Quadric segmentation and fitting of data captured by a laser profile scanner mounted on an industrial robot

Applications like geometric reverse engineering, robot vision and automatic inspection require sets of points to be measured from the surfaces of objects and then processed by segmentation and fitting algorithms to establish shape parameters of interest. In industrial applications where speed, reliability and automatic operation is of interest a measuring system based on a laser profile scanner mounted on an industrial robot can be of interest. In earlier publications we have presented such a system and also a segmentation algorithm for planar surfaces using 2D profile data in combination with robot poses. Due to the data reduction offered by this approach the segmentation algorithm computes faster than algorithms based on 3D point sets alone. Encouraged by the results we have now developed a segmentation algorithm for two different quadric surfaces also based on 2D profiles in combination with robot poses. This paper presents the new algorithm together with test results and also an interesting observation that points to future work.     

激光喷丸强化系统协调控制方法与实现

针对复杂型面工件激光喷丸强化应用中对加工点位精度的要求以及激光脉冲触发时间点需要与工业机器人调姿到位时间点精确匹配,提出激光脉冲与工业机器人协调控制方法。通过脉冲能量检测实现出光快速反馈,并基于EKI接口通讯实现KUKA机器人运动控制及到位反馈,完成激光脉冲与工业机器人点位运动闭环匹配。在此基础上研制激光喷丸强化工艺系统,主要包含激光光源、工业机器人、传输光路、工艺辅助模块以及上位机控制平台。以平面点阵坐标进行协调控制实验及对整体叶盘进行激光喷丸强化实验。结果表明,本系统具备较好的激光脉冲-工业机器人协调控制精度,能自动完成激光喷丸强化工艺流程,具有对复杂型面工件的激光喷丸强化能力。     

焊缝磨抛机器人视觉算法实现及其试验研究

为实现大型结构件焊后焊缝自动磨抛,磨抛机器人除了具备移动能力和磨抛能力外,更需要在复杂和不规则的工业环境中对焊缝进行准确的跟踪和测量,进而为焊缝磨抛提供有效的加工参数。将两个电荷耦合器件(Charge-coupled device, CCD) 相机和激光器搭载在吸附移动机器人本体上,构成焊缝磨抛机器人视觉系统。根据结构光的亮度分布特征,提出定位图像感兴趣区域(Region of interest, ROI)的算法,减小了计算量,提高了计算效率;提出在噪声干扰条件下快速检测结构光特征线的列高斯差分算法,成功提取结构光特征线;提出差分最值粗定位-距离阈值精定位的焊缝边缘点检测算法,快速、精确提取焊后焊缝的边缘点,计算出焊后焊缝的几何信息。图像处理试验及相应的焊缝磨抛试验结果表明：该视觉系统稳定、可靠,视觉算法快速、精确并且具有很好的鲁棒性,为复杂工业环境下大型结构件焊缝磨抛自动化奠定了基础。     

Kinematic parameter calibration method for industrial robot manipulator using the relative position

A new calibration method for industrial robot system calibration on a manufacturing floor is presented in this paper. To calibrate the robot system, a laser sensor to measure the distance between robot tool and measurement surface is attached to the robot end-effector and a grid is established in the floor. Given two position command pulses for a robot manipulator and using the position difference between two command pulses, the relative position measurement calibration method will find the real robot kinematic parameters. The procedures developed have been applied to an industrial robot. Finally, the effects of the models used to calibrate the robot are discussed. This calibration method represents an effective, low cost and feasible technique for the industrial robot calibration in lab. projects and industrial environments.     

