金华火腿为何肉质红白

金华火腿成品内层肌肉含有相当数量的肌红蛋白和氧合肌红蛋白,所以——     

金华火腿口味及呈味物质的研究

金华火腿的口味是以鲜味为主,包括咸、甜、苦等多种口味的复杂呈味体系。谷氨酸是金华火腿中的主要鲜味物质。在整个加工过程中,谷氨酸的含量不断上升。金华火腿中含有的食盐赋予火腿以咸味,同时又是谷氨酸鲜味的助鲜剂。金华火腿的pH值使其中的谷氨酸以鲜味最强的谷氨酸—钠的形式存在。金华火腿中的主要有机酸是乳酸。天门冬氨酸也是金华火腿中的鲜味物质。金华火腿中还含有大量其它的呈甜味和苦味的氨基酸。新工艺加工的金华火腿具有与传统方法加工的金华火腿相近含量的各种呈味物质。因而它们具有相似的呈味体系。     

金华火腿中挥发性风味物质形成过程及变化规律研究

以60只杂交猪后腿为原料,按照传统工艺加工金华火腿,采用固相微萃取(SPME)技术和气谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分离、鉴定技术,研究了金华火腿股二头肌中挥发性风味化合物的形成变化规律。从6个不同加工时期的样品中共鉴定出191种物质,包括43种烃、31种醛、24种酮、21种酯、19种醇、17种羧酸、16种杂环化合物、5种内酯、5种含氯化合物、4种含硫化合物、2种酚、2种酸酐、1种酰胺和1种醚。其中醛类、醇类、烃类、酮类、酸类和酯类化合物含量较高,但各类风味物质的化合物种类和含量的变化规律各不相同。随着加工进行,肌肉中的挥发性化合物种类逐渐增多,但化合物总含量以晒腿结束和成熟中期最高。研究结果表明,与国外干腌火腿相比,金华火腿成品中羧酸、支链化合物、芳香族化合物及杂环化合物种类和含量较多,可能是金华火腿的风味特征。     

金华火腿复合调味料的研制

0引言金华火腿相传起源于宋朝，距今已有近千年的历史，它是在专供家庭食用成肉基础上经过不断改进加工技术发展而来的。金华火腿质量高，驰名中外，这是与金华地区的自然条件，猪的品种，加工工艺分不开的[1]。金华火腿风味独特，是以鲜味为主体，包括成、苦、甜多种基本口味综合形成的一个复杂、丰富而全面的呈味体系。其中，谷氨酸是金华火腿的主要鲜味物质[2]。传统金华火腿都是以整只火腿销售为主，一般每只的重量在4—8千克。对于以三人模式为主的家庭烹饪来说，食用、携带都不太方便。现在销售时常采用剔骨去皮的500克左右的小包装，…     

肌肉非蛋白氮和游离氨基酸在金华火腿加工过程中的变化

以60只浙江兰溪当地杂交猪后腿为原料,按传统工艺加工金华火腿,分析了股二头肌中非蛋白氮(Non-proteinnitrogen,NPN)和游离氨基酸(Freeaminoacids,FAA)浓度随加工时间而变化的规律。结果表明,肌肉中的NPN和FAA含量都随金华火腿加工进程逐渐升高;NPN在后熟期和晒腿期间升高速度最快,而FAA在成熟过程中升高最快,成品火腿的蛋白质降解指数在14～20之间;成品火腿中的FAA占NPN的70%以上,其中以Arg、Glu、Leu、Lys、Ala和Val等含量较高。FAA总含量比腌制前提高13.8倍,火腿中大部分FAA浓度为腌制前的10～20倍,其中增加比例较大的FAA有Lys、Asp、Ser、Tyr和Ile等。火腿中大部分游离氨基酸的浓度多倍于其感觉阈值,因此可能对火腿风味的形成有重要贡献。     

全程智能化控制生产的金华火腿蛋白质降解情况研究

采用全程智能化控温控湿生产金华火腿,检测其主要加工阶段的蛋白质降解率和成品的蛋白质降解产物,并以传统金华火腿和帕尔玛火腿为对照,评价其蛋白质降解水平。结果表明全程智能化控温控湿生产的金华火腿蛋白质降解水平优于传统金华火腿。     

金华火腿特征风味物质研究进展

金华火腿是我国传统的干腌火腿,以其特殊的风味而著称。通过对金华火腿及其它干腌火腿主要风味物质、形成机理、提取及鉴定方法等研究现状的综述,表明对金华火腿特征风味物质的深入研究有利于了解风味物质形成规律,为金华火腿加工工艺控制及火腿调味料开发应用提供理论基础。     

金华火腿工业化生产工艺与HACCP应用

借鉴意大利Parma火腿、西班牙伊比利亚(Iberian)火腿等的先进技术和加工工艺,结合金华火腿低温腌制、中温发酵、高温成熟的加工机理,确定金华火腿工业化生产工艺,以期改善传统金华火腿加工的季节局限性和含盐量过高的瑕疵,提高金华火腿的品质,提升金华火腿行业的现代化档次.应用HACCP体系控制金华火腿的食品安全,使金华火腿的持续改进得到强有力的保障.     

