糖蜜酒精废液制半有机肥料的生产实践

介绍用糖蜜酒精废液为原料制半有机肥料的工艺技术 ,生产 1吨半有机肥料耗用 70 Bx酒精废液浓缩液为 0 .45吨 ,通过实践解决了几个技术难题     

浅析糖蜜酒精废液及其堆肥中可溶性的COD值

通过测试糖蜜酒精废液浓缩液生物堆肥的物料和产品中可溶性（CODCr）值，并利用物料衡算的方法，分析比较了将糖蜜酒精废液浓缩直接配制肥料，或仅经过简单干燥就配制成肥料与糖蜜酒精废液浓缩液生物堆肥制成的肥料三种不同产品的堆肥前后可溶性（CODCr）的变化，提出了通过利用糖蜜酒精废液的浓缩液，采用微生物高温发酵的方法堆肥，其所得到的有机肥料产品可能更具有环境友好和节能减排的特点的观点。     

糖蜜酒精废液处理工艺及设备

──何琳,广东农机,1999（2）,24～25通过干燥加工等一系列的处理工艺,把糖蜜酒精废液变成养分颇高的有机肥料的原料。该方法设备投资较低,不仅解决了环境污染问题,还增加了收益。其工艺流程如下：输送蔗渣干燥→蔗渣、废液混合─→混合料干输送、粉碎燥──成品仓→计量、包装。该方案的关键是采用了二次干燥后搅拌的处理工艺。首先干燥蔗渣,第一次干燥最好把蔗渣的水分降到15％以下,使它具有较强的吸水能力。然后将干蔗渣和酒精废液充分混和,让干蔗渣吸收糖蜜酒精废液的水分,以减小糖蜜酒精废液的粘性,再对这种混合物进行干燥…     

淀粉酶废液在酒精生产中的应用研究

将中温α-淀粉酶和糖化酶的发酵废液添加到利用木薯粉生产酒精中,通过实验研究酶废液的添加对酒精产量以及对发酵过程中酿酒酵母的影响.实验证明,添加酶废液可以提高0.6％的酒精产量;在酒精发酵过程中,对酵母生长的负作用不明显.     

内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

采用内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液具有较高的COD去除效果.研究了内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的效果受反应时间、废液浓度、pH值、反应温度等单因素的影响并进行了正交试验.实验结果表明,反应10h,废液稀释7.5倍,pH=5.50,反应温度60℃,用Cu-AC催化剂,内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液,其COD...     

内电解—催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

采用内电解—催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液具有较高的COD去除效果。研究了内电解—催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的效果受反应时间、废液浓度、pH值、反应温度等单因素的影响并进行了正交试验。实验结果表明,反应10h,废液稀释7.5倍,pH=5.50,反应温度60℃,用Cu—AC催化剂,内电解—催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液,其COD去除率可达80.0%。     

内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

采用内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液具有较高的COD去除效果。研究了内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的效果受反应时间、废液浓度、pH值、反应温度等单因素的影响并进行了正交试验。实验结果表明,反应10h,废液稀释7.5倍,pH=5.50,反应温度60℃,用Cu-AC催化剂,内电解-催化氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液,其COD去除率可达80.0%。     

我国糖厂酒精废液综合治理的技术进展

本文报道了糖厂酒精废液的综合治理，使其免于排放或经处理达标后排放的几种方法，这些方法为今后糖厂酒精废液的综合利用提供了一些依据。     

糖蜜酒精废液回用技术的应用

通过糖蜜酒精回用技术可以提高糖蜜酒精废液的浓度,我们分别进行了回流量为5%、1 5%、25%、35%、50%的回用生产性实验,实验结果表明少量的废液回用对酵母生长和酒精发酵没有影响,还可以提高发酵转化率,但随着回用量的加大,会有一定的影响,最佳回用量在5%左右,废液浓度可以达到16°Bx以上,但超过一定的量后就不能正常回用.     

糖蜜酒精废液燃烧处理技术研究

针对糖蜜酒精废液的综合治理问题 ,提出了用燃烧法处理酒精废液。糖蜜酒精废液先浓缩到 6 0°～ 70°BX,再送进专用的酒精废液锅炉内高温燃烧处理 ,使糖蜜酒精废液处理达到零排放 ;糖蜜酒精废液燃烧产生的热量 ,经酒精废液锅炉的受热面吸热产生蒸汽 ,可满足酒精生产用汽和糖蜜酒精废液浓缩用汽 ,达到变废为宝的处理目的。我们所提供的这种糖蜜酒精废液的处理方法 ,具有“真正零排放 ,运行成本低 ,投资有回报”的突出特点 ,应用前景广阔     

Dynamics of the co‐composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure

