复合香辛料提取物结合真空包装抑制风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺积累及品质劣变

本文研究了添加复合香辛料提取物(肉桂、丁香和八角)结合真空包装对哈尔滨风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺积累的抑制作用,同时考察了添加复合香辛料及真空包装对风干肠贮藏过程中理化指标、微生物指标及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,添加复合香辛料提取物结合真空包装可有效抑制风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺(酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、组胺、2-苯乙胺和色胺)的积累,抑制pH值和挥发性盐基氮值的增加,降低脂肪的氧化程度,有效抑制风干肠贮藏过程中好氧菌数、乳酸菌数及肠杆菌数的增长。此外,真空包装可显著降低(P0.05)风干肠贮藏过程中水分的损失,保持风干肠的感官品质;添加复合香辛料提取物可以显著提高(P0.05)风干肠的感官品质。主成分分析表明:风干肠中生物胺的积累与总好氧菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌、pH值、TVB-N和TBARS的变化密切相关。添加复合香辛料提取物结合真空包装可有效抑制风干肠贮藏过程中生物胺积累并抑制其品质劣变。     

香辛料提取物复配对风干肠品质和生物胺的影响

该文研究了风干肠中常用的3种香辛料(肉桂、丁香和八角)的提取物以不同方式复配对其发酵过程中生物胺、微生物、理化品质的影响。结果发现,复合香辛料提取物能够有效抑制风干肠发酵过程中常见的2-苯乙胺、腐胺、酪胺色胺、尸胺和组胺的积累(P<0.05),尤其是肉桂&丁香&八角复配组抑制效果最佳,其次为肉桂&八角,肉桂&丁香和丁香&八角组。复合香辛料提取物有效抑制了发酵过程中脂肪氧化产物(硫代巴比妥酸反应物)的增加,部分微生物(肠杆菌和好氧菌)的生长,同时改善了风干肠的感官品质,且各处理组中,肉桂&丁香&八角复配组的效果最优。综上,肉桂、丁香、八角3种香辛料的复合提取物添加到风干肠中可以抑制风干肠中生物胺的积累,改善其理化和感官品质。     

糖基化亚硝基血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠对哈尔滨风干肠质量的影响

研究不同添加水平的糖基化亚硝基血红蛋白（glycosylated nitrosohaemoglobin,GN-Hb）部分替代亚硝酸钠（NaNO2）对哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化和产品感官品质的影响。结果表明,GN-Hb添加量对风干肠发酵过程中的pH值、水分活度（aw）、NaNO2残留量、总菌落数和乳酸菌菌落数无显著的影响（P＞0.05）,但对大肠杆菌生长及脂肪氧化有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05）。颜色分析表明,GN-Hb部分替代NaNO2时可以提高风干肠的红度值（a*）,且当GN-Hb添加量为0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg时风干肠的亮度值（L*）与0.10 g/kg亚硝酸盐组差异不显著（P＞0.05）。感官评定结果显示,GN-Hb改进了风干肠的感官质量,特别是风味。结果表明,哈尔滨风干肠中添加一定量GN-Hb可以部分替代NaNO2。     

外源抑制物对风干肠风干过程中理化性质及安全品质的影响

为研究外源抑制物对风干肠在风干过程中理化性质和安全品质的影响,将实验室前期优选的复合抗氧化剂（combined antioxidant,CA）、复合香辛料（combined spice,CS）、发酵牛骨调味基料（fermented beef flavoring,FBF）以及FBF和CA以1∶1复配（FBFA）、CA和CS以1∶1复配（CSA）应用于风干肠加工过程中,测定风干1、3、6、9、12 d时样品水分含量、水分活度（water activity,aw）、红度值（a*）、亮度值（L*）、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid resctive substances,TBARs）值、亚硝酸盐残留量以及风干6、12 d生物胺含量和风干12 d时N-亚硝胺（N-nitrosoamines,NAs）含量。结果表明：在风干肠风干过程中添加5 种外源抑制物,产品水分含量与对照组差异不显著,但aw降低（0.80～0.81）;亚硝酸盐残留量为3.77～5.65 mg/kg,产品品质和安全性均显著提高。通过比较5 组外源抑制物可知,FBFA更能增强风干肠的a*和L*,降低TBARs值和亚硝酸盐残留量,控制组胺和NAs的形成,对风干肠的色泽和安全品质等均具有较好的改善作用。此外,CSA可以较好地抑制组胺和酪胺的形成,控制脂肪氧化和阻断NAs的形成。FBFA和CSA对风干肠的品质和安全性均具有显著增效作用。     

