.4%;晚餐39.6%、27.6%;三餐外进食分别为14.7%和25.0%。3大营养素供能比(碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质)男生分别为51.4%、35.2%、13.4%;女生分别为50.7%、36.1%、13.2%。膳食中矿物质和维生素摄入量普遍不足。膳食结构中脂肪提供的能量比例增加,早餐供能比过低,蔬菜水果和乳制品摄入量不足,矿物质维生素未达到推荐量是目前该群体普遍现象,应增加在校集体就餐学生食物品种的多样性,对大学生集体就餐群体制定相应干预策略。     

Effects of free access to sugar solutions on the control of energy intake

Energy balance is achieved as the result of both central and peripheral regulators working together. Sugar intake can cause a disruption in energy balance that can increase the risk of the onset of obesity. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between sugar consumption and obesity. We have summarized the current evidence that shows how sugars, typically sugar-sweetened solutions, affect the control of energy intake. Solution consumption affects both peripheral (triglycerides, glucocorticoids, and adiposity hormone) and central (typically hypothalamus) mechanisms. We have concluded this review with an attempt to explain how sugar consumption induces changes in body weight that lead to obesity and/or associated metabolic diseases.     

Antioxidative activity and general fruit characteristics in different traditional orange [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus sinensis</Emphasis> (L.) Osbeck] varieties

Genotypic variation in some attributes related to fruit quality and total antioxidative activity (TAA) were evaluated in 16 traditional orange varieties and in the Naveline variety, nowadays the most commonly cultivated in Spain. Significant differences were found in fruit weight, soluble solid content, titratable acidity and scores for sensory analysis among orange varieties. TAA in orange juice ranged between ca. 40 and 140 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g of juice depending on variety, and contributed to the TAA of the fruits edible tissues by more than 99.5%. TAA in orange juice correlated to ascorbic acid concentration, and was responsible for 50–82% of the TAA evaluated. According to the TAAs of the orange fruits and the sensory analysis results, Guasi, Newhall and Capuchina varieties would be the most appropriate for consumption, owing to their desirable organoleptic properties, and in order to increase the dietary intake of antioxidative compounds and their health-promoting effects.     

北京市一级一类幼儿园儿童膳食营养供给现状分析与评价

目的:分析并评价北京市一级一类幼儿园学龄前儿童膳食营养和身体发育状况,为制定幼儿园儿童科学合理的膳食供给提供依据。方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法选取北京市五所一级一类幼儿园共计1 656名儿童采用称量法和记账法进行连续5d膳食调查;依照标准进行体格检查和评价;同时测定血红蛋白。结果:幼儿园儿童锌、钙、维生素B1和维生素A的摄入不足,能量和其余营养素摄取均达到了参考摄入的标准。5所幼儿园中等及上等发育水平的比例WAZ为99.9%,HAZ为99.8%,WHZ为99.9%,儿童的发育水平较好。低体重、生长迟缓和消瘦的检出率分别为0.1%、0.2%和0.1%;超重和肥胖的检出率分别为6.3%和5.3%。贫血的患病率为0.7%。结论:北京市一级一类幼儿园儿童营养摄入与生长发育状态较好,但有部分微量营养素供给不足,能量过剩导致的超重和肥胖问题也比较突出,应当进一步加强托幼机构科学合理的膳食指导。     

Dietary assessment of refugees living in camps: a case study of Mae La Camp, Thailand

This study presents data on consumption patterns, methods of food procurement, and adequacy of dietary intake among Burmese refugee camp households living along Thailand's border with Burma. Households established for one or more years and with children under 15 years of age were sampled. A questionnaire was used to determine economic, food-consumption, and dietary intake patterns; foods consumed were weighed and measured using a 24-hour recall for the household unit; and nutritional status was determined by a Microtoise tape and digital standing scales. In total, 182 households containing 1,159 people were surveyed. The average household energy and protein intakes were 96.6% and 111.4%, respectively, of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for healthy Thais. Twelve percent of protein was derived from animal sources. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat accounted for 84%, 9%, and 7% of total energy, respectively. The intake of vitamins A, B1, B2, and C and of calcium ranged from 24.2% to 53.1% of the RDA. Iron intake was 85.3% of the RDA, derived mainly from rice, fermented fish, mung beans, green leafy vegetables, and eggs. Ration foods supplied 60.5% to 98.18% of all nutrients consumed in the households, with the exception of vitamins A and C. Among children under five years of age, 33.7% were underweight, 36.4% were studied, and 8.7% were wasted. Although the refugees were able to procure some nonration foods by foraging, planting trees and vegetables, raising animals, and purchasing and exchanging ration foods for other items, the quantity and quality were not sufficient to compensate for the nutrients that were low or lacking in the ration. The overwhelming majority of dietary nutrients were provided by ration foods, and although the ration and the overall diet may be adequate for short-term subsistence, they do not suffice for long-term survival and optimal growth, especially for younger children.     

