Calculation of mixed lubrication at piston ring and cylinder liner interface

This paper reports on the theoretical analysis of mixed lubrication for the piston ring. The analytical model is presented by using the average flow and asperity contact model. The cyclic variations of the nominal minimum oil film thickness are obtained by numerical iterative method. The total friction is calculated by using the hydrodynamic and asperity contact theory. The effects of the roughness height, pattern, and engine speed on the nominal minimum film thickness, friction force, and frictional power losses are investigated. As the roughness height increases, the nominal oil film thickness and total friction force increase. Also, the effect of the surface roughness on the boundary friction is dominant at low engine speed and high asperity height. The longitudinal roughness pattern shows lower mean oil film pressure and thinner oil film thickness compared to the case of the isotropic and transverse roughness patterns.     

Friction model of a marine diesel engine piston assembly

In modern marine diesel engines, power output and in-cylinder firing pressures are constantly increasing, leading to higher friction in engine components and especially in the piston assembly. A good understanding of the friction contributions of the various engine components is needed, if mechanical efficiency is to be improved. A friction model for the engine piston assembly has been developed and is presented in this paper. The model, based on lubrication theory, considers the detailed engine geometry and the complete lubricant action, and thus can be applied to a wide range of engines. In detail, the analysis takes into account the friction components of compression rings, oil control rings, piston skirt and gudgeon pin of the engine piston assembly. The model was applied to a four-stroke (medium speed) marine diesel engine and the effect of engine speed and load on friction was examined and compared with results from other semi-empirical models. The engine friction was predicted at constant rotational speed (generator operation) and variable rotational speed (propulsion operation).     

Lubrication characteristics of dual piston ring in bent-axis type piston pumps

The bent-axis type of piston pump driven by the piston rod works by the piston rod driving the cylinder block; because of this the taper angle of the piston rod and the swivel angle between the cylinder block and the shaft are important design factors. If these factors cannot satisfy the conditions for optimum design, the friction loss between the cylinder bore and the piston increases, and the pump can fail to work under conditions of severe friction and wear. Since the piston reciprocates in the cylinder bore with high velocity, at the same time rotating on its own axis and revolving on the center of the cylinder block, a decrease of the volume efficiency is generated because of the leakage between the cylinder bore and the piston. Therefore, to prevent this, the piston ring is designed to be at the end of the piston, and the friction characteristics between the piston ring and the cylinder bore require further research due to their great influence on the performance of the piston pump. Thus, in this paper, the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of the film thickness, the pressure distribution, and the friction force, have been studied between the piston ring and the cylinder bore in the bent-axis type of piston pump. The analyzed results show that the friction force is influenced by the rotating speed and the discharge pressure.     

Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of piston skirt considering oil film inertia effect

Influence of oil film inertia forces on thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication performances of a piston skirt is analyzed, based on a proposed Reynolds lubrication equation for the consideration of oil film inertia force effects. Further, a scheme to solve the inertia effects is given. The numerical results show that oil film inertia forces can result in increments in film pressure and temperature, hydrodynamic friction force and load capacity, deformation, and transverse displacements of the piston skirt. Moreover, the influences are obvious for a big reduced Reynolds number. Therefore, oil film inertia force effects on thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication performances of a piston skirt in a high speed internal combustion engine should be considered.     

Frictional modes of barrel shaped piston rings under flooded lubrication

A friction force measurement system using the floating liner method was developed to study the frictional behavior of piston rings. The measurement system was designed to control the effect of the secondary piston motion and to control temperatures of the cylinder wall and oil. The friction force between the barrel shaped piston ring and the cylinder liner was measured under flooded oil supply conditions. The measured friction forces were classified into five frictional modes with regard to the combination of predominant lubrication regimes (boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication) and stroke regions (mid-stroke and dead centers). The modes were identified on a Stribeck diagram, where the friction coefficients were evaluated both at mid-stroke and at the dead centers.     

