不同新疆红枣营养成分比较分析

以哈密大枣、骏枣(哈密、阿克苏、和田)、灰枣(若羌、阿克苏、喀什)典型生产区域及品种的7个新疆红枣样品为试材,对其中的营养与功能性成分进行全面比较分析,结果表明:不同生态区域、不同品种新疆红枣的营养品质存在较大差异,但对于不同的营养指标,其影响程度也存在差异。品种是影响新疆红枣糖、酸、氨基酸含量的主要因素,而产地对新疆红枣蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿质元素、总酚、总黄酮含量的影响较大。总糖及还原糖含量以灰枣最高,其次为骏枣,哈密大枣最低,而总酸和氨基酸含量以哈密大枣为最高,骏枣次之,灰枣最低。和田骏枣中钙、铁、镁的含量均明显高于其他新疆红枣,可作为补钙、补铁的重要来源。哈密骏枣的总酚含量较高,若羌灰枣、哈密大枣的总黄酮含量较高,可作为提取多酚和黄酮类物质或生产功能性红枣产品的优质原料。     

新疆红枣主栽品种不同部位的总酚含量和抗氧化活性比较

以和田玉枣、若羌灰枣、哈密大枣为研究对象,测定枣皮、枣肉、枣核的多酚类物质含量,并比较总抗氧化能力、羟基自由基(·OH)和DPPH·的清除能力。结果表明:果皮中总酚含量大小依次为若羌灰枣(28.10 mg/g)哈密大枣(26.61 mg/g)和田玉枣(25.03 mg/g),果肉中总酚含量大小依次为哈密大枣(17.26 mg/g)若羌灰枣(15.75 mg/g)和田玉枣(13.82 mg/g),枣核中总酚含量大小相差不大(约2.0 mg/g);在抗氧化能力方面,枣皮中总酚粗提物的总抗氧化能力是最高的,而枣核是最低的,哈密大枣枣肉的总抗氧化能力是优于其他两种红枣,其中在羟基自由基和DPPH自由基清除能力两方面,若羌灰枣枣皮的清除率最高为88.68%、87.40%,和田玉枣枣核的清除率最低为19.85%、9.13%,哈密大枣枣肉的清除率为82.22%、80.08%。抗氧化能力的强弱与红枣多酚类物质含量具有正相关关系。     

新疆红枣中氨基酸与枣苦味相关性分析

以新疆主栽品种哈密大枣、骏枣、灰枣为研究对象,探讨在45℃热泵烘干、自然晒干、阴干3种干制条件下枣果中氨基酸干制前后含量变化对枣果品质的影响,并通过SPSS和DPS软件重点分析不同品种、不同干制条件对枣中10种苦味氨基酸组成差异性及枣中苦味氨基酸与枣苦味相关性,结果表明:干制后,3种枣苦味大小依次为:哈密大枣骏枣灰枣;3种枣在干制后苦味氨基酸总含量较鲜样中均有显著增加,在45℃烘干条件下,10种苦味氨基酸含量干制后较干制前无显著差异(P0.05);苦味评分与红枣中苦味氨基酸呈显著正相关(R=0.785);品种对枣中10种苦味氨基酸含量影响表现为:哈密大枣和骏枣无显著性差异(p0.05),哈密大枣与灰枣、骏枣与灰枣有显著性差异(P0.05);红枣中10种苦味氨基酸之间都呈显著相关性。     

ICP-AES法同时测定新疆红枣中的12种元素

利用湿法消解分别处理新疆地区3个品种的红枣样品,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定红枣中Na、Mg、Al、K等12种元素的含量。该方法的相关系数r0.998;元素测定除个别值外,RSD均小于5%。结果表明:新疆红枣中的矿物质元素含量丰富,尤以K(12 277μg/g),Ca(785μg/g),Mg(646μg/g),Na(425μg/g),Al(179μg/g),Fe(22μg/g)含量较高,阿克苏骏枣和哈密大枣的K和Fe含量均高于其他地区和品种的枣。     

适宜加工全粉的红枣品种筛选

以玉枣、灰枣、哈密大枣和狗头枣4个品种的红枣为原料,分别以同样的工艺参数,经压差膨化和超微粉碎两个操作单元,制得4种红枣全粉,并对决定红枣全粉品质的主要指标--红枣粉的粒径、色泽、溶解性、溶解时间、糖和维生素C的含量进行测定分析。最后,运用变异系数法对各个指标进行综合评分。结果表明玉枣综合评分最高,灰枣次之,哈密大枣和狗头枣评分较低,从而筛选出综合评分最高的玉枣作为制备红枣全粉的最佳红枣品种。     

