高精度动载体激光发射系统光束控制反射镜

设计了一种适于车载等运动环境下的快速控制反射镜, 用于在具有振动和冲击的工作环境下控制激光发射系统的激光光束稳定及其精确校准。根据某光学系统的性能指标要求,阐述了用于高能激光的平面反射镜的物理性能以及控制反射镜负载应有的机械特性。采用大行程的音圈电机作为控制反射镜的驱动器,并设计了精度高、抗干扰能力强的角位移测量装置作为控制反射镜的位置传感器。对所采用的4个音圈电机和4个角位移测量装置进行了合理布局,既降低了系统的转动惯量又提高了系统的可靠性和环境适应性。实验结果表明：该快速控制反射镜的定位精度优于1.4″,满足高能激光发射系统对控制反射镜的精度要求。     

机动车载快速反射镜激光指向修正量的解算

为了提高机动车载跟瞄发射系统的瞄准精度,提出在其发射光路中引入快速反射镜来修正发射激光的方向。研究了快速反射镜激光指向修正量和粗红外跟踪脱靶量以及反射镜空间实时绝对角度的关系,结合激光发射光路和红外跟踪光路的结构特点,提出了将船摇坐标变换理论应用到快速反射镜激光指向修正量的解算中。建立了快速反射镜激光指向修正量与粗红外跟踪、快速反射镜空间位置的关系,并通过MATLAB编写了M函数,建立了SIMLINK仿真模型。基于仿真模型得出了激光指向修正量与快速反射镜转角的关系数据以及在快速反射镜工作范围(±6′)内的简化公式。试验结果表明:该解算算法正确,解算精度较高,最大静态解算误差为2.9″;载车在三级公路上以20km/h的速度跑车时,激光指向的控制精度为方位角11.65″、俯仰角15.38″,均满足项目指标要求。     

采用柔性铰链的快速反射镜设计

根据激光发射系统对快速反射镜发射方向精度的需求,提出了一种新型快速反射镜设计方案。该方案以柔性铰链为运动传递元件,采用直线音圈电机驱动,并用高精度光栅测微仪实现位置闭环控制。首先,介绍了反射镜工作原理及驱动方式,选择了系统的驱动元件和测角元件,并对柔性铰链结构进行设计。在研究其刚度特性的基础上,采用序列二次规划法优化了铰链关键尺寸。然后,建立了驱动组件的简化模型,并利用理论公式和有限元分析软件分别计算驱动组件的转角精度。最后,使用测角元件及自准直平行光管测量了快速反射镜的转角精度。实验结果表明：所设计的快速反射镜装置工作稳定、结构可靠,对发射光束的控制精度能达到0.95",满足激光发射系统实时控制光束发射方向的精度要求。     

哈特曼探测器的高精度调节机构

设计了基于高精度直线驱动器和曲柄滑块机构的高精度二维角度调节机构,以实现2m口径望远镜中哈特曼探测器与自适应光学系统间的高精度对准与自动化调节。依据光学设计分析得出调节机构分别需满足±1°的调节范围和6"的调节精度。根据哈特曼探测器的外形结构和调节机构的整体布局,选择了调节机构中的主要参数,对整体调节机构进行了初始设计并分析了它的精度和动态特性。利用自准直仪设计了调节机构的检测系统,对设计的调节机构的调节范围、精度和动态性能进行了实际测量。结果表明:哈特曼探测器调节机构在俯仰和扭摆方向上的角度调节量均约为±1.2°,调节精度分别为0.43″和2.1″,均满足设计要求,为哈特曼探测器的高精度探测奠定了基础。     

压电驱动双面快速指向镜的设计

考虑相干激光雷达对光束波前的要求,设计了压电驱动双面快速指向镜系统以实现相干激光遥感探测的高精度大范围指向定位。研究了系统的机械结构和电子学控制方法。结合指向角度、通光口径及信号带宽的实际工程应用需求,选择了合理的致动器和位移放大机构。针对压电陶瓷固有的迟滞和蠕变等非线性效应,设计了以应变片作为位移传感器的模拟比例-积分-微分(Proportion Intergration Differentiation,PID)闭环反馈控制方法。在仿真分析指向镜固有模态频率的基础上,确定了周边支撑的反射镜支撑方式。实验结果表明,该指向系统能够达到指向范围为27 mrad×27mrad、绝对定位精度优于27μrad、偏转速率为2.7rad/s的指标,基本满足激光遥感探测对探测范围、探测精度、探测速率等指向定位的要求。     