基于API激光跟踪仪对“15kg喷涂机器人”的D-H参数的标定研究

为了改善工业机器人的定位精度,工业机器人必须进行标定。通过建立机器人末端法兰中心位置与连杆MDH模型的线性关系误差模型,利用API T3激光跟踪仪确定机器人的基坐标系,作为激光跟踪仪测量的参考坐标系来测量目标点的坐标值,同时记录机器人控制器对应的名义坐标值。从而求出位置误差值ΔP,再联立误差线性关系模型,运用最小二乘法解出机器人的实际D-H参数值,并将此参数用于修正运动学模型,如果修正后的运动学模型未能达到要求,可进行反复迭代,直至满足工业机器人作业要求的定位精度。     

基于UKF的机器人末端执行器位姿实时估算方法

为了能在工业机器人运动过程中快速准确地估算出末端执行器的位姿,提出了一种基于unscented卡尔曼滤波器（UKF）的末端执行器位姿实时估算方法,并将该方法应用于以激光跟踪仪作为反馈系统的工业机器人中。首先,在工业机器人运动过程中实时获取各个关节运动参数,并结合工业机器人的结构参数计算末端执行器的位姿初值,然后借助于激光跟踪仪实时跟踪测量固定在机器人末端执行器上的一个测量点,运用UKF融合以上两类数据,估算出末端执行器的实时位姿。计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性与实时性,同时表明该方法具有易于实现、计算速度快和精度高等优点。     

六自由度工业机器人末端定位误差参数辨识与实验研究

为了提高六自由度工业机器人绝对定位精度,对工业机器人进行了运动学建模,并建立了基于MD-H参数误差的机器人末端定位误差辨识模型,应用激光跟踪仪测量系统采集样本点数据,应用基于奇异值分解的最小二乘法求解辨识模型,以获得几何参数误差,并根据辨识出的误差对机器人末端定位精度进行补偿,实验结果表明,经过辨识和补偿后,工业机器人绝对定位精度得到明显提高,可为后续复杂作业的离线编程与作业规划打下基础。     

Improving tracking performance of industrial SCARA robots using a new sliding mode control algorithm

This paper addresses the implementation of a new sliding mode control algorithm for high speed and high precision tasks, which is robust against variations in the robot parameters and load. The effects of nonlinear dynamics, which are difficult to model accurately, become prominent in high speed operations. This paper attempts to treat the nonlinear dynamics of a SCARA robot as a disturbance. Based upon this approach, a new sliding mode control algorithm is proposed, in which a switching control input can be obtained easily and is determined to satisfy the existence condition for sliding mode control. A graphic simulator is used to evaluate the proposed algorithm for a SCARA robot. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against disturbances and can reduce the magnitude of chattering, which is an unavoidable problem in sliding mode control. Experiments are carried out to validate the simulated results with an industrial SCARA robot using DSPs.     

工业机器人定位误差补偿方法与实验研究

针对工业机器人绝对定位精度低无法满足实际应用要求,并综合考虑国外机器人控制系统不开放,而无法在控制器里修改运动学参数的问题,提出一种定位误差补偿方法,基于修正的DH模型,利用激光跟踪仪和奇异值分解法识别出运动学参数.通过改变运动学参数重新进行正解运算,所得的新位置赋予机器人,使其运动到目标点,从而提高定位精度.将这种方法应用在STAUBLI TX90XL型工业机器人上进行实际的测量和补偿.实验结果显示,经过补偿可使机器人平均绝对定位精度由1.685 mm提高到0.215 mm,从而表明该方法的有效性.     

Position control for planar four-link underactuated manipulator with a passive third joint

This paper presents a position control strategy based on the differential evolution (DE) algorithm for a planar four-link underactuated manipulator (PFUM) with a passive third joint, which is to move its end-point from any initial position to any target position. Based on the structural characteristic of the PFUM, a model reduction method is conceived to reduce the PFUM to a planar virtual three-link manipulator and a planar Acrobot in turn. Considering the existence of the angle constraint in the planar Acrobot, the DE algorithm is used to optimize and coordinate the control objective of each reduced system, and also to ensure the target angles of the planar Acrobot corresponding to the target position of the PFUM can be found. Simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed control strategy.     