传统金华火腿腌制用盐量的控制研究

金华火腿是中式干腌火腿的典型代表,素以"色香味形"四绝著称于世,金华火腿传统工艺要求在农历立冬至次年立春之间投料,经过选料、腌制、洗晒、发酵、堆叠等八大工艺步骤加工,历经冬、春、夏三个季节,将近十个月方成成品。根据金华火腿传统工艺的要求,在金华火腿行业协会的下属企业中做了一次控盐腌制试验。结果表明,严格按照传统上盐工艺腌制的金华火腿,在理想加工条件下,最终产品的含盐量可以达到标准规定的要求。     

家庭自制火腿

编辑同志:现在夏季已过,贵刊能否在9～12期分批介绍一些肉的腌制加工,如金华火腿.方法要适合家庭,过程要详细具体.洛阳 范荣远范荣远同志:我曾在浙江金华、东阳一带工作过,那里被称为“火腿之乡”是     

Benchmarking value in the pork supply chain: Processing and consumer characteristics of hams manufactured from different quality raw materials

Impact of fresh ham quality on finished ham product characteristics was evaluated. Bone-in hams destined for spiral-sliced ham manufacturing were sorted into two pH groups before processing: pH ⩽ 5.5 and pH ⩾ 5.6. For boneless hams, raw materials were sorted into groups with different levels of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) product before manufacturing into sliced vacuum packaged hams: “Low PSE” (⩽5% PSE muscle), “Intermediate PSE” (20–30% PSE muscle) or “High PSE” (40–60% PSE muscle). Few differences were observed between the pH ⩽ 5.5 and pH ⩾ 5.6 groups in objective color measures and drip loss in bone-in spiral-sliced hams stored under refrigeration, however, after frozen storage, hams from the pH ⩽ 5.5 group had lower L*- and a*-values and had much higher drip loss than those from the pH ⩾ 5.6 group. Processing yields for bone-in spiral-sliced hams were similar through cooking and chilling, however, the pH ⩾ 5.6 group had higher yields after slicing. For boneless hams, defects occurred at a greater frequency in hams formulated with a greater percentage of PSE raw materials than those with lower amounts of PSE. Differences in objective color measures and purge were minimal over the duration of storage time, but hams formulated with greater percentages of PSE raw materials were lighter in appearance and had less redness. Consumers gave lower color responses for hams formulated with “High PSE” amounts, but did not differentiate between hams manufactured with lower quantities of PSE muscle. However, when consumers directly compared packages of ham, there was distinct discrimination against hams manufactured with greater amounts of PSE. Purchase intent showed that consumers favored ham manufactured from fresh ham muscles containing low quantities of PSE tissue. Further research is needed to determine the optimal ratio of allowable PSE product in formulation that enables processors to maximize consumer appeal with the economic realities of sorting out PSE pork.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF MODEL NITROSYLHEME PIGMENTS WITH VISIBLE, INFRARED AND 15N FOURIER TRANSFORM NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Synthetic pigments that model the organic-soluble pigment in heat-processed cured ham were characterized with infrared (IR) and ¹⁵N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The two pigments synthesized were ¹⁵N nitrosyl (protoporphyrinato- IX) iron (II), or Fe^II PP¹⁵ NO, and ¹⁵N dinitrosyl (protoporphyrinato-IX), or Fe^II PP(¹⁵NO)₂. An NMR spectrum was obtained only for the Fe^II PP¹⁵ NO. The NMR spectrum consisted of a single peak + 1.78 ppm from the Na¹⁵ NO³ and –6.8 from the CH₃NO₂ reference. The IR spectrum included a single NO symmetric stretch at 1801 cm⁻¹. The visible spectrum of Fe^II PPNO did not match the visible spectrum of ham extracts, while it did with FE^II PP(¹⁵NO)₂. An unequivocal structural assignment of Fe^II PP¹⁵ NO was made, but longer NMR runs may be necessary to obtain a spectrum and unequivocal structural assignment of Fe^II PP(¹⁵ NO)₂.     

Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes using natural antimicrobials in no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added ham

Consumer demand for foods manufactured without the direct addition of chemical preservatives, such as sodium nitrite and organic acid salts, has resulted in a unique class of "naturally" cured meat products. Formulation with a natural nitrate source and nitrate-reducing bacteria results in naturally cured processed meats that possess traits similar to conventionally cured meats. However, previous research has shown that the naturally cured products are more susceptible to pathogen growth. This study evaluated Listeria monocytogenes growth on ham manufactured with natural curing methods and with commercially available clean-label antimicrobials (cultured sugar and vinegar blend; lemon, cherry, and vinegar powder blend) and assessed impacts on physicochemical characteristics of the product. Hams made with either of the antimicrobials supported L. monocytogenes growth similar to that in the traditionally cured control (P > 0.05). Hams made with prefermented celery juice powder had the lowest residual nitrite concentrations (P < 0.05), and when no antimicrobial was added, L. monocytogenes growth was similar to that of the uncured control (P > 0.05). Aside from residual nitrite and nitrate concentrations, few physicochemical differences were identified. These findings show that ham can be produced with natural curing methods and antimicrobials to provide similar L. monocytogenes inhibition and physicochemical traits as in traditionally cured ham.     

