酸酶结合法制备葡甘露低聚糖的工艺研究

本文采用酸酶结合的方法制备葡甘露低聚糖,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳工艺条件为:酸解时间1.5 h,酶解温度55℃,HCl浓度0.07 mol/L,酸解温度85℃,加酶量6000 U/g,底物质量浓度80 g/L.因素影响大小顺序为:酸解时间＞酶解温度＞HCl浓度＞酸解温度＞加酶量＞底物质量浓度.     

碱性过氧化氢预处理后汽爆玉米秸秆半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇

为了实现纤维素乙醇生产的"三高"(高浓度、高转化率和高发酵效率)指标,以复合预处理处理后的玉米秸秆为基质,探究其半同步糖化发酵工艺过程。通过对其高底物浓度预酶解过程特性考察,确定其最佳预酶解工艺为:在加酶量30 FPU/g干基质和50℃下,以15.6%(w/v)为起始基质浓度,在酶解12 h时补加相当于20%(w/v)初始基质浓度的干物料后继续酶解24 h。在最佳预酶解工艺基础上,探究了培养基成分和培养条件对乙醇发酵的影响,确定了发酵过程工艺:酵母提取物16 g/L、接种龄20 h、接种量0.6 g干菌体/L、发酵温度39℃和PEG4000 0.01 g/g干基质。在最佳的半同糖化发酵工艺下,发酵24 h后,乙醇产量达73.75 g/L,发酵效率为3.07 g/(L·h),转化率为61%。结果表明通过补料半同步糖化发酵过程可以实现高浓度和高发酵效率双重目标,这有利于推进纤维素乙醇生产的工业化发展。     

绿色木霉和黑曲霉协同酶解稻草秸秆纤维素的效果研究

采用双酶混合酶解可以缓解单一酶酶解过程中存在的产物累积抑制作用.对经过15%氨水预处理后的稻草残渣进行双酶(绿色木霉和黑曲霉)混合酶解实验.单因子实验发现纤维素酶解的最适条件为:纤维素酶加入量为20FPU/g底物、底物浓度为80g/L、pH值4.8、糖化温度为50℃;正交实验表明,酶的用量对酶解效果最为显著,其次是糖化温度,然后是pH,底物浓度对酶解得率的影响较小.最佳的酶解条件为:纤维素酶加入量30FPU/g底物、底物浓度60 g/L、PH4.8、糖化温度为50℃,在此条件下的酶解得率可达到80%.该研究为纤维素的有效利用提供了依据.     

常压甘油有机溶剂预处理甘蔗渣的浓醪酶解

为了实现木质纤维素浓醪酶解在低酶载量时的"三高"(高浓度、高转化率和高转化效率),通过利用常压甘油有机溶剂预处理甘蔗渣为底物,筛选合适的基质质量浓度(150 g/L)、纤维素酶添加量(6 FPU/g基质)和添加剂(吐温80,30 mg/g基质)。接着采用分批补料策略使基质质量浓度达到350 g/L,考察了不同加酶方式对分批补料浓醪酶解的影响。酶解72 h酶解液葡萄糖质量浓度达到132 g/L,葡萄糖转化率达到了理论值的60%。结果表明,常压甘油有机溶剂预处理基质具有较好的可酶解性,添加吐温80可以显著提高酶解效率。常压甘油有机溶剂预处理甘蔗渣的分批补料浓醪酶解推动了纤维素乙醇浓醪发酵工业化进程。     

高浓玉米秸秆碱法预处理及半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的工艺研究

为实现玉米秸秆高效转化可发酵糖,提升玉米秸秆生产纤维素乙醇竞争力,对碱过氧化氢法预处理后高浓玉米秸秆半同步糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇的工艺进行了研究。建立底物浓度与酶解糖得率关系模型,以确定适宜的底物浓度。向预处理后的玉米秸秆中添加吐温20,考察其酶解过程特性,确定吐温20最适添加量。结果表明,酶解最适条件为:底物质量浓度200 g/L,吐温20添加量8%(ω)。在该条件基础上,对酵母种龄、吐温20对酵母发酵影响、半同步糖化发酵预酶解时间、半同步糖化发酵的时间、发酵温度进行了研究,确定了半同步糖化发酵的工艺条件为:种龄16 h,吐温20添加量5%(ω),预酶解时间9 h,半同步糖化发酵时间7 d,温度34℃。在最佳条件下,发酵7 d后,乙醇浓度达到23. 64 g/L,乙醇转化率达到76. 54%,较对照组(不添加吐温20)转化率提升3. 41%。该工艺条件下能实现高浓玉米秸秆高效转化可发酵糖及乙醇的目的。     

