干燥方式与贮藏时间对铁核桃雄花营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响

以‘黔核7号’铁核桃雄花序为材料,研究干燥方式和贮藏时间对铁核桃雄花主要营养成分、矿质元素、氨基酸含量、抗氧化活性物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：恒温干制的铁核桃雄花中不仅脂肪、可溶性糖、淀粉、可滴定酸、总酚、总黄酮含量和15 种氨基酸含量显著高于阴干的铁核桃雄花,而且还保持了较高的抗氧化活性,而2 种干制方法对灰分、矿质营养元素、粗纤维、蛋白质以及甘氨酸和亮氨酸含量无明显影响。随着贮藏时间的延长,2 种方法干制的铁核桃雄花中除氨基酸苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量明显降低外,其他各种营养成分和抗氧化活性均无显著变化。     

麒麟莱的营养成分分析及评价

采用原子吸收法、比色法、索氏提取法和氨基酸自动分析仪等方法对印尼和海南两种麒麟菜的蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、矿物质、维生素等营养成分进行分析及评价。结果表明碳水化合物是麒麟菜的主要成分，印尼和海南麒麟菜碳水化合物含量分别为77．97％和76．99％；蛋白质含量分别为3．17％和2．23％；必需氨基酸含量高，限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸，氨基酸评分分别为91和87；脂肪含量分别为0．32％和0.31％：矿物质含量丰富，维生素含量较低。     

海南鳗鱼鱼鳔营养成分分析与评价

本文对海南鳗鱼鱼鳔的营养成分和氨基酸的分布规律进行了研究，并对鱼鳔的功能作用机理进行了探讨。结果表明：海南鳗鱼鱼鳔的蛋白质含量为78．34％，脂肪含量为1．55％，水分含量为19．12％，灰分含量为0．91％。氨基酸的测定结果显示，甘氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸等六种氨基酸构成了鳗鱼鱼鳔蛋白质的优势氨基酸，其含量占总氨基酸的72．8％。对比分析结果说明，氨基酸在同种鱼类不同的部位呈现不同的分布规律。     

醋蛋液的营养成分分析

对醋蛋液的营养成分进行了分析和评价，主要对一般营养成分、游离氨基酸组成及其无机质含量进行了检测和分析。结果表明：醋蛋液中的蛋白质含量较高，为3．17g／100ml；脂肪含量较低；游离氨基酸中必需氨基酸种类齐全，其中谷氨酸和赖氨酸含量最高，分别占到总量的13．55％和10、27％；无机质含量丰富，尤其是常量元素钙（180．8mg／100ml）。因此，醋蛋液是一种营养价值较高的饮品。     

刺松藻化学成分测定及其营养评价

对刺松藻的常规营养成分、不溶性膳食纤维、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿质元素进行了分析测定。结果显示：刺松藻的主要成分是碳水化合物，占66．86％，其中不溶性膳食纤维占43.04％；蛋白质含量较高，占21．67％，必需氨基酸占总氨基酸百分比为42．2％，限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸和胱氨酸，氨基酸评分86；脂肪含量低，占3．47％，其中不饱和脂肪酸占47．46％；矿物元素含量丰富，尤其是微量元素Cu，Fe，Zn含量高。结论：长刺松藻是一种高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪、低热量，且富含铁、锌等微量矿质元素的天然理想保健食品原料。     

青海特产鹿角菜营养成分分析

对青海特产鹿角菜营养成分中蛋白质、粗脂肪、膳食纤维含量、矿物质元素、氨基酸等进行分析.结果显示,鹿角菜中蛋白质平均含量为0.576％,脂肪平均含量为0.453％,膳食纤维平均含量为29.96％,矿物质含量平均为2.723％,Fe和Ca含量丰富,Cu、Pb含量很低,Cd未检出.在所别定的16种氨基酸中,天冬氨酸的含量最高,然后依次为谷氨酸和苏氨酸.不同产地的鹿角菜营养成分有一定差异.初步研究表明,青海特产鹿角菜具有进一步开发利用的价值.     

