深层发酵生产红菇菌丝体和多糖的培养基优化研究

研究了采用液体发酵法生产红菇菌丝体及红菇多糖的发酵培养基。研究了碳源、氮源和金属离子对红菇细胞生长及红菇多糖的影响。结果表明:葡萄糖作为最佳碳源有利于细胞生长和胞内外多糖等代谢产物的积累而获得高的多糖产率;酵母膏作为最适氮源能获得最高的菌丝生物量、胞外多糖产量和多糖产率,尽管此时胞内多糖处于一个稍低水平;金属离子也对细胞生长具有影响,在锌离子存在的情形下能够获得最佳的细胞生长及代谢产物累积效果。在最优化培养基的条件下,细胞干重、胞外多糖、胞内多糖、总多糖及多糖产率分别达到20.94g/L,1.54g/L,78.11mg/g,2.95g/L和8.13%。     

白灵菇产胞外多糖液体培养条件优化

以菌丝体生物量及发酵液中胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides,EPS)含量为指标对白灵菇产胞外多糖的液体培养基组成和发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,最适碳源是麦芽糖,最适氮源是酵母膏。正交实验确定最佳培养基组成为麸皮200g/L,麦芽糖25g/L,酵母膏3g/L,KH2PO41g/L,MgSO·47H2O1g/L。最佳发酵条件为起始pH8.0,培养温度25℃,摇床转速160r/min,装液量100mL/250mL,接种量0.50cm2菌种块,发酵时间4d。在此条件下,白灵菇菌丝体生物量(0.413g/100mL)及胞外多糖含量(2403.2mg/L)分别是对照(0.177g/100mL和664.533mg/L)的2.3倍和3.6倍。     

云芝菌株CV1液体发酵的工艺研究

利用CV1菌株液体发酵生产云芝多糖,分别考察培养基碳源、培养基氮源、碳源浓度、氮源浓度、无机盐对该菌株产云芝多糖性能的影响,采用正交实验法确立了云芝CV1产胞外多糖的最佳培养基:蔗糖:4%,大豆粉:5%;KH2PO4:0.1%;MgSO4:0.1%;在摇床转速:200r/min、发酵温度:26-28℃、发酵周期:65h、培养基初始pH值:自然条件下云芝CV1的胞外粗多糖(EPS)含量可达7.458g/L,菌丝体(Biomass)可达64.619g/L。     

基于胞外多糖和菌丝生物量的香菇发酵培养基优化

为研究液体发酵培养基对香菇胞外多糖和菌丝生物量的影响,以秦巴山区香菇808菌株为试材,采用Plackett-Burman设计实验、最陡爬坡实验和响应曲面法对其液体发酵培养基的碳源、氮源和其它营养物质进行优化。结果表明,香菇胞外多糖发酵培养基的最佳组合是(g/500 m L):蔗糖7.18,玉米粉15.00,麦麸14.05,酵母膏0.35,KH2PO40.50,Mg SO4·7H2O 0.50,p H自然,胞外多糖实测值为0.967 g/500 m L;香菇菌丝生物量发酵培养基的最佳组合是(g/500 m L):蔗糖7.18,玉米粉15.00,麦麸14.05,酵母膏0.35,KH2PO40.75,Mg SO4·7H2O 0.50,p H自然,菌丝生物量实测值为28.146 g/500 m L。优化后的香菇胞外多糖产量和菌丝生物量较优化前分别提高12.44%和11.00%。此研究结果可为香菇液体发酵的中试生产提供理论依据。     

冬虫夏草液体发酵生产多糖和菌丝体的研究

本实验采用液体发酵冬虫夏草生产菌丝体和多糖。通过单因素试验,确定利用蔗糖酵母膏液体培养基发酵生产多糖和菌丝体的最佳条件为：接种量5%、温度26℃、培养时间4d,通气流量1L/min。     