Analysis of oil consumption in cylinder of diesel engine for optimization of piston rings

The performance and particulate emission of a diesel engine are affected by the consumption of lubricating oil.Most studies on oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder have been done by using the experimental method,however they are very costly.Therefore,it is very necessary to study oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder and obtain the accurate results by the calculation method.Firstly,four main modes of lubricating oil consumption in cylinder are analyzed and then the oil consumption rate under common working conditions are calculated for the four modes based on an engine.Then,the factors that affect the lubricating oil consumption such as working conditions,the second ring closed gap,the elastic force of the piston rings are also investigated for the four modes.The calculation results show that most of the lubricating oil is consumed by evaporation on the liner surface.Besides,there are three other findings:(1) The oil evaporation from the liner is determined by the working condition of an engine;(2) The increase of the ring closed gap reduces the oil blow through the top ring end gap but increases blow-by;(3) With the increase of the elastic force of the ring,both the left oil film thickness and the oil throw-off at the top ring decrease.The oil scraping of the piston top edge is consequently reduced while the friction loss between the rings and the liner increases.A neural network prediction model of the lubricating oil consumption in cylinder is established based on the BP neural network theory,and then the model is trained and validated.The main piston rings parameters which affect the oil consumption are optimized by using the BP neural network prediction model and the prediction accuracy of this BP neural network is within 8%,which is acceptable for normal engineering applications.The oil consumption is also measured experimentally.The relative errors of the calculated and experimental values are less than 10%,verifying the validity of the simulation results.Applying the established simulation model and the validated BP network model is able to generate numerical results with sufficient accuracy,which significantly reduces experimental work and provides guidance for the optimal design of the piston rings diesel engines.     

汽车减振器油封摩擦力变化规律研究*

采用数值模拟与实验验证相结合的方法开展对汽车减振器油封摩擦特性的研究,得到不同工况下的摩擦力变化规律;在往复油封摩擦力实验台上研究了摩擦力随润滑油温度、润滑油压力和活塞杆速度的变化规律。结果表明:随活塞杆速度的增加油封摩擦力呈先增加再减小后趋于稳定的变化规律;随润滑油温度的升高油封摩擦力逐渐减小;随润滑油压力的增加油封摩擦力逐渐增大。根据油封摩擦力变化规律,可以推断出活塞杆速度较低、润滑油温度较高、润滑油压力较低时,应使得减振器油封有较大的过盈量或抱紧力,以提高汽车减振器的性能和使用寿命。实验结果与数值仿真结果基本一致,验证了混合润滑数值模型的正确性。     

柴油机缸套表面微沟槽织构润滑性能仿真分析

针对缸套表面织构微沟槽形貌,建立了缸套-活塞环摩擦副混合润滑理论模型,并采用MATLAB编程计算来分析微沟槽形貌参数对其润滑摩擦性能的影响规律。结果表明：缸套表面微沟槽可以形成很好的油膜压力,有效地改善缸套-活塞环间的润滑状态;随着微沟槽角度的增大,最小膜厚比逐渐增大,其润滑效果也越来越好,综合考虑摩擦润滑性能和机油耗性能情况下,最佳的微沟槽角度为60°。在上止点附近,面积占有率变化Sp对量纲一摩擦力影响较大;在其他区域,面积占有率对摩擦力影响不大;综合考虑油膜厚度与摩擦力,当Sp=0.15时效果最好。随着微沟槽深宽比e的增大,量纲一摩擦力不断增大,当e从0.025增大到0.150时,平均量纲一摩擦力增大了2.3倍,但深宽比过大,润滑效果将会减弱。研究结果认为,最佳深宽比的范围为0.05~0.08。
     

增压条件下活塞的动压润滑分析

根据流体动力润滑理论与活塞动力学方程建立的分析模型，依据发动机燃气压力的变化，计算了增压前后的活塞裙部最小润滑油膜厚度和摩擦力。结果表明，发动机增压后，主推力边和次推力边的最小润滑油膜厚度分别变小，裙部的摩擦力和摩擦功耗增大。因增压后活塞润滑能力降低，并且摩擦功耗增加，会对整机的可靠性产生影响，这些都应当在增压改进设计时予以重视。     