高精度激光光束准直系统设计

为了进一步提高激光光束用作直线基准的精度,建立了基于反射镜平动式光束稳定器以及两点式光束漂移分离法的高精度激光光束准直系统。首先,对系统中基于反射镜平动的光束稳定器进行研究,对其光束偏转原理以及影响因素进行分析,并对两点式光束漂移分离方法进行介绍。然后,对光束偏转单元的分辨力以及偏转范围、所使用的压电陶瓷非线性和迟滞特性、以及光束偏转单元的频率响应特性进行实验测试。最后,对该激光准直系统的激光光束准直精度进行测试。实验结果表明本文提出的光束偏转单元在120μrad范围内的光束偏转分辨力可以达到5 nrad,频率响应特性高于2 kHz;最终激光准直系统的准直精度在二维方向上分别达到1.9×10^-8 rad和2.1×10^-8 rad,相对于现有技术约提高了3倍,满足激光光束用作高精度直线基准的需求。     

二维快速控制水冷反射镜装置设计

为了进一步精确控制激光发射方向,减少反射镜热畸变以提高光束质量,设计了一种新型二维快速控制水冷反射镜装置.根据高功率激光反射镜的设计和制作原则,对反射镜的材料性能进行了分析,采用主动水冷铜镜来减小镜面热畸变使镜面变形控制在0.1 μm以内.然后,分别从机械结构、驱动器和控制系统、角度检测元件3方面设计了反射镜装置,其x-y轴框架式的机械结构形式,可减小反射镜的冷却水管对轴系回转精度的影响,使回转精度＜2″.实验测试结果表明,二维快速控制水冷反射镜装置工作稳定、可靠,控制光束稳定的精度＜1″,可满足对激光传输方向的精确实时控制和对光束整体倾斜方向进行校正等要求.     

基于荧光成像的准分子激光系统多路光束自动准直

研究了基于准直光束成像的准分子激光主振荡功率放大(MOPA)系统的多路光束自动准直,实现了激光在放大器中的多程放大及高的靶面指向精度。采用352nm He-Cd激光作为准直光源,提出了多光束感光屏同步接收与可见光CCD荧光成像相结合的复合图像采集技术,解决了自动准直系统多路激光的近场、远场图像获取问题。利用图像区域分割处理方法编制了准直信息处理软件,实现了对多光束的自动准直闭环反馈控制。最后,结合准分子激光MOPA系统中的预放大器光学设计进行了自动准直验证实验。结果表明:准直成像光强可调谐倍数为300,成像系统在放大器窗口处固有误差占放大器口径比例小于设计值1.08%,3路激光的自动准直时间为40s,完全满足放大器的几何填充和能量提取要求。     

车载大口径刚性支撑式快速反射镜

为了适应车载平台恶劣的工作环境,设计了一种大口径刚性支撑式快速反射镜。针对车载跟瞄转台对快速反射镜的应用需求选择音圈电机为驱动器,并分别设计了快速反射镜系统的平面反射镜、驱动器、支撑基座、测量元件和机械结构。然后,应用有限元分析方法,有效地实现了平面反射镜的轻量化及支撑基座的模态分析。快速反射镜通过球型铰链实现其运动部分与不动部分的连接,主要载荷通过铰链由支撑基座间接承载,从而有效地保障了大口径快速反射镜的承载能力和环境适应性。最后,组建了伺服控制系统,并对控制带宽和指向精度进行了测试。结果显示:所设计的车载大口径快速反射镜带宽达67Hz,方位指向精度为1.0″、俯仰指向精度为1.1″,表明控制系统稳定实用,满足车载平台的应用要求。     

快速反射镜姿态角的高精度解算

为了提高跟瞄转台出射激光的指向精度,研究了快速反射镜(FSM)姿态角与转台跟踪误差间的关系,提出了FSM姿态角的高精度解算方法。介绍了跟瞄转台出射激光的光路特点和FSM的工作原理;确定了坐标系中入射光与出射光的方向,依据坐标变换理论和光的反射定律,建立了FSM反射镜姿态角与转台跟踪误差间的函数关系。然后,推导出姿态角的解析表达式,描述了姿态角的空间分布规律,并从解析表达式中推出了近似表达式,确定了近似表达式引入的指向误差。最后,通过指向精度实验验证了姿态角解算方法的正确性。实验结果表明:在跟踪误差不超过(A 12.9′,E13.5′)时,应用姿态角解析表达式和近似表达式均能取得优于2.5″的指向精度;跟踪误差增大为(A38.6′,E37.8′)时,解析表达式对应的指向误差仍低于2.5″,而近似表达式对应的指向误差迅速增大为13.2″。得到的结果显示:FSM姿态角的解析表达式不存在原理误差,在任意跟踪误差下均能使出射激光具有高精度指向能力,且其形式简洁,满足伺服控制器快速运算的要求。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