漂烫时间对铁核桃雄花序营养成分含量及抗氧化活性的影响

以‘黔核7号’核桃雄花序为材料,研究不同漂烫时间(0、3、6、9、12、15 min)对核桃雄花序主要营养品质及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,漂烫显著降低了核桃雄花序中的灰分、脂肪、蛋白质等常规营养素含量;漂烫3 min可溶性糖、淀粉、可滴定酸、灰分含量明显降低;脂肪含量在漂烫6 min后明显下降;粗纤维和蛋白质含量则在漂烫9 min和12 min后明显降低。漂烫处理对K、Fe、Mn和Zn含量损失严重,其次是Cu、P和B;Mg和Ca含量在漂烫过程中显著升高。漂烫过程中,必需氨基酸的损失率高于非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸,苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸损失率最高。抗氧化物质总酚和总黄酮含量均随漂烫时间的延长而明显下降,抗氧化能力也随之下降,且铁离子还原能力降幅大于1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力。结论:为最大程度地保持核桃雄花序的营养价值,在加工和烹饪过程中漂烫时间应控制在3 min以内。     

云南撒尼族乳饼的研制

研究了云南撒尼族乳饼的加工工艺，并分析其营养成分。实验表明，新鲜山羊乳经杀菌、冷却，然后加入发酵剂，凝乳形成后，经切割、排乳清即得到成品，产品的蛋白质含量为20．4％，必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41％。脂肪含量为25％，矿物质含量丰富，尤其是Ca、P、Zn；维生素的含量一般。乳饼是人体补充优质蛋白质和Ca、P、Zn的良好食物。研究结果为进一步研制开发民族乳制品奠定了基础。     

疆岳驴乳成分测定

连续3d采集12头疆岳驴共72头份驴乳和4份混合乳进行乳成分测定。结果表明。驴乳蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖和灰分的含量分习1为1．35，1．16，6.52和0．35g／100g；8种人体必需氨基酸（未含色氨酸Trp）的含量占氨基酸总量的44％；人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量分别占脂肪酸总量的26．83％和3．6％；含多种矿物元素和维生素，其中Se含量迭80μg／kg，Vc含量达5．16mg／100g。驴乳的营养成分和人乳相近．可作为婴幼儿代乳品或代乳品基料，也适合于心脑血管病、“三高症”及肥胖症等患者饮用。     

几种鱼鳔的营养成分分析与评价

分析比较了不同鱼鳔的营养成分和氨基酸的含量变化特点，并对鱼鳔的化学组成与功能的关系进行了探讨。结果表明，鱼鳔是一种高蛋白、低脂肪且含有较丰富矿物质的重要水产食品资源。鱼鳔中的营养成分含量因种类不同而变化，不同鱼鳔的脂肪含量变化最大，蛋白质含量的变化最小。氨基酸分析结果为：甘氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸等六种氨基酸构成了鱼鳔蛋白质的优势氨基酸。除了甘氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸和天冬氨酸四种氨基酸在不同鱼鳔中的含量差异较大外，大多数氨基酸的含量变化不大。     

Effect of total and rumen undegradable protein on the performance of cows fed low fiber diets.

Twelve multiparous and 18 primiparous Holstein cows were fed a 17.3% CP, 21.0% ADF diet during wk 2 through 6 postpartum. Cows then were assigned from wk 7 through 14 to one of three low fiber (10.7% ADF) dietary treatments containing either 14.4 or 18.7% CP, the latter with or without a soybean meal enhanced with rumen undegradable protein. Treatments had no effect on milk yield or composition in multiparous cows, although milk fat percentage was not depressed in multiparous cows receiving the low fiber diets. The soybean meal diet enhanced with rumen undegradable protein increased yields of milk, 4% FCM, fat, protein, and DMI compared with the 14.4% CP diet in primiparous cows; it also increased yields of 4% FCM and fat versus the 18.7% CP, untreated diet in primiparous cows. Blood urea N concentrations were greater for high CP diets than for the low CP diet in both parity groups. Rumen acetate: propionate ratios were higher for both high CP diets than for the low CP diet in multiparous cows. Soybean meal enhanced with rumen undegradable protein improved yields of milk and its components in primiparous cows fed low fiber diets, even when high protein diets were fed.     