纤维素酶水解稻草纸浆制取乙醇的研究

对Candida shehatae发酵稻草纸浆水解液生产乙醇的工艺进行了初步研究.分别对影响酶水解和发酵阶段的各因素进行了优化.结果表明,利用正交试验确定的最佳酶水解条件为:酶用量150U/g料,底物浓度2%,反应温度55℃,pH4.8,反应时间8 h,酶解得率可达到73.20%.初始葡萄糖浓度为60g/L,装液量100mL/250mL,无机氮源为(NH4)2SO4,转速为100r/min,温度为28℃,pH值为5.5,发酵时间为48h,在此条件下乙醇得率可达49.72%,能达到理论得率的97%,转化率最高为0.36g/g(乙醇/稻草纸浆).     

木糖与葡萄糖共发酵产燃料乙醇条件的优化研究

对酵母茵M-3进行了葡萄糖和木糖共发酵产乙醇条件的优化研究.结果表明,发酵的最优条件为:pH5,温度34℃,转速70r/min,初始糖浓度60g/L,葡萄糖与木糖的质量比为2:1.在该条件下,发酵所得燃料乙醇浓度为23.0g/L.糖醇转化率为38.3%.     

丙酮丁醇梭菌发酵条件优化研究

以P2培养基为基础组分,分别通过改变初始葡萄糖浓度、初始酵母膏浓度以及初始pH值,研究这3个单因素对丁醇发酵的影响,确定了培养基的较佳条件:初始葡萄糖浓度60g/L、初始酵母膏浓度3g/L、初始pH值6.8.此外,采取接种量5％、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间72h,可使总溶剂浓度(丁醇、丙酮、乙醇)达到13.52g/L,其中丁醇、丙酮、乙醇浓度分别为8.83g/L、3.90g/L和0.79g/L,丁醇比例为65.31％.糖丁醇转化率为21.1％(平均值),糖总溶剂转化率为31.3％(平均值).     

纤维素酶辅助提取沉香叶黄酮及其抗氧化活性测定

以黄酮得率为评价指标,利用纤维素酶辅助乙醇提取法从沉香叶中提取黄酮,在单因素的基础上,选取乙醇浓度、温度、p H、底物质量浓度4因素,运用正交试验设计优化提取工艺;采用DPPH自由基法、ABTS自由基法测定沉香叶黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,沉香叶黄酮的提取工艺为:乙醇浓度70%(v/v)、酶解温度55℃、酶解p H5、酶添加量200 U/g,底物质量浓度3 g/100 m L,酶解时间3 h,此条件下沉香叶黄酮的得率为3.86%(w/w);沉香叶黄酮提取物具有较强的清除DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基能力,其IC50值分别为0.17、0.18 mg/m L。     

碱法预处理玉米芯糖化发酵转化酒精工艺优化

为了探究玉米芯碱法预处理糖化发酵转化酒精产量的影响,利用热水和碱过氧化氢（AHP）对玉米芯进行预处理,研究不同 酶解pH、底物浓度、加酶量对葡萄糖和木糖转化率的影响;对比热水处理前后玉米芯成分变化以及对不同发酵方式对酒精转化率的 影响。结果表明：在初始pH 值为5.2,10%底物浓度,纤维素酶添加量20 mg/g,50 ℃酶解24 h,能获得较高的葡萄糖（＞85%）和木糖转 化率（＞80%）;在此条件下进行分步发酵,80 h时酒精产量可达到16.84 g/L,为酒精转化率理论值的61.9%;半同步糖化发酵和同步糖 化发酵酒精产量分别达到了16.23 g/L和16.19 g/L。 表明不同发酵方式对酒精产量无显著差异。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status