丁香精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质的影响

为了探究丁香精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响,在腌制好的鲶鱼肉馅中添加不同量的丁香精油（0.02%、0.03%、0.04%、0.05%,以肉馅质量计）,搅匀后经灌肠、风干制成鲶鱼肉风干肠,以不添加丁香精油组为对照。对风干肠的水分含量、水分活度（aw）、pH值、色差、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、微生物数量、生物胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量、N-亚硝胺含量及感官品质进行测定,分析不同丁香精油添加量对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响。结果表明：丁香精油添加量对鲶鱼肉风干肠水分含量、aw和TBARs值的影响较小,但能使aw低于对照组;当丁香精油添加量达到0.05%时,风干肠的亮度值最高,添加量的增加有利于产品红度值的提高;风干肠的pH值随着丁香精油添加量的增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势,0.03%丁香精油组的pH值最低;风干肠中亚硝酸盐残留量随着丁香精油添加量的增加而降低,抑制率最高达到38.7%（0.05%组）;丁香精油能促进风干肠中乳酸菌的增长,不同添加量组间差异不显著,0.03%组肠杆菌科数量显著低于CK组;风干肠中生物胺的总量随着丁香精油添加量的增加而降低,对腐胺和组胺的抑制效果较好;0.02%组和0.03%组风干肠N-亚硝胺含量最低;感官评价结果显示,0.03%丁香精油组风干肠综合评分较高。综合分析,丁香精油添加量越大,越有利于提升风干肠的品质和安全性,但是香辛料精油存在添加量过高掩盖风味的情况,因此认为丁香精油添加量为0.03%比较适宜。     

阿魏酸对风干鲈鱼中N-亚硝胺及生物胺的抑制作用

在风干鲈鱼腌制过程中分别添加0、50、100、150、200 mg/kg的抑制剂阿魏酸,15 ℃、相对湿度80%～90%条件下风干84 h,研究阿魏酸对风干鲈鱼中N-亚硝胺及生物胺含量等安全指标影响。结果显示,阿魏酸对风干鲈鱼中腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺的生成具明显的抑制作用,但对样品中精胺和亚精胺的生成具有促进作用。当阿魏酸添加量不超过150 mg/kg时,随着阿魏酸添加量的提高,N-二甲基亚硝胺含量显著降低。贮藏27 d时对照组菌落总数为7.59 （lg（CFU/g））,添加200 mg/kg阿魏酸组菌落总数为5.45（lg（CFU/g））,相对于对照组降低了28.20%。结果表明：添加阿魏酸在不影响风干鲈鱼感官品质的基础上能显著降低风干鲈鱼中生物胺总量、微生物菌落总数、N-二甲基亚硝胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量。     

KCl部分替代NaCl腌制对风干鲈鱼中生物胺的抑制作用

用不同比例的KCl部分替代NaCl腌制,在15 ℃、80%～90%相对湿度条件下风干成熟84 h得风干鲈鱼产品。通过测定产品中理化指标、挥发性盐基氮、生物胺含量以及感官品质的变化,研究KCl部分替代NaCl对风干鲈鱼中生物胺的抑制作用。风干鲈鱼产品中共检测到6种生物胺,分别为：腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺、亚精胺。当KCl替代比例从0%增大到50%,产品中生物胺总含量先下降后上升。当KCl替代比例为20%时,风干鲈鱼产品中生物胺总含量达到最低值192.17 mg/kg,比对照组（KCl含量为0%）降低62.90%;同时,腐胺、尸胺、组胺含量的减少量分别为76.94%、84.68%、54.46%。感官分析结果表明,当KCl替代比例不超过40%时风干鲈鱼产品的感官品质未有明显变化。以上结果表明在保持风干鲈鱼原有感官品质的基础上,用KCl部分替代NaCl腌制可以显著抑制（P＜0.05）产品中生物胺的形成。     