滑子菇营养成分分析与评价

目的：系统地测定滑子菇的营养成分,并对其进行营养价值评价。方法：采用各营养成分的国标及常用方法进行。结果：滑子菇中蛋白、总糖、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分、水分含量分别为24.98%、57.12%、3.21%、5.06%、6.38%、12.29%;滑子菇粗多糖过DEAE-52柱后得到两种多糖,多糖分子质量(Mp)均为21394u;滑子菇中包含17种氨基酸,氨基酸含量为12500.79mg/100g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的28.10%,氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)和营养指数(NI)分别为19.98、24.38、44.50、36.80、7.56。结论：滑子菇是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、低纤维的食用菌,其营养价值很高,也含有多糖等具药理作用的成分,具有潜在的经济价值。     

鸡枞菌子实体成分的分析与测定

目的:系统地测定了鸡枞菌子实体的营养成分,并对其进行营养价值评价。方法:采用各营养成分的国标及常用方法进行实验。结果:鸡枞菌子实体中粗蛋白、总糖、粗脂肪、粗纤维、灰分、水分含量分别为:32.82%、26.79%、4.40%、6.38%、7.02%、13.08%;经脱色、脱蛋白后鸡枞菌粗多糖得率达3%,多糖相对分子量(Mp)分别为15762、724871、18251u;子实体中氨基酸含量28.51%,包含17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的40.82%,氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和营养指数分别为87、70、74.78、24.54。结论:鸡枞菌是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、低纤维的食用菌,其营养价值很高,也含有多糖等具药理作用的成分,具有潜在的经济价值。     

食用红藻鸡冠菜的营养成分分析及评价

对鸡冠菜的主要营养成分、不溶性膳食纤维、氨基酸及矿质元素进行测定,并进行营养分析。结果显示,碳水化合物、蛋白质和灰分是鸡冠菜的主要成分。其中不溶性膳食纤维和蛋白质含量较高,分别占藻体干重的31.5%和19.2%,氨基酸种类齐全,含有丰富的呈味氨基酸。脂肪含量低,具有人体必需脂肪酸--γ-亚麻酸。矿物质元素含量丰富,尤其是铁含量高。因此鸡冠菜是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、高纤维,且富含矿物质的可食用海藻,具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of dietary protein on milk, rumen, and blood parameters in dairy cattle fed low fiber diets

Eighteen multiparous and 9 primiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of a 13 and 23% crude protein concentrate on milk fat depression during early lactation. Beginning on d 22 postpartum, cows were fed a high fiber diet (27% acid detergent fiber) for 3 wk and then switched to a low fiber diet (9 to 10% acid detergent fiber) for 6 wk. Crude protein percentages calculated from dry matter consumption were 13.5 and 17.9% during the high fiber period and 12.7 and 22.3% during the low fiber period. Daily milk and fat yields for both primiparous and multiparous cows were greater for the high protein treatment. The magnitude of decline in milk fat percentage (from high to low fiber) was greater for the low protein treatment, as determined by nonlinear regression. The high protein treatment was more effective in reducing the severity of milk fat depression in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows. Dietary crude protein had no effect on milk protein or solids-not-fat percentages, rumen volatile fatty acid molar proportions, or serum acetate concentration. The mechanism by which the high protein ration minimized the fat depression response to low fiber rations by primiparous cows is unknown.     

2种牛肝菌分子鉴定及营养成分分析

对兴义产白葱牛肝菌和红葱牛肝菌子实体进行分子生物学鉴定,依据国际通用蛋白质评价模式对此2种牛肝菌蛋白质营养进行分析,并与来源于文献的砖红绒盖牛肝菌、黄皮疣柄牛肝菌和灰褐牛肝菌数据进行比较。结果表明:白葱牛肝菌学名是粉黄牛肝菌Boletus roseoflavus,红葱牛肝菌学名是兰茂牛肝菌Lanmaoa asiatica;子实体主要营养成分(g/100 g):粉黄牛肝菌含有蛋白46.20、脂肪2.0、粗纤维15.0、粗多糖4.70、可溶性糖9.60;必需氨基酸11.27、总氨基酸27.80、鲜味氨基酸总量10.84;兰茂牛肝菌含有蛋白56.0、脂肪2.0、粗纤维17.0、粗多糖7.20、可溶性糖7.60、必需氨基酸13.76、总氨基酸33.40、鲜味氨基酸总量13.04。粉黄牛肝菌和兰茂牛肝菌的必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸指数(E/N)分别为0.68和0.70,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量(E/E+N)为40.58%和41.20%,必需氨基酸总量达到FAO/WHO的标准模式,营养组成均衡、含量丰富;EAAI值(必需氨基酸指数)均为1.33,为优质蛋白源。     