KINETICS OF PIGMENT DEGRADATION IN SLICED COOKED HAM

Sliced cooked ham was vacuum packaged and held in the dark at −15C. 10C, and 30C, and at 10C in the light, for up to 96 h. At 24 h intervals, samples were analyzed for pigment concentration by spectrophotometry. A decrease in pigment concentration was observed over time under all conditions. Pigment degradation increased at higher temperatures and with light exposure. Kinetic parameters were determined, indicating that pigment degradation follows first order kinetics and the temperature dependence of these reactions indicated an Arrhenius relationship. The activation energy was 3.3 kcal/mol. The visible spectra for the extracted pigments in cooked ham showed the typical pattern of nitrosylmyoglobin. Pigments extracted from ham displayed in the light had spectra with similar absorption maxima to those from those stored in the dark.     

巴马火腿红色色素的研究进展

综述了巴马火腿红色色素研究的最新进展。巴马火腿在腌制时不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐 ,经过长期的加工过程 ,巴马火腿肉具有稳定的红色。巴马火腿的红色色素与添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐腌制的普通火腿的红色色素具有不同的吸收光谱、颜色稳定性和抗氧化性。根据巴马火腿红色色素的吸收光谱、荧光光谱、高压液相色谱和高分辨率电喷雾电离质谱 ,证实了巴马火腿的红色色素是锌 原卟啉IX。     

Thermal and photochemical degradation of myoglobin pigments in relation to colour stability of sliced dry-cured Parma ham and sliced dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt

Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of the red pigments from Parma ham and nitrosylated pigment of dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt were prepared with acetone/water (75/25 v/v %) solution and aqueous phosphate buffer, respectively. The spectral characteristics differed for both the lipophilic and the hydrophilic Parma ham pigment compared with the dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt. The red lipophilic pigment(s) extractable from Parma ham was(were) found to be very stable towards thermal degradation in acetone/water (75/25 v/v %) solution for temperatures up to 70 °C in contrast to the lipophilic pigment(s) extractable from dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt, which was(were) found to have an energy of activation of 99 kJ/mol for thermal degradation. In contrast, quantum yields for photodegradation of the lipophilic ham pigments exposed to 366 nm (420 nm) monochromatic light were larger for Parma ham than for nitrite-cured ham [1.6×10^–5 (6.9×10^–6) versus 1.6×10^–6 (2×10^–6) mol einstein^–1] as determined for acetone/water (75/25 v/v %) solution. In agreement with these findings for the extracted lipophilic pigments, sliced Parma ham showed better colour stability than sliced dry-cured ham produced with nitrite salt, when stored in the dark at low oxygen concentration, in contrast to a faster initial discolouration for Parma ham when exposed to light, as shown for chilled storage for 35 days under retail conditions for the two products each packed at two oxygen levels (0.4 and 21%).     

CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY OF PROCESSED OSTRICH MEAT PRODUCTS

Two value-added ostrich meat product prototypes were prepared and evaluated by a consumer panel (n = 132) against similar products manufactured entirely from pork. Ostrich "ham" and a control pork ham product were prepared by a traditional ham cure, and Polish sausage products were formulated with either all-pork or a 67% ostrich/33 % pork blend and processed with a commercial spice blend. Ostrich "ham" tended to be rated lower (P = 0.0537) in salt intensity, but had higher flavor intensity ratings. Consumers gave pork ham more favorable ratings for overall acceptability (P< 0.01) and flavor acceptability (P< 0.05). For Polish sausage products, overall acceptability, flavor acceptability, flavor intensity, salt intensity, texture and tenderness were not different (P > 0.05) between all-pork and ostrich/pork varieties. Results indicate that value-added ostrich meat products were more acceptable when they were more finely ground, spiced, and combined with pork in a sausage product than when they were prepared as a "ham" product.     

红曲色素在肉制品中的应用

由于红曲色素具有良好的着色性能以及较好的抑菌作用,红曲色素现广泛的应用于各类食品中。本文主要概述了红曲色素在几类常见肉制品:香肠、腊肉、火腿、火腿肠中的应用。     

Contribution of muscle aminopeptidases to flavor development in dry-cured ham

The activity of muscle aminopeptidases (alanyl, arginyl, leucyl and pyroglutamyl aminopeptidases) have been assayed along the processing of dry-cured ham. The generation of free amino acids resulting from aminopeptidase action on N-terminal of proteins and peptides has been also analyzed. The assayed aminopeptidases, except pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase, showed good stability. Alanyl and arginyl aminopeptidases have optimal neutral pH near the pH in ham and, in addition, their spectrum of activity against terminal amino acids is in coincidence with the observed release of free amino acids in ham. So, both aminopeptidases appear to be the main contributors to the generation of free amino acids during the processing of dry-cured ham.