活塞偏心倾斜对双筒液压减振器动态阻尼特性影响分析*

考虑活塞偏心和倾斜后活塞与缸筒之间的摩擦与润滑因素,研究充气式双筒液压减振器动态阻尼特性;建立活塞偏心和倾斜的双筒式液压减振器的动态阻尼特性数学模型和动压润滑方程,求解减振器动态阻尼特性数学方程;采用雷诺空化边界条件,对Reynolds方程采用五点差分法进行离散,利用超松弛迭代法(SOR)迭代求解,得到摩擦阻尼力;分析活塞偏心距比、活塞倾斜角度,活塞倾斜时活塞运动速度、活塞半径、活塞宽度等因素对摩擦阻尼的影响,以及各摩擦因素对减振器动态阻尼特性的影响。结果表明:活塞偏心和倾斜时,随活塞速度、偏心距比、活塞倾斜角度、活塞宽度等的增加,减振器活塞与缸筒之间的油膜摩擦力均增加,而随活塞半径的增加,油膜摩擦力减小。减振器活塞发生倾斜时,会造成阻尼力的大幅增加,严重影响车辆行驶的舒适性能,且活塞速度越快,对舒适性影响越严重。     

A new numerical analysis for piston skirt–liner system lubrication considering the effects of connecting rod inertia

A new numerical analysis for the piston skirt is conducted to consider the effects of the connecting rod inertia on the piston skirt–liner system lubrication. The piston dynamics, the oil film and the friction loss of the system are analyzed and compared with one earlier model that has been adopted widely. The results on a gasoline engine show that the connecting rod inertia does have some influence on the system lubrication as well as the piston dynamics, especially when engine runs at high speeds.     

内燃机活塞裙部-缸套间润滑油输送状况*

活塞裙部-缸套间的润滑油输送情况对内燃机活塞组件摩擦副润滑状态、润滑油消耗、排放和润滑油性能退化等都有重要的影响。结合活塞二阶运动模型、流体润滑模型和润滑油流动模型等,进行不同内燃机工况下活塞裙部-缸套间润滑油输送状况的计算,主要分析活塞向下运动行程中活塞裙部运动后气缸套表面润滑油的滞留量。结果表明,在不同工况下对应行程中润滑油滞留量的变化规律基本相同,不同时刻的润滑油滞留量不相同,活塞上下止点处的润滑油滞留量基本相同。内燃机负荷相同时,随转速增加,进气行程中和膨胀行程中后期的润滑油滞留量减少,膨胀行程前期的润滑油滞留量增加。内燃机转速相同时,膨胀行程前期的润滑油滞留量一般随负荷增加而增加,膨胀行程中后期的润滑油滞留量基本不随负荷变化,不同转速下进气行程中润滑油滞留量随负荷的变化规律不一致。     

二甲醚发动机活塞二阶运动-润滑耦合模型建立及数值分析

通过改造潍柴WP6发动机的供油、燃烧系统,开发出一台二甲醚发动机。试验采集二甲醚发动机燃烧参数,针对活塞运动和润滑分析,建立活塞裙部系统以及由曲轴、连杆、活塞组成的多体系统的耦合润滑模型。基于拉格朗日乘子法建立多体动力学方程,并采用有限单元法对润滑模型进行求解。将耦合计算结果与实验对比,验证模型准确性。根据现有二甲醚发动机活塞裙部的结构参数,研究不同活塞结构参数对敲缸及润滑的影响。结果表明,活塞间隙越小时,活塞二阶运动的空间越小,导致敲缸现象减弱,磨损降低,但较小的间隙会产生比较高的油膜剪切力,微凸体表面接触也会加剧,引起较大的摩擦力及摩擦功耗;活塞裙桶形面最高点的位置也会影响活塞裙-缸套系统的运动和润滑特性;桶形面与活塞销中心的距离越小越容易满足力与力矩平衡条件,有利于降低敲缸以及摩擦损耗。     

On the instantaneous and average piston friction of swash plate type hydraulic axial piston machines

Piston friction is one of the important but complicated sources of energy loss of a hydraulic axial piston machine. In this paper, two formulas are derived for estimating instantaneous piston friction force and average piston friction moment loss. The derived formula can be applicable for piston guides with or without bushing as well as for axial piston machines of motoring and pumping operations. Through the formula derivation, a typical curve shape of friction force found from several experimental measurements during one revolution of a machine is clearly explained in this paper that it is mainly due to the equivalent friction coefficient dependent on its angular position. Stribeck curve effect can easily be incorporated into the formula by replacing outer and inner friction coefficients at both edges of a piston with the coefficient given by Manring (1999) considering mixed/boundary lubrication effects. Novel feature of the derived formula is that it is represented only by physical dimensions of a machine, hence it allows to estimate the piston friction force and loss moment of a machine without hardworking experimental test.     