Bioavailability of vitamins

In recent years, there has been a reduction in caloric intake in populations with decreased energy demands. This has place a greater emphasis on the bioavailability of nutrients in foods because the total intake of nutrients is generally closely linked with total caloric intake. An assessment of the adequacy of dietary intakes of nutrients requires not only knowledge of the nutrient content of the foods ingested but also the extent to which the nutrient present in the diet is available for absorption and utilization. Nutrients ingested but not released during the digestive process for absorption are of no nutritional value. Bioavailability may be considered the relative absorption of a nutrient from the diet. An index of bioavailability may be extended to include the relative accumulation of a nutrient into various tissues. Various nutrients and dietary components interfere with the bioavailability of vitamins. Hence, requirements for vitamins cannot be considered independently, but must be evaluated in relationship to other nutrients and compounds consumed by an individual. An overview has been presented as to the factors that influence the bioavailability of vitamins in the human food supply.     

2011年北京市顺义区居民膳食营养摄入状况调查

调查2011年北京市顺义区居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,按全区经济发展程度和地理位置分为城区、经济发达农村、经济欠发达农村三层。每层随机选取两个社区或乡村,在每个社区或乡村随机选取463户1761人作为研究对象,研究每个调查户所有成员食物消费、营养素摄入以及营养素的食物来源情况。结果 顺义区居民谷类、豆类、蛋类、蔬菜摄入较合理,水果、奶类和鱼虾类食物摄入偏低,分别为建议摄入量的50%、17%和13%。肉类、油和盐的摄入量偏高,分别超出推荐值的2%、88%和78%。能量摄入下降趋势明显,维生素A、B₁、B₂、钙的摄入量占推荐摄入量(RNI)的百分比偏低,分别为72.3%、64.3%、57.1%和50%,脂肪供能比偏高,蛋白质质量有待提高。结论 北京市顺义区居民部分营养素摄入不足,需优化膳食结构。     

常熟市城乡居民膳食结构分析

目的:了解常熟市城乡居民膳食结构及营养素摄入情况,为改善居民膳食现状、制定符合本地实际的营养干预政策提供依据。方法:采用3日称重、24h膳食回顾和食物频率调查问卷相结合的膳食调查方法,由专业调查员入户进行食品称重、问卷询问和记录。结果:常熟市调查人群的膳食结构不尽合理,存在着水果、奶类等摄入偏低,植物油和食盐等摄入过量,总能量、膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、钾、镁、锌、硒等营养素摄入量不足,钠、铁超过参考摄入量等问题。结论:必须采取综合措施,加强膳食指南的健康教育和营养干预,从而提高营养与健康水平,预防和控制营养相关疾病。     

我国婴幼儿配方乳粉的营养素分布

目的对我国婴幼儿配方乳粉产品的营养素进行统计分析,为相关营养和产品研究提供参考。方法选取获注册的1195个婴幼儿配方乳粉产品,分析其营养素分布情况。结果我国婴幼儿配方乳粉的能量集中在2000～2100 kJ/100 g, 1段配方蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物含量集中在10.5～12.0 g/100 g、23.7～28.1 g/100 g和50.8～58.0g/100g,供能比近似1:4.5:4.5;2、3段配方蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物含量基本集中在13.8～19.2 g/100 g、16.9～25.6 g/100 g和48.7～58.6 g/100 g,供能比近似1:2.9:3.1;同适用年龄段配方的维生素和矿物质指标差异比较大, 2、3段配方的维生素和矿物质差异比较接近;超过80%的配方会选择5～11种营养强化成分。结论婴幼儿配方乳粉产品的营养素分布差异性较大,考虑产品推荐摄入量的差异,婴幼儿摄入的营养素具有较大差异,可跟踪评价这种差异对婴幼儿生长发育的影响。