不同品种红枣香气分析与评价

为明确不同品种红枣香气的主要成分及特异成分，筛选新疆地区富含香气的优质红枣品种。采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术测定红枣果实的香气成分，结合气味活度值、主成分分析及聚类分析评价5 种红枣的香气成分及其品质。结果显示，在七月鲜、灰枣、骏枣、金昌1 号和赞皇大枣中分别检测到86、57、58、65、67 种挥发性物质，共8 类126 种，以酯类化合物种类最多、含量最高。其中，丁酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯等是构成红枣香气的关键成分。此外，七月鲜中的辛醛、月桂醛、1-甲基萘和2-甲氧基苯酚等，灰枣中的3-羟基丁酮，骏枣中的γ-葵内酯，金昌1 号中的癸酸甲基酯、1-辛烯-3-醇等是导致不同品种红枣香气差异的关键挥发性物质，可作为标志性香气活性成分。红枣香气质量评价模型表明，七月鲜与灰枣相比赞皇大枣、骏枣和金昌1 号，香气差异明显，香气品质较优，其中赞皇大枣与骏枣香气品质较为相似。七月鲜和灰枣是香气品质更优的红枣种质资源，具有更大的加工利用潜力和育种价值。     

基于热风干燥条件下新疆红枣的质构特性

以新疆主栽制干品种骏枣、灰枣和哈密大枣为研究对象,探讨热风干燥条件下各品种间的基本营养成分与质构特性。并通过DPS和SPSS软件分析了这3种红枣间不同指标的差异,结果表明:3个品种总糖含量均≥59%,除还原糖含量外,其它各营养成分差异不显著(p>0.05);3个品种间的主要质构指标:硬度、回复性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性、咀嚼性,存在显著性差异(p<0.05);糖、水分与质构特性有明显的相关性,即:红枣中水分与弹性负相关R=-0.934、还原糖与咀嚼性呈正相关R=0.989,通过质构指标的主成分分析得出,红枣的质构特性构成主要在第一和第二主成分上,其中在第一主成分中胶粘性、硬度和咀嚼性三个指数所占权重系数分别为0.935、0.886和0.885,第二主成分中,弹性权重比较大为0.975,由此得出胶粘性、硬度、咀嚼性、弹性四种指标可基本评价红枣的质构特性。     

南疆四个主栽红枣果实品质特性研究

近年来,随着新疆南疆农业产业结构调整,红枣产业得到空前发展,已成为南疆林果中支持产业之一。为客观评估南疆当前主栽红枣品种(赞皇、灰枣、骏枣和金昌)果实品质特性,本课题对这四种枣果的质构、营养等理化特性进行了系统测试,并通过spss对各指标进行了差异性分析,试验结果表明,各理化指标差异性相对显著(p0.05),赞皇枣的单果重与可食率最高,金昌枣硬度和咀嚼性最大,灰枣的糖酸比高达114.05,赞皇的黄酮和总三萜酸含量最高,其含量分别为0.518 mg/g,2.54 mg/g。由此可知,南疆主栽红枣营养丰富,非常适合制干和深加工处理。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定红枣中的钠

建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定红枣中钠含量的方法,线性范围为0.25~3.0μg/mL,样品平行测定的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.47%,加标回收率96.7%~103.3%,方法准确、可靠。用本方法对新疆不同品种红枣中钠含量进行测定,发现骏枣Na含量要普遍高于灰枣Na的含量。     

红枣不同部位中有效成分含量的比较研究

为了研究红枣不同组分的营养成分分布情况,以山东大枣(骏枣)、和田玉枣(骏枣)和若羌灰枣(灰枣)为试验样品,采用比色法、高效液相色谱(HPLC)法等,对枣果不同部位(枣肉、枣皮和枣核)中的多糖、总黄酮、总酚、三萜和环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)含量进行分析测定。结果表明枣皮中的总酚和总黄酮含量分别为0.77~1.20%和0.29~0.43%,显著高于枣肉和枣核(p0.01);三萜类物质主要分布在枣皮和枣肉中,约0.36~0.40 mg/g,枣核中含量最少;多糖在枣肉中含量最高(4.72~6.13%),枣核中含量最低(0.67~1.30%);cAMP在枣皮及枣肉中含量最高,在不同品种间分布差异显著,其中和田玉枣的皮和肉中cAMP含量(0.27 mg/g、0.34 mg/g)显著高于其他两个品种(p0.05);常规非可食用部位(枣皮和枣核)占枣果总质量的20~30%。因此红枣的非可食部分的营养成分含量较高,有较好的开发前景和深加工利用价值。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status