Co‐composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure was assessed by monitoring several chemical and biological parameters related to compost stability/maturity throughout a 103 day period. A compost of solid poultry manure was used as the control, because a compost could not be obtained from the liquid manure. The materials composted reached thermophilic stage temperatures within 4 days, lasting for more than 10 days; thereafter the temperature decreased rapidly to around ambient levels. The initial pH value was around 9 for both mixtures and, despite an initial decrease, high values were maintained over the entire co‐composting process. Electrical conductivity increased with composting time, while the opposite behaviour was observed for total carbon content. Organic matter loss in the co‐composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure was 35%. In general, the final products showed physicochemical characteristics considered normal for such materials, but pH and ammonia content values were high. The results of a bioassay test performed with seeds of three plant species (ryegrass, wheat and barley) indicated that the co‐compost could be considered mature from a biological point of view, since phytotoxicity was absent for ryegrass and barley. Comparison of these data with those obtained for solid poultry manure indicated that barley waste notably improved the composting efficiency as well as the quality of the final product. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Are compost teas an effective nutrient amendment in the cultivation of strawberries? Soil and plant tissue effects

BACKGROUND: Compost teas are purported to serve as an effective source of nutrients; however, there is little scientific evidence to support or refute this claim. Compost tea infusions made with municipal solid waste compost and ruminant compost were used as amendments for strawberry cultivation and their efficacy was compared to municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, ruminant compost, and fertilizer amendments. A variety of parameters were examined including the nutrient, micronutrient and metal concentrations of soil and leaf tissue, pH, total soil carbon and nitrogen, and mineralized nitrogen. RESULTS: Compost tea treatments provided similar amounts of most macro‐ and micronutrients compared to MSW compost, ruminant compost, and fertilizer treatments and subsequently to strawberry plants. The MSW compost added significantly greater amounts of Ca, Na, and S to soil with increased plant uptake while the ruminant compost treatment plots had significantly greater available soil P. The compost and fertilizer treatments also provided greater amounts of K to soil compared to the compost tea treatments. CONCLUSIONS: In a 2 year study, non‐aerated compost teas were effective nutrient amendments for strawberries compared to ruminant and MSW compost, and inorganic fertilizers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of oral administration of compost extract on gene expression in the rat gastrointestinal tract

Oral administration of an extract consisting of compost fermented with thermophiles to pigs reduces the incidence of stillbirth and promotes piglet growth. However, the mechanism by which the compost extract modulates the physiological conditions of the animals remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of compost extract on the physiological responses in the intestine of a mammalian rat model. The level of fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA), which provides protection against pathogens and is secreted from the small intestine, was significantly higher in rats treated with continuous administration of the compost extract than in untreated rats after 2 months, but not after 1 month. However, the fecal IgA level was not significantly different in rats that received the filtered compost extract compared with the untreated rats or the rats that received the compost extract. Gene expression analyses of the small intestine indicated that several immune-related genes were upregulated following compost exposure. Specifically, the expression levels of lymphocyte chemoattractant chemokine CXCL13 and Granzyme B, which is released within cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, increased in the small intestinal tract following compost exposure. Based on these observations, it was postulated that the increased level of fecal IgA following compost exposure was associated with the expression of CXCL13 and Granzyme B in the intestinal tract. Thus, thermophile-fermented compost could contain microbes or substances that activate the rat's gut mucosal immune response.     

Effects of C N ratio and pH of raw materials on oil degradation efficiency in a compost fermentation process

Waste oil treatment was attempted using a compost fermentation process. To develop a simple method for waste oil treatment, cheap and simple materials were used as compost materials. The fermentation experiment was performed using a domestic composter to determine the optimum conditions of the fermentation. Adjustment of the pH value during the compost fermentation was also important for progression of the oil degradation. When the pH value was not controlled, the pH value decreased quickly and reached about 2 and the oil degradation was stopped. Adding caustic lime to the raw materials caused the pH value of the compost to stabilize at approximately 7. The addition of a nitrogen source had a large effect on oil degradation during the compost fermentation. The optimum value of the C N ratio of the raw materials with pH control was between 10 and 40. When the C N ratio of the materials was adjusted to 10, 20, and 40, the rate constants for oil degradation were very similar. The rate constants for NH4+ consumption were also similar. Oil degradation efficiency reached 83.5% relative to the initial oil content in the compost materials. Repeated batch operation of the compost fermentation was carried out and the compost system could maintain good efficiency for oil degradation over several repeated batch operations. Finally, the compost system was applied to the treatment of recalled mayonnaise, with favorable results being obtained.     