工业机器人去毛刺平台研发路径探究

为了提升工业机器人的自动化水平,设计人员尝试基于机器视觉系统对工业机器人系统进行优化,并对相机与工业机器人视觉系统进行标定,并以蚁群算法为基础,搭建工业机器人去毛刺平台。通过引入工业视觉系统,实现对于目标工件的在线监测,并将有关工件轮廓以及位置的信息,远程传输至工业机器人去毛刺平台,提升该平台智能化水平,有效解决零件生产加工过程中,异形工件毛刺难以去除的问题。     

Development and calibration of an integrated 3D scanning system for high-accuracy large-scale metrology

Quality control in advanced manufacturing requires automated and high-accuracy large-scale 3D measurement. This paper proposes a high-accuracy, low-cost 3D scanning system by integrating industrial robot with precise linear rail and laser sensor. The measuring principle and system construction of the integrated system are introduced in detail. A mathematical model is established for mapping the change of the laser sensor frame while it scans along the linear rail and a sphere-based algorithm for rail orientation calibration is introduced. Subsequently, taking the robot positioning error into consideration, an enhanced hand–eye calibration method is proposed to determine the relationship between robot end-effector and rail scanning frame. Validation experiments were performed, a maximum distance error of 0.071 mm was detected within the rail range and a mean/maximum distance error of 0.309/0.604 mm was detected in the robot volume. A large-scale scanning instance also shows that integrated robotic scanning system features high-efficiency and high-accuracy.     

一种基于位姿反馈的工业机器人定位补偿方法

为了提高工业机器人的绝对定位精度,提出了一种基于末端位姿闭环反馈的机器人精度补偿方法。该方法通过激光跟踪仪测量实时跟踪机器人末端靶标点的位置来监测机器人末端的位姿,并通过对靶标点的实际位置和理论位置进行匹配获得机器人末端的位姿偏差。工业机器人系统与激光跟踪测量系统通过局域网进行数据通信,并根据位姿偏差数据对机器人末端的位姿进行修正。最后通过实验对基于末端位姿闭环反馈的机器人精度补偿方法进行验证,实验表明,经过位姿闭环反馈补偿后机器人末端位置误差最大幅度可以降低到0.05mm,姿态误差最大幅度可以降低到0.012°。     

Acquisition and optimization of weld trajectory and pose information for robot welding of spatial corrugated web sheet based on laser sensing

Robot welding provides us a new inexpensive technology to fabricate corrugated web H-beam compared to traditional mill process. The key and challenged technology to realize the intelligent welding of the spatial curve seam is to acquire the trajectory and pose information. A practically viable and robust method based on laser sensing was proposed to solve the aforementioned key problem. Firstly, robot, laser sensor, CCD camera, encoder, working station, and computer to control the robot were integrated into a system. Next, the trajectory information was acquired by laser distance ranging sensor and encoder based on triangulation theory. The filtering and smoothing algorithm was developed to accurate the web data. The posture was established based on the trajectory information. The interactive communication between the computer and robot was established to in time control the moving of the robot. Lastly, the data which were processed by the improved amplitude-limiting filtering algorithm were transmitted to the robot. The robot executed the program files in order to complete the welding process. The results show that this method has a high practicality in robot automatic welding of corrugated web H-beam.     

A low-cost laser scanning solution for flexible robotic cells: spray coating

In this paper, an adaptive and low-cost robotic coating platform for small production series is presented. This new platform presents a flexible architecture that enables fast/automatic system adaptive behaviour without human intervention. The concept is based on contactless technology, using artificial vision and laser scanning to identify and characterize different workpieces travelling on a conveyor. Using laser triangulation, the workpieces are virtually reconstructed through a simplified cloud of three-dimensional (3D) points. From those reconstructed models, several algorithms are implemented to extract information about workpieces profile (pattern recognition), size, boundary and pose. Such information is then used to on-line adjust the “base” robot programmes. These robot programmes are off-line generated from a 3D computer-aided design model of each different workpiece profile. Finally, the robotic manipulator executes the coating process after its “base” programmes have been adjusted. This is a low-cost and fully autonomous system that allows adapting the robot’s behaviour to different manufacturing situations. It means that the robot is ready to work over any piece at any time, and thus, small production series can be reduced to as much as a one-object series. No skilled workers and large setup times are needed to operate it. Experimental results showed that this solution proved to be efficient and can be applied not only for spray coating purposes but also for many other industrial processes (automatic manipulation, pick-and-place, inspection, etc.).     

