日本乳与乳制品安全标准研究

介绍了日本乳与乳制品安全标准的情况,并阐述了日本乳等法规的颁发部门及条令的基本框架,以及乳制品安全相关指标的规定。     

中外乳及乳制品法规与主要检测指标的比较分析

乳制品质量与安全是一个全球性的重要问题。许多国家纷纷采取立法、行政、司法以及提高检验技术等多种措施,以提高乳及乳制品的质量与安全。近年来,我国进口乳及乳制品的种类和数量与日俱增,但由于国内外法规与标准检测指标差异,导致进口乳制品“安全风险难以发现”、出口乳制品“遭受贸易技术壁垒”事件频发。为维护我国进出口乳制品企业和消费者合法权益,保障乳制品质量安全,亟需明确国内外乳制品法规与标准在检测指标方面的差异,提升检测方法的针对性和准确度。本文对我国乳制品的标准现状、我国与主要贸易国在乳制品质量与安全方面主要检测指标的差异进行了比较分析,指出了中外乳制品法规、检测指标和限量值的不同,并对我国乳制品法规、检测指标及限量值等标准的改进给出了建议,以期为我国全面科学地优化进出口乳及乳制品法规提供参考。     

不同浓缩乳制品产品标准的比较研究——基于对术语、分类、定义及相关条款的分析和讨论

炼乳等浓缩乳制品是我国市场和国际贸易常见的乳制品种类，随着行业发展和新产品的出现，产品标准的管理内容也在不断修订和更新。通过比较研究国内外标准的内容及管理思路的异同，有助于正确借鉴国外标准管理经验，不断完善我国标准。在回顾我国浓缩乳制品国家标准的发展和沿革的基础上，通过收集和整理国际食品法典委员会产品标准，以及欧盟、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国、澳大利亚和新西兰等国家或地区浓缩乳制品强制性标准及法规等相关管理规定，分析比较了不同标准中各类浓缩乳制品的术语、定义、分类、相关指标要求、标签标识等产品标准核心内容的异同，重点对淡炼乳的定义、浓缩乳的产品属性和成分要求，以及各类浓缩乳制品术语在不同标准体系中的对应关系等进行了研究和讨论，提出了浓缩乳制品产品标准需要关注的重点内容及管理建议，以期为我国标准管理工作提供参考。     

低温短保质期乳制品出厂检验国内外法规标准对比

针对低温短保质期乳制品的出厂检验现状，开展国内外相关法规标准对比分析，以期为市场监管部门提供技术参考依据，为乳制品行业的绿色健康发展提供保障。收集国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)、美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、中国、加拿大、日本等国家、地区或组织关于低温短保质期乳制品出厂检验相关法规标准，从低温短保质期乳制品的生乳质量安全控制要求、生产加工过程控制要求、终产品微生物控制要求3个角度进行综述和对比分析。研究发现，CAC、美国、欧盟、澳大利亚等国家、地区或组织更加注重低温短保质期乳制品全产业链的过程控制，从而达到产品出厂要求，而我国要求终产品检验合格方可出厂，过程控制和评价体系尚不完善。过程控制是低温短保质期乳制品质量安全控制的本质，过程控制的思路可为今后我国相关标准法规的制修订提供参考，值得学习和借鉴。     

进口乳制品标签问题分析及对策研究

本文概括了我国进口乳制品标签的相关规定,包括标签通用标准、产品标准以及相关的法规规章,剖析进口乳制品标签在产品名称、配料表、日期标注、营养标签等方面常见的问题,并从强化企业主体责任、加大法规标准宣贯力度、政府部门加大监管力度等方面提出规范进口乳制品标签的措施及建议。     

欧盟乳制品质量安全监管机构及法规标准体系概述

介绍了欧盟负责乳制品质量安全管理的各个机构及其职能,并从条例、指令和自愿性标准3个层级阐述了欧盟现行的乳制品法规及标准体系情况。     

加拿大修订食品药品和乳制品法规

2007年6月29日，加拿大修订食品药品和乳制品法规。加拿大食品检验局提议通过修订现行的乳酪特性和配方标准，修订食品药品法规和乳制品法规。本法规提案规定了乳酪的特殊配方要求，并阐明了源自制造特定品种干酪的牛乳的蛋白质最低百分比。     