重金属在土壤-作物体系中的累积行为研究(Ⅰ)——造纸污泥堆肥农用的重金属污染研究

选取造纸污泥堆肥作为菜园土肥源进行盆栽实验,通过种植油菜和芦荟,着重研究了施加造纸污泥堆肥后作物和土壤中的重金属含量分布。盆栽实验显示施加堆肥可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤肥力:重金属测定结果表明,添加造纸污泥堆肥的土壤,其重金属含量符合标准规定,且作物中的重金属含量远远低于我国蔬菜质量标准规定值。在一定时期内农田施用造纸污泥堆肥不会造成重金属污染。     

玉米提取物抑制亚硝化反应的研究

研究在体外模拟胃液条件下，玉米各部位提取物对亚硝酸胺合成的阻断作用和对亚硝酸盐的清除作用。结果显示：玉米各部位提取物均有较好的抑制亚硝化反应及阻断亚硝胺合成的作用，其阻断和清除率随提取物浓度的增加而增加。其中，玉米须对N-亚硝胺合成的阻断及亚硝酸盐的清除最佳，依次为玉米叶、玉米芯，玉米粒最次。     

Rapid measurement and control of the moisture content of compost using near-infrared spectroscopy

In a compost fermentation of soybean-curd (tofu) refuse, the effects of the moisture content of the compost on the compost reaction were studied. The moisture content of the compost was a very important factor for good fermentation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to the determination of the moisture content of the compost. The reflected rays in the wavelength range between 400 and 2500 nm were measured at 2 nm intervals. The absorption of water was observed at three wavelengths, 960, 1406 and 1888 nm. To formulate a calibration equation, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out between the near-infrared spectral data at 960 nm (sample number, n = 50) and on the moisture content obtained using a drying method. The values of the simple correlation coefficient and the standard error of calibration were 0.987 and 1.33%, respectively. To validate the calibration equation obtained, the moisture content in the prediction sample set (n = 35) not used for formulating the calibration equation was calculated using the calibration equation, and compared with the values obtained using the drying method. Good agreement was observed between the results of the drying method and those of the NIRS method. The simple correlation coefficient and standard error of prediction were 0.979 and 1.85%, respectively. Then, the NIRS method was applied to a practical situation in which the moisture content was measured and controlled during the compost fermentation, and good results were obtained. The study indicates that NIRS is a useful method for measurement and control of the moisture content in the compost of soybean-curd refuse.     

Plant growth-promoting bacteria for phytostabilization of mine tailings

Eolian dispersion of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environments is an emerging global issue for which economical remediation alternatives are needed. Phytostabilization, the revegetation of these sites with native plants, is one such alternative. Revegetation often requires the addition of bulky amendments such as compost which greatly increases cost. We report the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to enhance the revegetation of mine tailings and minimize the need for compost amendment. Twenty promising PGPB isolates were used as seed inoculants in a series of greenhouse studies to examine revegetation of an extremely acidic, high metal contenttailings sample previously shown to require 15% compost amendment for normal plant growth. Several isolates significantly enhanced growth of two native species, quailbush and buffalo grass, in tailings. In this study, PGPB/compost outcomes were plant specific; for quailbush, PGPB were most effective in combination with 10% compost addition while for buffalo grass, PGPB enhanced growth in the complete absence of compost. Results indicate that selected PGPB can improve plant establishment and reduce the need for compost amendment. Further, PGPB activities necessary for aiding plant growth in mine tailings likely include tolerance to acidic pH and metals.     

双孢菇培养基堆制产热过程中微生物变化对其理化性质的影响

对双孢菇培养基非热灭菌制备过程中的微生物数量及培养基的理化性质进行检测,研究双孢菇培养基发酵产热过程中微生物的生长对底物性质的影响。在培养基二次发酵过程中,在原料浴湿后、第1、2、3、4次倒料时及后发酵结束时6个关键点进行取样,对培养基中细菌、放线菌和霉菌3类微生物的数量进行培养计数,同时测定培养基样品的气味、颜色、韧度的物理感官特性及含水量、pH值、硝态氮含量的化学成分变化。结果表明,双孢菇培养基中的微生物数量大小顺序依次为：细菌＞放线菌＞霉菌,并且都呈先减少后增加的趋势;培养基的酸味逐渐减小,氨味先增加后减少,颜色由黄色逐渐变为棕黑色,白色的面积增加,能够承受的拉力逐渐减小,并且蜡质的易去除率增加,水分含量逐渐减少,pH值和硝态氮含量均先减少后增加。     

15N NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting

T15NT was added to a soil of low organic carbon content and composted for 20 days in an aerobic bench scale reactor. The finished whole compost and fulvic acid, humic acid, humin, and lignocellulose fractions extracted from the compost were analyzed by solid-state CP/MAS and DP/MAS 15N NMR. 15N NMR spectra provided direct spectroscopic evidence for reduction of TNT followed by covalent binding of the reduced metabolites to organic matter of the composted soil, with the majority of metabolite found in the lignocellulose fraction, by mass also the major fraction of the compost. In general, the types of bonds formed between soil organic matter and reduced TNT amines in controlled laboratory reactions were observed in the spectra of the whole compost and fractions, confirming that during composting TNT is reduced to amines that form covalent bonds with organic matter through aminohydroquinone, aminoquinone, heterocyclic, and imine linkages, among others. Concentrations of imine nitrogens in the compost spectra suggest that covalent binding by the diamines 2,4DANT and 2,6DANT is a significant process in the transformation of TNT into bound residues. Liquid-phase 15N NMR spectra of the fulvic acid and humin fractions provided possible evidence for involvement of phenoloxidase enzymes in covalent bond formation.