明月草营养成分的分析及评价

对明月草的氨基酸、矿质元素及其他营养成分进行了分析测定,并进行了营养评价。结果表明,明月草中水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖、粗纤维、灰分、维生素C与总黄酮的含量为92.70%、1.99%、0.35%、0.21%、0.68%、1.40%、0.08 mg/g与4.79 mg/g;含有氨基酸15种,氨基酸总量(TAA)为20.01%。EAA/TAA为43.83%,EAA/NEAA为78.02%,各种人体必需氨基酸种类齐全,且比例均衡,比值系数分(SRC)为65.10。在各种人体必需氨基酸中,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸;P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn矿质元素的含量为322、4210、1441、478、38、2.36、1.14、55.70 mg/kg,经分析明月草氨基酸、矿质元素及其他营养成分含量丰富,具有很好的开发与利用价值。     

Effect of amount and source of dietary nitrogen on milk fat depression in early lactation dairy cows

Twenty-four multiparous and 15 primiparous Holstein cows were fed a total mixed corn silage diet with one of three dietary treatments: 14% crude protein, 22% crude protein (all preformed), or 22% crude protein (preformed plus nonprotein N). Eight multiparous and 5 primiparous cows were randomly assigned to each treatment at calving. The diet contained 23% ADF during wk 1 to 4 postpartum and was lowered to 11% ADF for wk 5 to 12 postpartum. Treatment had no effect on the magnitude of depression in milk fat percentage or milk fat yield in multiparous cows. After fiber was lowered, changes in rumen acetate to propionate ratio, blood glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin were not influenced by treatment. Depression in milk fat percentage for primiparous cows was 19.7, 9.2, and 14.9% for low protein, high protein, and high protein with nonprotein N, respectively. When changed from high fiber to low fiber, the primiparous cows increased milk fat yield 9% for high preformed protein treatment but decreased fat yield for other treatments. Depression in acetate to propionate ratio and increase in blood glucose was least for the high preformed protein group.     

Effects of protein level and forage source on milk production and composition in early lactation dairy cows.

Twenty multiparous and 12 primiparous Holstein cows were assigned at calving to one of three grass hay-based diets containing either 14, 18, or 22% CP or an alfalfa hay-based diet containing 22% CP to examine the effect of protein level and forage source on milk yield and composition. The diets contained 23% ADF during wk 1 to 4 postpartum, which was lowered to 11% for wk 5 to 12 postpartum. Cows fed the 18 and 22% CP grass-based diets produced higher yields of milk, 4% FCM, fat, protein, and SNF than those fed the 14% CP diet during the high fiber period. In addition, cows fed the 22% CP grass-based diet had higher milk fat tests than those fed the 14% CP diet during the high fiber period, due primarily to an increase in short-chain fatty acid synthesis. Milk fat depression was more severe when cows were changed to low fiber diets while fed the 22% CP alfalfa-based diet than when fed the 22% CP grass-based diet. Depression in milk fat content was 15.0, 17.0, 15.6, and 27.0% for 14, 18, and 22% CP grass-based and 22% CP alfalfa-based diets, respectively. Cows receiving the 18 and 22% CP grass-based diets exhibited higher blood NEFA during the high fiber feeding period than those fed the 14% CP diet. After fiber was lowered, changes in rumen acetate:propionate ratios were unaffected by treatment. Lowering fiber level resulted in an increased milk CP percentage regardless of treatment. Grass hay appeared to be more effective than alfalfa hay in preventing depression in milk fat test upon the change to a low fiber diet.     

林芝砖红绒盖牛肝菌的营养成分分析及评价

对2 份林芝砖红绒盖牛肝菌样品,进行主要营养成分、氨基酸及矿物质分析,并与其他牛肝菌进行营养学对照评价。结果表明,砖红绒盖牛肝菌的主要成分为蛋白质和粗纤维,占43.29%,粗纤维含量为13.73%,在几种牛肝菌中较高。粗脂肪含量较低,平均含量为4.55%。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的39.10%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为0.64;鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸31.80%,药用氨基酸占总氨基酸59.33%;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸含量相对较高;第1限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸。富含矿物质,其中K、Ca、Fe、Zn、Se等含量高,尤其是Ca、Se含量高于其他牛肝菌,Hg和Pb未检出,Cd和As的含量符合国家标准所规定范围。因此,砖红绒盖牛肝菌是一种高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪、富含矿物质的野生食用菌。