微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食用植物油中痕量铅的不确定度评定

研究了微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食用植物油中痕量铅的不确定度来源,并对其不确定度分量进行了定量评定,确定了相对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明：微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食用植物油中痕量铅的不确定度主要来源为计量器具校准、标准曲线拟合、实验人员读数和仪器测定重复性,其相对标准不确定度分别为0.048、0.022、0.016和0.013。当称样量为0.500 1 g时,铅含量为0.024 mg/kg,k=2（95%置信度）,扩展不确定度为0.003 mg/kg,测量结果可表示为（0.024±0.003）mg/kg。     

石墨炉原子吸收测定大米中的铅不确定度评定

评定石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大米中铅含量的不确定度,找出影响不确定度的主要因素。按GB 5009.12—2010建立不确定度的数学模型,根据《化学分析中不确定度评估指南》对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大米中铅含量的不确定度进行评定。结果表明:大米铅含量0.100㎎/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.009 mg/kg(k=2)。石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大米铅含量时,样品消解过程和测定样品消解液中铅的质量浓度产生的不确定度对总不确定度影响最大。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定热封型茶叶滤纸中铅含量的不确定度评定

目的 评定石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定热封型茶叶滤纸中的铅含量的不确定度。方法 采用GB31604.34-2016测定热封型茶叶滤纸中的铅含量。计算工作曲线、标准溶液、样品重复测定、仪器、吸光值量化误差、消解回收率、样品称量过程引入的不确定度,建立数学模型,计算合成不确定度。结果 石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定热封型茶叶滤纸中铅的不确定度为0.10mg/kg。结论 影响检测结果的不确定度主要来源为校准曲线与消化回收率。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定皂树皮提取物中铅的不确定度评定

目的:探讨石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定皂树皮提取物中铅不确定度的评定方法。方法:用原子吸收光谱仪测定皂树皮提取物样品中铅含量,根据该分析过程的测量数学模型从样品称量、样品定容、标准溶液配制、标准曲线测定、样品和空白测定等方面进行测量不确定度的计算。结果:样品X_1铅含量为1.28 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.090 mg/kg(k=2);样品X_2铅含量为3.90 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.250 mg/kg(k=2)。结论:测量过程中的不确定度主要来源于方法的回收率、样品空白变动性、消化液中铅浓度和重复性。通过建立测量数学模型,可对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定固体样品中铅测量的不确定度进行合理的评定。     

全自动石墨加热消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定麦苗粉中铅含量的不确定度评定

目的评定全自动石墨加热消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定麦苗粉中铅含量的不确定度。方法麦苗粉样品经全自动石墨加热消解后,石墨炉原子吸收法测定,外标法定量,根据建立的数据模型对每个不确定度分量进行评定,最终得出对合成不确定度的贡献度。结果置信概率为95%,取包含因子k=2,湿法消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定麦苗粉中铅含量结果报告为X=(0.17±0.01)mg/kg。结论该方法测量铅不确定度的主要因素是曲线拟合的不确定度。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定鲜虾中镉含量的不确定度评定

目的 建立石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定泰虾中镉的不确定度评定方法。方法 样品经微波消解后稀释,将一定量的样品消解液注入原子吸收分光光度计的石墨炉原子化器中。采用标准曲线法定量。分析了测定过程中的不确定度来源,对不确定度的组成进行了评定和量化。根据数学模型计算了样品中镉的含量,合成了标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果 石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定泰虾中镉含量为1.6 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.2 mg/kg(k = 2),结果表达为 (1.6 ± 0.2) mg/kg,k = 2。结论 结果表明,不确定度的主要来源是样品溶液中镉浓度的测定,其次是重复测定和加标回收试验,其他因素引起的不确定度可以忽略。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定水产制品中铬含量的不确定度评定

目的评定水产制品中铬含量测定的不确定度,为食品检验实验室提供更规范的不确定度评定方法。方法以烤鳕鱼片为例,参照GB 5009.123-2014《食品安全国家标准食品中铬的测定》用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中铬含量,对实验过程中引入的不确定度各分量进行分析,并计算合成标准不确定度及扩展不确定度。结果对评定结果产生影响的主要因子是标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合和样品重复性测量过程,其中样品的重复性测量引入的不确定度对最终不确定度影响最大。分析得该样品中铬含量为419.60μg/kg,相对合成不确定度为10.526μg/kg,扩展不确定度为21.05μg/kg(k=2),最后结果表示(419.60±21.05)mg/kg(k=2,95%置信水平)。结论通过不确定度的评定,查找测量过程中可能存在的问题以规范操作,降低引入的不确定度,使检测结果更可靠。     

微波消解—石墨炉法测定雪菜铅的不确定度评定

为更科学合理的表示微波消解-石墨炉法测定食品中铅含量的测量结果,根据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》技术规范要求,以测定雪菜中铅为例对测量不确定度进行评定,分析其主要来源并定量,计算相对合成标准不确定度,评定扩展不确定度。结果表明,影响测量结果的主要因素依次为样品的消化、试剂空白以及仪器测量时标准曲线的拟合;样品的称重、消解液的定容以及标准物质引入的不确定度相对来说较小;用该法测得雪菜铅含量为0.22mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.026mg/kg(95%,k=2);该评价方法及结果对实际工作中提高测量结果的准确性有一定的指导意义。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定味精中铅的不确定度评定

测量不确定度是指合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性,与测量结果相联系的参数[1]。检验结果的准确性和可靠性在很大程度上取决于其不确定度的大小,因此合理评定测量结果的不确定度是分析实验室必须重视的问题。文章通过大量的实验和数据统计,对石墨炉原子吸收法测定味精中铅的不确定度的来源以及量化等进行了探讨,旨在通过对石墨炉原子吸收测定味精中铅的过程进行分析,讨论不确定度的影响因素,并依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》[2]对各个不确定度分量和测量结果的不确定度进行评定。对于铅含量为411μg/kg的味精样品,其扩展不确定度为28μg/kg。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定粮食中铅含量的测量不确定度评定

铅是我国粮食卫生标准中的毒理学指标,原子吸收光谱法是测定粮食中铅的方法之一。按照GB/T27025-2008《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的规定,检测实验室应具有并应用评定测量不确定度的程序。文中根据JJF 1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》、CNAL/AG06《测量不确定度政策实施指南》技术规范的要求,对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铅含量的测量不确定度进行分析,获得不确定度评定结果,建立了测定铅不确定度的分析方法。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.