Numerical analysis of the piston secondary dynamics in reciprocating compressors

In this study, a numerical analysis for the piston secondary dynamics of small refrigeration reciprocating compressors is performed. In general, the length of cylinder in this class of compressors is shortened to diminish the frictional losses of the piston-cylinder system. So, the contacting length between piston and cylinder wall is in variable with the rotating crank angle around the BDC of the reciprocating piston. In the problem formulation of the piston dynamics, the variation in bearing length of the piston and all corresponding forces and moments are considered in order to determine the piston trajectory, velocity and acceleration at each step. A Newton-Raphson procedure was employed in solving the secondary dynamic equations of the piston. The developed computer program can be used to calculate the entire piston trajectory and the lubrication characteristics as functions of crank angle under compressor running conditions. The results explored the effects of some design parameters and operating conditions on the stability of the piston, the oil leakage, and friction losses.     

发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损特性试验研究

利用缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验台研究了速度，温度，载荷，供油等因素对缸套-活塞环系统摩擦磨损特性的影响。试验结果表明，缸套-活塞环摩擦副在发动机工作循环中润滑状态不断发生变化。在试验条件下，温度对摩擦磨损有显著影响，载荷和速度对摩擦力的影响较小。     

Driving mechanism of tapered pistons in bent-axis design axial piston pumps

In order to assure the quality of the bent axis design axial piston pumps driven by tapered pistons, it is necessary to know the characteristics of force applied to tapered pistons and the mechanism for driving the tapered pistons. Since they are able to perform both reciprocating and spinning motions in cylinder block, it is difficult to understand the driving mechanismand-tomeasure the forces applied to tapered pistons experimentally. In the presem study, the theoretical mechanism for driving the tapered pistons is studied by use of the geometric method. The driving area of tile tapered pistons is measured by measuring the strain of a cylinder forced against a tapered piston using an electric strain gauge and a slip ring. The forces applied to tapered pistons is also investigated with the change of discharge wessure and the rotational speed As a results of this investigation, it is concluded that the cylinder block is driven by one tapered piston in a limited area and flue driving area is changed due to space angle of the tapered pistons and the swivel angle of the cylinder block. It is also observed that the force applied to tapered pistons increases as the discharge pressure and the rotational speed increase.     

3D heat transfer,lubrication and friction coupled study for piston ring-liner on diesel engines

The piston ring and liner of internal combustion engines are generally used under increasingly harsh conditions. To investigate the mechanisms affecting the work ineffective, the coupled heat transfer, lubrication and friction model between the piston ring and liner is proposed by coupling the gas, piston set-liner, lubrication film and coolant. In this model, the temperature variation of lubricant, the gas blowby, the surface roughness, the rupture position and the non-axial symmetry of oil film are considered. The coupled heat transfer, lubrication and friction simulation is carried out for 6110 diesel engine, and the temperature fields of piston set-liner along with the corresponding lubrication and friction curves are obtained. The simulated results are verified by comparing with the temperature experiment of piston.

     

Low viscosity shear heating in piston skirts EHL in the low initial engine start up speeds

Absence of elastohydrodynamic lubricating (EHL) film causes piston wear in low speed cold initial engine start up, while shearing of low viscosity lubricant in few cycles affects its load carrying capacity. Shear heating effects are incorporated in 2-D hydrodynamic and EHL model by solving 2-D heat equation. EHL pressures are calculated using inverse solution technique. Comparative analysis is based on viscous dissipation coupled with piston motion, changes in pressure, film thickness and viscosity. This study suggests that the increase in temperature varies with speed to affect piston eccentricities, viscosity and film thickness. This optimizes low start up speed for a few engine cycles.     

润滑油粘度对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

在内燃机实际运行中,润滑油的粘度直接影响到润滑油膜的状态,因而活塞环在缸套中不同位置时的摩擦、润滑状态各不相同。文中以缸套活塞环为研究对象,建立了润滑计算模型,并运用该模型对缸内压力、温度、油膜厚度和摩擦系数进行了分析。结果表明,润滑油膜厚度和摩擦系数随转速改变而发生变化,而剪切稀化导致润滑油粘度减小是引起该变化的主要原因。最后,通过对计算结果的分析,提出了适用于缸套活塞环的润滑油粘度指标。