新西兰乳制品质量安全监管体系及相关标准法规综述

本文从新西兰乳制品质量安全监管体系构成开始,分析和借鉴负责乳制品质量安全监管的各个机构及其职能,并对新西兰乳制品现行的相关标准法规构成进行了剖析。最后,为我国的乳制品监管体系提出了一些可行的建议,对我国乳制品监管体系的发展有着重要的切实意义。     

江西:将开展乳制品质量提升三年行动

为进一步督促乳制品生产企业落实食品安全主体责任,提升乳制品质量安全水平,推动江西省乳制品产业高质量跨越式发展,江西省市场监管局决定从2021年-2023年在全省组织开展乳制品质量提升行动。此次乳制品质量安全提升行动的目标是:到2023年,乳制品质量安全监管法规标准体系更加完善,乳制品质量安全监管能力大幅提升。     

安徽:部署开展乳制品质量安全提升行动 3年将实现7个100%目标

近期,安徽省市场监管局出台方案,部署自即日起至2023年,在全省开展乳制品质量安全提升行动,通过综合治理实现全省乳制品质量安全监管能力大幅提升,到2023年全省乳制品质量安全监督检查发现问题整改率达到100%,乳制品监督抽检合格率保持在99%以上。该局要求,提升行动要重点落实三大任务。一是全面落实新法规标准体系。支持乳制品生产企业采用新技术、新工艺生产新产品,鼓励企业使用生鲜乳生产乳制品,强化奶酪、黄油等干乳制品研发。     

Short communication: Farm and socioeconomic characteristics of the top 100 dairy farm counties in the United States

The objectives of this study are to describe dairy farm demographic and socioeconomic conditions in the top 100 counties in the United States for dairy sales in 2007, and to describe the association of dairy farm demographics with socioeconomic conditions. The top 100 counties were responsible for 56% of all US dairy sales in 2007 with a median growth rate of 78% compared with 1997. Counties varied widely for farm demographics with as few as 5 very large dairy farms that averaged $17,924,000 in dairy sales per farm to as many as 1,730 dairy farms with less than $250,000 in dairy sales per farm. Most of the top 100 dairy counties had higher illiteracy rates, a higher proportion of residents without a high school degree, and lower median incomes than state averages, but unemployment rates were similar to the state average. The socioeconomic measures were from public records and not collected specifically for this research. Nevertheless, the top dairy counties in the western states tended to have poorer socioeconomic conditions than the top dairy counties in other regions, and significant associations were observed between dairy farm demographics and socioeconomic conditions. Having many dairy farms was associated more favorably with county socioeconomic conditions than having high dairy sales.     

功能性牛乳成分研究及产品标准探讨

对牛乳中主要的生物活性成分进行了阐述,对牛初乳和以发酵乳制品为代表的功能性乳制品的特点进行了综述。分析了功能性牛乳制品发展过程中存在的主要问题,对制定功能型牛乳制品标准的必要性进行了分析,提出了功能性牛乳制品标准的主要内容。     

我国奶业重振举措和发展思考

2008年爆发的"三聚氰胺事件"使我国奶业遭受了巨大打击。事发后,我国政府、相关部门、广大奶农和乳品企业都采取积极措施共同应对危机。短短一年时间内,我国奶业就逐步走出困境,消费、加工等恢复速度超过预期。本文就我国奶业重振举措进行了分析,并对奶业长远稳定发展提出建议。     

The economic value of organic dairy farms in Vermont and Minnesota

This study quantifies the overall economic values of organic dairy farms in Vermont and Minnesota and estimates the economic impacts of organic dairy farm sales relative to an equivalent level of sales from conventional dairy farms in those states. This question is of interest because the development of the organic dairy sector has allowed some farms that likely would not have remained in the conventional dairy business to continue being economically viable as organic dairy farms. Thus, these sales provide an economic impact in regions when this milk is exported to nonproducing regions. Organic and conventional dairy farm financial data in Vermont and Minnesota were collected and assembled to develop dairy farm production functions by region and dairy type. These production functions were then used in state-level input-output models to calculate economic impacts. The opportunity costs of organic dairy farm production were also estimated by comparing the relative statewide economic impacts of organic and conventional dairy farms if both experience a hypothetical 5-million-dollar increase in sales. Between 2008 and 2010, Vermont’s 180 organic dairy farms annually contributed $76.3 million in output (the value of an industry’s production within the state), 808 jobs, $34.1 million in gross state product, and $26.3 million in labor income to Vermont’s economy. Between 2009 and 2011, Minnesota’s 114 organic dairy farms annually contributed $77.7 million in output, 552 jobs, $32.1 million in gross state product, and $21 million in labor income to Minnesota’s economy. In Vermont, organic dairy farm sales revenue would result in greater state-wide impacts of 3% in output, 39% in labor income, 33% in gross state product, and 46% in employment relative to the impacts from an equivalent level of sales revenue to conventional dairy farms. In Minnesota, these economic impacts are 4, 9, 11, and 12% greater, respectively, for organic dairy farms relative to conventional dairy farms. This study concludes that organic dairy farms may contribute more to the local economy than average and similar-size conventional dairy farms in the Northeast and Upper Midwest and that organic dairy farm milk production supports economic development in rural communities.     