香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响

为了提高鲶鱼肉风干肠的品质与安全性,选取丁香、八角、肉桂、紫苏、牛至五种香辛料精油分别添加到腌制好的鱼肉馅中,经灌肠、风干后制成鲶鱼肉风干肠。对风干肠的感官品质、水分含量、水分活度(A_W)、pH、色差、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs)值、生物胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量、N-亚硝胺含量进行测定,分析不同香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响。结果表明:添加丁香和牛至精油可使鲶鱼肉风干肠具有较适宜的水分含量(29.4%;29.1%)和A_W(0.79;0.79);丁香、紫苏、牛至组a^*值显著高于其他组(P<0.05);6组鲶鱼肉风干肠的pH(4.98～5.16)均低于5.4,都属于高酸发酵肉制品。八角精油组鲶鱼肉风干肠TBARs值比对照组降低了66.3%;紫苏精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠亚硝酸盐清除率达到62.2%。肉桂精油和八角精油可以降低风干肠中生物胺的积累,紫苏精油和牛至精油对风干肠中N-亚硝胺的抑制率达87.56%和81.48%,很大程度上提升了风干肠...     

姜辣素对培根风干成熟过程中微生物及生物胺形成的抑制效应

以五花肉为原料,腌制时添加不同含量（100、300、500 mg/kg）的姜辣素进行风干成熟,测定样品理化指标、微生物及生物胺含量变化情况,研究姜辣素对培根风干成熟过程中微生物及生物胺形成的抑制效应。结果表明：与对照组相比,姜辣素能显著抑制菌落总数和肠杆菌（P＜0.05）;在风干培根样品中共检测到腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺5 种生物胺;生物胺总量随着风干时间的延长呈显著增加趋势（P＜0.05）,100、300、500 mg/kg处理组与对照组总生物胺含量存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。300 mg/kg处理组总生物胺含量最低,为94.13 mg/kg,相对于对照组降低了34.56%,且此时腐胺、尸胺、酪胺、组胺和精胺含量也得到了很好的抑制,相对于对照组分别下降了26.60%、40.59%、37.08%、72.19%和23.59%。添加姜辣素能显著降低样品中挥发性盐基氮含量（P＜0.05）,对于提高培根的品质及安全性具有较好的效果。     

接种发酵剂对哈尔滨风干肠中生物胺形成的抑制作用

研究了接种植物乳杆菌、弯曲乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌和木糖葡萄球菌对风干肠发酵过程中生物胺形成的抑制作用,以及其对风干肠发酵过程中理化指标(pH、水分含量、水分活度、硫代巴比妥酸值)、微生物指标(总好氧菌数、乳酸菌数、肠杆菌数)及感官品质的影响。研究表明:植物乳杆菌和木糖葡萄球菌可以显著降低生物胺(酪胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、2-苯乙胺和色胺)的积累(P0.05),并促进风干肠pH的降低,抑制肠杆菌增长和硫代巴比妥酸值的增加,同时还可促进风干肠风味的形成,改善风干肠的感官品质。     

Selenium,iodine, ω-3 PUFA and natural antioxidant from Melissa officinalis L.: A combination of components from healthier dry fermented sausages formulation

A new formulation of dry fermented sausage, including ingredients that improve the nutritional and health benefits of this type of product is presented. Se yeast (2 g/kg), iodized salt (26 g/kg), linseed:algae (3:2) emulsion (62.5 g/kg), and lyophilized water extract of Melissa officinalis L. as a source of natural antioxidants (686 mg/kg), yielded dry fermented sausages with technological and sensory properties similar to traditional ones.     

白萝卜粉作为亚硝酸盐来源制备猪肉发酵干香肠

评价用白萝卜粉代替亚硝酸盐制备猪肉发酵干香肠的可行性。采用萨科VBM-60复合菌株作发酵剂，制备4组香肠：NC组（不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的阴性对照组）、PC组（添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的阳性对照组）、R0.5组（添加0.5%白萝卜粉组）、R1组（添加1%白萝卜粉组）。研究加工和贮藏过程中白萝卜粉代替亚硝酸盐对猪肉发酵干香肠理化性质、微生物性质及感官性质的影响。结果表明：与添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的对照组相比，添加0.5%白萝卜粉的香肠具有较高硫代巴比妥酸反应物值和较好外观，以及较低的pH值、红度值、硬度和咀嚼性，而水分含量、挥发性盐基氮值、亮度值、弹性、内聚性、菌落总数、组织状态、色泽和风味总体上差异不显著。在贮藏过程中，R0.5组香肠具有较高的亚硝酸盐含量和较低的乳酸菌数。R0.5组香肠在加工和贮藏结束时的亚硝酸盐含量分别为13.03 mg/kg和16.48 mg/kg，均符合国家规定的限定标准。结果表明，添加0.5%的白萝卜粉可在一定程度上作为天然亚硝酸盐来源，用于生产猪肉发酵干香肠。     