基于机器人的管道内壁三维重建技术研究

该文主要研究根据排水管道的二维激光扫描信息重建其三维内壁图像的技术与应用。提出了携带二维激光扫描仪的管道机器人对管道内壁进行数据采集及处理的方案;探讨管道内壁的三维数据重建算法,即利用机器人在管道中相对于水平面的二维倾角信息和管道内壁点云的圆柱形几何特征来计算机器人在管道中的姿态,进而得到机器人坐标系相对于全局坐标系的变换矩阵,把不同视点的点云转换到统一的全局坐标系中,对点云进行匹配。实验验证了该文提出的管道三维重建算法的可行性,对于检测管道内部工况具有重要的理论与应用价值。     

基于改进IGG3权函数距离误差模型的工业机器人标定

在工业机器人的标定过程中,测量粗差数据会对标定结果精度产生影响,为此,提出了一种基于改进IGG3权函数距离误差模型的工业机器人标定方法,将改进的IGG3权函数最小二乘辨识算法用于工业机器人距离误差标定中,以进一步提高工业机器人的标定精度。以SR4C型工业机器人为研究对象,建立了机器人距离误差数学模型,进行了IGG3权函数最小二乘辨识算法的理论研究。构建了机器人标定实验系统,进行了基于改进IGG3权函数距离误差模型的工业机器人标定实验,实验结果表明,所提方法可有效减小粗差数据对标定精度的影响。该方法可用于工业机器人标定和校准领域,以提高工业机器人定位精度。     

激光测量标定机器人坐标系位姿变换的正交化解算

针对大型装备智能制造中的机器人在线位姿激光跟踪测量与实时引导需求,提出了一种机器人坐标系与激光测量坐标系标定转换和解算方法。设计了基于距离原则的机器人末端光学工具中心点TCP(Tool Center Point)位置标定算法。通过运用空间点坐标重心化配置算法和基于罗德里格矩阵变换的最小二乘优化算法解算出了具有单位正交性的位姿变换旋转矩阵。进行了机器人坐标系位姿变换激光测量标定和优化对比实验,旋转矩阵初值和正交优化值进行点坐标转换后的综合RMSE分别为0.579 0mm和0.501 5mm。结果表明该方法能够有效改进姿态旋转矩阵正交性,并提高位姿变换解算精度。     

融合机器视觉与邻近度估计的相似工业设备识别策略研究

由于工业现场设备存在外观相似和部署密集等特点,使得巡检机器人仅依靠机器视觉难以对工业现场的相似设备进行识别,进而影响了自主巡检的准确性和效率。针对上述问题,基于工业物联网的无线信号特征,提出了融合机器视觉与邻近度估计的相似工业设备识别策略。该策略首先通过机器视觉和高效透视N点投影算法估计巡检机器人的初始位姿,进而采用邻近度估计算法实现巡检机器人对邻近工业设备目标的识别。另一方面,该策略还包括了机器人角度校正与位置调整算法,以此保证邻近度估计的精度。实验结果表明,相比于基于机器视觉的传统识别方法,该策略能够在不同设备密度的场景下,提升2%～49%的相似工业设备识别精度,有效地解决巡检机器人对工业现场相似设备的识别问题。     

基于视觉的机器人抓取系统应用研究综述

针对生产线上工业机器人的柔性和智能水平不高的问题,将日益发展的计算机视觉技术引入原有的搬运工业机器人领域,利用机器人视觉技术获取工件及其周围环境的信息,识别出了所要操作的目标工件,并能通过做出决策来引导工业机器人完成对工件的抓取和放置等操作。针对生产线上的工业机器人抓取系统中摄像机的标定、目标工件的识别匹配、机器人对目标工件的定位抓取这3个主要步骤在现阶段的研究成果进行了综述,对计算机视觉定位中涉及到的相关图像预处理方法进行了分析与归纳,并对该技术的实际应用研究和未来发展进行了讨论。研究结果表明,视觉抓取系统技术成熟,能够满足工业应用中的实时性要求,各部分算法的研究和改进对工业的发展和相关研究具有一定的参考价值。