产茁霉多糖菌株的筛选和初步发酵

通过对3株产茁霉多糖菌株出芽短梗霉As3.0933,CICC40333和GIM3.44的发酵性能进行比较,选择出一株多糖产量高、多糖转化率高和产色素水平低的菌株,同时研究了培养基组分和发酵条件对该菌株发酵的影响.结果表明:As3.0933菌株的多糖产量(4.75 g/L)和多糖转化率(9.51%)为最高,色素产量居中,As3.0933可作为进一步诱变研究的出发菌株;发酵最佳碳源为蔗糖,浓度70 g/L,最佳氮源NH4NO3和酵母膏,浓度分别为0.2g/L和1 g/L.最优发酵条件为初始pH6、温度28℃、装液量30%、摇瓶转速200 r/min.在此条件下,As3.0933多糖产量为8.42 g/L(多糖转化率为12.03%).     

不同发酵条件对酿酒酵母产胞内胞壁多糖的影响

为提高酿酒酵母产多糖能力,了解酿酒酵母生长情况、代谢中间产物等特性,实现对酵母菌的综合利用,进一步扩大微生物多糖来源范围,本文对酿酒酵母发酵培养基中的碳源、氮源及碳源、氮源浓度配比对胞内及胞壁多糖产量的影响进行了研究,同时通过正交试验,对pH、装液量、时间、接种量等发酵条件进行了优化。得出发酵培养基最佳组合：葡萄糖5%、酵母浸粉0.5%、KH2PO40.1%。用此培养基,胞内多糖高产最佳发酵条件为培养基初始pH 5.0,装液量60mL/250mL,接种量为5%,发酵时间为2d,产量可达5.650mg/mL;胞壁多糖高产最佳发酵条件为初始pH为5.0,装液量为50mL/250mL,接种量为5%,产量为0.489mg/mL。     

海洋弧菌Vibrio sp.prol产碱性蛋白酶发酵条件的研究

对一株产碱性蛋白酶海洋弧菌(Vibrio sp.prol)的发酵条件进行了单因素和正交试验,研究了不同碳源、无机氮源、pH值、温度、装液量、接种量等对产酶的影响.结果表明,液体培养基最佳组成为蛋白胨5.0g/L,酵母膏1.0g/L,硝酸钾0.6g/L,氯化镁4.0g/L.摇瓶培养的最佳条件为初始pH值为8.5,发酵温度33℃,装液量40.0mL,接种量2.0mL,优化后产酶量提高了6.3倍.     

海洋弧菌Vibrio sp.pro1产碱性蛋白酶发酵条件的研究

对一株产碱性蛋白酶海洋弧菌(Vibrio sp.pro1)的发酵条件进行了单因素和正交试验,研究了不同碳源、无机氮源、pH值、温度、装液量、接种量等对产酶的影响。结果表明,液体培养基最佳组成为蛋白胨5.0g/L,酵母膏1.0g/L,硝酸钾0.6g/L,氯化镁4.0g/L。摇瓶培养的最佳条件为初始pH值为8.5,发酵温度33℃,装液量40.0mL,接种量2.0mL,优化后产酶量提高了6.3倍。     

液体发酵生产古尼虫草多糖的营养条件优化

以提高古尼虫草菌丝体多糖的产量为目的,对古尼虫草液体发酵的营养条件进行优化.以三角瓶摇床培养中胞内多糖产量作为优化指标,对培养基中碳源、氮源的种类及添加量进行了筛选.碳源单因素实验结果表明最佳碳源为蔗糖,添加量为4％,此时胞内多糖产量高达147.40mg/100mL;氮源单因素实验结果显示蛋白胨为最佳氮源,添加量为1.0％,此时胞内多糖产量高达102.49mg/100mL.正交实验优化后营养条件为:蔗糖4％,蛋白胨1.0％,KH2PO40.05％,MgSO4·7H20 0.1％,在此条件下,多糖产量可达(181.5±2.3) mg/100mL.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.