鸭血多肽营养肠制备工艺的研究

以鸭血为主要原料,研究鸭血多肽营养肠中增稠剂的最佳配比及营养肠的最佳制备工艺。结果表明：卡拉胶和魔芋胶复配比为2∶1时,香肠凝胶强度和感官评分值最好;按照鸭血80%、淀粉4%、复配胶（卡拉胶∶魔芋胶=2∶1）0.5%、辅料4%进行配料后,80℃条件下蒸煮40min得到的香肠感官评分最高。     

不同茶叶提取物对广式腊肠品质的影响

天然多酚提取物,如茶叶提取物常用于替代肉制品中的合成抗氧化剂。该研究通过测定水分含量、水分活度、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（Thiobarbituric Acid Reactants,TBARS）含量、以及质构、色差、低场核磁共振波谱和感官鉴定探究不同茶叶提取物对广式腊肠品质的影响。结果表明,添加提取物的广式腊肠TBARS值由9.83 mmol MDA/g降低至2.32 mmol MDA/g以下,挥发性盐基氮含量（Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N）由0.17 mg/100 g N降低至0.07 mg/100 g N以下。茶叶提取物的添加显著降低了广式腊肠的水分含量,但对水分活度和水分组成无显著影响。在广式腊肠质构特性上,绿茶、黄茶和乌龙茶提取物显著降低了腊肠硬度。色差上,绿茶提取物的添加使腊肠红度由16.10上升至18.89。感官特性上,添加绿茶提取物的腊肠各项感官评分最高,但大部分感官指标无显著差异。因此,添加茶叶提取物可作为抑制广式腊肠加工过程中脂质氧化的有效手段,绿茶提取物在感官和色度上最适合作为腊肠的天然抗氧化剂。     

Formation of biogenic amines and relation to microbial flora and sensory changes in smoked turkey breast fillets stored under various packaging conditions at 4 degrees C

The present study evaluated: (1) the formation of biogenic amines (BAs) in smoked turkey fillets during storage under aerobic and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions at 4 degrees C, (2) the relation of BAs to microbial and sensory changes in turkey meat and (3) the possible role of BAs as indicators of poultry meat spoilage. Smoked sliced turkey fillets were stored in air and under vacuum, skin and two modified atmospheres (MAP), M1 (30% CO(2)/70% N(2)) and M2 (50% CO(2)/50% N(2)), at 4+/-0.5 degrees C, for a period of 30 days. The BAs determined were: tryptamine, tyramine, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. Low levels of BAs were observed throughout the entire storage period, with the exception of histamine, tyramine and tryptamine, for which higher concentrations were recorded. Values for these three BAs were the highest for air-packaged samples (32.9, 25.0 and 4.1mg/kg, respectively) and the lowest for skin-packaged samples (11.9, 4.3 and 2.8 mg/kg, respectively) after 30 days of storage. All microorganism populations increased throughout the storage period, except for Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae, in skin-packaged fillets and modified atmosphere M2, which remained under the method detection limit (<1logCFU/g) until day 30 of storage. Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae for the rest of the packaging treatments remained below 5logCFU/g throughout storage. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria were dominant throughout the storage period, regardless of the packaging conditions reaching 8.9logCFU/g on day 30 of storage. Mesophiles reached 7logCFU/g after ca. 19-20 days for the air and skin packed samples, 22-23 days for the M2 and vacuum packed samples and 25-26 days for the M1 packed samples. BA values for tryptamine, histamine and tyramine correlated well with both microbiological and sensory analyses data. Tryptamine, histamine and tyramine may be used as chemical indicators of turkey meat spoilage.     