RLS and LMS blind adaptive multi-user detection method and comparison in acoustic communication

RLS and LMS blind adaptive multi-user detection algorithm and multi-user detector was proposed to solve the problem of multi-user signal detection problem encountered in underwater acoustic communication networks.In simulation analysis,RLS and the LMS blind adaptive multi-user detector were designed and tested for synchronous and asynchronous multi-user communication process.The results of SIR comparison and MMSE comparison show that,both of the two methods can realize blind adaptive detection when any user change in multi-user communication,during this process,the training communication sequences are not needed.The RLS algorithm has about 5 dB higher in SIR compared with LMS algorithm,and the convergence velocity of RLS algorithm is also higher than LMS algorithm when the communication users change.RLS algorithm has better ability in multi-user detection than that of LMS algorithm,and it has great attraction and guiding significance for solving the problem of multiple access interference(MAI) in multi-user communication.     

Robust Impedance Control of Robots Using an Adaptive Interaction Force Observer

For robot interaction control,the interaction force between the robot and the manipulated object or environment should be monitored.Impedance control is a type ...     

Research on key techniques of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system

This paper analysis the developing of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system(XCTD)and introduce its principle of measuring about temperature,salinity and depth of ocean.Some key techniques are put forward.According to the real needs of XCTD,conductivity sensor with high sensitivity is designed by principle of electromagnetic induce,the ocean conductivity from induced electromotive force has been calculated.Adding temperature correction circuit would help to reduce error of conductivity measurement because of sharply changing temperature.Advanced temperature measuring circuit of high precision and the constant current source is used to weaken effect of self-heating of resistance and fluctuation of the source.On respect of remote data transmission,LVDS is a good choice for the purpose of guarantee the quality of data transmitted and the transmission distance is reaching to thousand meters in the seawater.Modular programming method is also brought into this research aimed at improve the stability,reliability and maintainability of the whole measuring system.In February,2015,the trials in South China Sea demonstrate that the developed XCTD realize effective measurement at a speed of 6 knots and detection depth at 800 m.The consistency coefficient of the acquired data is greater than 0.99 and the success rate of probe launching is above 90%.     

CHARACTERISTCS OF FLUID FILM IN OPTIMIZED SPIRAL GROOVE MECHANICAL SEAL

In order to investigate the sealing performance variation resulted from the thermal deformation of the end faces, the equations to calculate the fluid film pressure distribution, the bearing force and the leakage rate are derived, for the fluid film both in parallel gap and in wedgy gap. The geometrical parameters of the sealing members are optimized by means of heat transfer analysis and complex method. The analysis results indicate that the shallow spiral grooves can generate hydrodynamic pressure while the rotating ring rotates and the bearing force of the fluid film in spiral groove end faces is much larger than that in the flat end faces. The deformation increases the bearing force of the fluid film in flat end faces, but it decreases the hydrodynamic pressure of the fluid film in spiral groove end faces. The gap dimensions which determine the characteristics of the fluid film is obtained by coupling analysis of the frictional heat and the thermal deformation in consideration of the equilibrium condition of the bearing force and the closing force. For different gap dimensions, the relationship between the closing force and the leakage rate is also investigated, based on which the leakage rate can be controlled by adjusting the closing force.     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

OPTIMIZATION METHOD ON IMPELLER MERIDIONAL CONTOUR AND 3D BLADE

An optimization method for 3D blade and meridional contour of centrifugal or mixed-flow impeller based on the 3D viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is proposed. The blade is indirectly parameterized using the angular momentum and calculated by inverse design method. The design variables are separated into two categories: the meridional contour design variables and the blade design variables. Firstly, only the blade is optimized using genetic algorithm with the meridional contour remained constant. The artificial neural network (ANN) techniques with the training sample data schemed according to design of experiment theory are adopted to construct the response relation between the blade design variables and the impeller performance. Then, based on the ANN approximated relation between the meridional contour design variables and impeller performance, the meridional contour is optimized. Fewer design variables and less calculation effort is required in this method that may be widely used in the optimization of three-dimension impellers. An optimized impeller in a mixed-flow pump, where the head and the efficiency are enhanced by 12.9% and 4.5% respectively, confirms the validity of this newly proposed method.