增强质量意识全面实施安全性乳与乳制品生产体系

根据发达国家食品生产的发展趋势，结合我国入世形势和发展需要，论述了安全性乳与乳制品的重要性，评价及其不安全因素的来源，提出在乳制品生产过程中建立完善的安全控制体系。     

原料奶安全检测及质量控制研究进展

近年来不断出现奶制品的安全问题,而原料奶作为乳业加工的源头,对奶产品的质量安全影响巨大。本文综述了原料奶的质量安全控制及相关检测的研究进展,并探讨了饲养、挤奶、运输过程中的相关事宜,为提高我国奶与奶制品的质量安全及促进乳制品工业的发展提供参考。     

乳制品消费与癌症风险控制

乳制品是营养价值很高的食物,但近年来对于乳制品的健康意义有了质疑之声。本文综述了乳制品与结肠癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌4种癌症发生风险关系的营养流行病学研究,对近年"牛奶致癌论"作出客观评价。证据表明,乳制品与前列腺癌和卵巢癌可能有一定的正相关性,但研究结果并不一致;乳制品对结肠癌的预防具有益处,对乳腺癌的影响未有定论;尚无证据表明每日摄入200g以下会显著增加癌症的风险。     

Prevalence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dairy cattle and their products

The main objective of this review was to assess the role of dairy cattle and their products in human infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). A large number of STEC strains (e.g., members of the serogroups O26, O91, O103, O111, O118, O145, and O166) have caused major outbreaks and sporadic cases of human illnesses that have ranged from mild diarrhea to the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. These illnesses were traced to O157 and non-O157 STEC. In most cases, STEC infection was attributed to consumption of ground beef or dairy products that were contaminated with cattle feces. Thus, dairy cattle are considered reservoirs of STEC and can impose a significant health risk to humans. The global nature of food supply suggests that safety concerns with beef and dairy foods will continue and the challenges facing the dairy industry will increase at the production and processing levels. In this review, published reports on STEC in dairy cattle and their products were evaluated to achieve the following specific objectives: 1) to assemble a database on human infections with STEC from dairy cattle, 2) to assess prevalence of STEC in dairy cattle, and 3) to determine the health risks associated with STEC strains from dairy cattle. The latter objective is critically important, as many dairy STEC isolates are known to be of high virulence. Fecal testing of dairy cattle worldwide showed wide ranges of prevalence rates for O157 (0.2 to 48.8%) and non-O157 STEC (0.4 to 74.0%). Of the 193 STEC serotypes of dairy cattle origin, 24 have been isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Such risks emphasize the importance and the need to develop long-term strategies to assure safety of foods from dairy cattle.     

Short communication: Dairy consumption among middle-aged and elderly adults in Switzerland

Different studies have shown that people are aware of the benefits of dairy products, but a sizeable part of the world's population still does not consume the recommended amount of dairy produce. The aims of the present research were to determine which dairy products are consumed by the middle-aged and elderly (50–81 yr old) living in Switzerland and to explore why some of this population segment are actually reducing their consumption of dairy products. On average, older Swiss adults consumed 2.6 portions of dairy products per day, which is slightly less than the recommended 3 to 4 portions a day. Additionally, about one-quarter of the respondents indicated that they have reduced their milk or dairy consumption. The main reasons given for this decision were to reduce fat or cholesterol. A reported difficulty in digesting some dairy products may be a further reason for limiting dairy intake, particularly cheese. It follows that a need for the propagation of appropriate nutritional information about dairy products to the middle-aged and elderly exists.