Compositional Factors that Influence Lipid Peroxidation in Beef Juice and Standard Sausages

In order to identify how different additives influenced lipid peroxidation formation, a sausage only using beef juice as pigment source and a standard beef–pork meat sausage were studied. The effects of different additives, including fish oil, myoglobin, nitrite, clove extract, and calcium sources on oxidation and sensory properties were examined. Both sausage systems were stored in 3 different manners prior to testing: (1) frozen immediately at ?80 °C; (2) chilled stored for 2.5 weeks followed by fluorescent light illumination at 4 °C for another 2 wk; (3) frozen at ?20 °C for 5 mo. The frozen group 3 showed the highest peroxide formation and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) for both sausage systems. Unpolar peroxides dominated in both systems. The clove extract could offset the peroxide formation from myoglobin/beef juice and/or fish oil, but the addition of clove flavor was recognized by the sensory panelists. Calcium addition reduced lipid peroxide formation. Added nitrite and fish oil seemed to interact to stimulate nitroso‐myoglobin formation. Nitrite was identified to interact with clove addition and thereby, relatively speaking, increased TBARS. The 2 sausage systems generally ranked the additives similarly as pro– and antioxidants.     

Improvement of the Sensory Properties of Dry Fermented Sausages by the Superficial Inoculation and/or the Addition of Intracellular Extracts of Mucor racemosus

ABSTRACT: The effect of inoculation of the "salchichón" (dry fermented sausage) surface with an atoxigenic, proteolytic, and lipolytic strain of Mucor racemosus and/or the addition of a intracellular extract of the same mold on the ripening process was studied. Four batches of salchichón were manufactured: control, superficially inoculated, added with intracellular extract, and a combination of both treatments. Superficial mold modified the amino and free fatty acid contents, volatile compounds, and sensory properties. Intracellular extract degraded free amino acids, producing a rise in ammonia and volatile compounds. Both treatments combined improved significantly the sensory properties, which were given scores higher than control sausages at the end of ripening.     

RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITY OF NITRITE REDUCTION BY GLUCONO-δ-LACTONE AND ASCORBIC ACID IN TURKISH-TYPE FERMENTED SAUSAGE (SUCUK)

The primary goal of this study was to determine the residual nitrite-reducing effects of glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) and ascorbic acid (AA) in Turkish-type fermented sausage. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of processing variables, e.g., nitrite (0–200 mg/kg sausage), GDL (0–0.5% w/w) and AA (0–500 mg/kg sausage) on pH, moisture, residual nitrite, proteolysis, lipolysis, peroxide, yield and sensory score of the sausage. AA significantly ( P <  0.01) decreased the residual nitrite level; however, quadratic effect of AA showed an inverse effect. GDL did not produce the same effect on the residual nitrite level. The processing variables had no prominent effect on the proteolysis, lipolysis and peroxide. GDL and AA addition showed a negative effect on the yield and sensory scores of the sausages. The regression model predicted the optimum residual nitrite content to be 0.75 mg/kg. The critical values for nitrite, GDL and AA to obtain this optimum level were 147.56 mg/kg, 0.17% and 565 mg/kg, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Residual nitrite level is a major problem in the Turkish-type fermented sausage product with respect to some health concerns, residual nitrite causes a possible formation of the carcinogenic N -nitrosamines. The results of this study can be applied to reduce the residual nitrite level in sausage and to find the optimum levels of nitrite, glucono-δ-lactone and ascorbic acid levels to maintain the characteristic sausage quality properties. Based on the results, ascorbic acid can be used to reduce the residual nitrite levels in the sausage.     

酵母抽提物对广式腊肠质量品质的影响研究

本研究基于酵母抽提物天然营养提味呈鲜的作用,在广式腊肠中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的3种不同型号的酵母抽提物,探讨其对水分活度、色泽、挥发性风味物质成分及感官品质的影响。结果表明,酵母抽提物的添加对广式腊肠水分活度没有显著性影响(p0.05);酵母抽提物可显著增加广式腊肠的红度值和黄度值(p0.05),尤其是LB804型酵母抽提物,其在1.5%添加量时,红度值和黄度值可到达3.50和1.55,但酵母抽提物对亮度值没有显著性影响。酵母抽提物的添加能显著提升广式腊肠的感官品质,其最佳添加量分别是FA905型/1.0%LA904型/0.5%LB804型/1.0%。挥发性风味化合物分析结果表明,广式腊肠风味化合物主要以醇类化合物和醛类化合物为主,其百分比分别为27.85～6.83%和17.66%～48.71%;添加酵母抽提物可增加醇类物质的百分比,降低醛类物质的百分比;并新鉴定出11种化合物,尤其是2种吡嗪类化合物。酵母抽提物可丰富和提升广式腊肠的风味品质。