压电自适应微细电火花加工系统特性分析

针对微细电火花加工过程中排屑困难,极易产生短路、拉弧等非正常加工现象,进而造成微细电火花加工效率低、电极损耗大等特点,基于压电陶瓷的逆压电效应提出了一种新的加工方法--压电自适应微细电火花加工技术,对其加工原理进行了详细阐述,并结合试验对该加工系统的加工特性进行了详细分析.试验证明该技术在加工过程中能够实现放电间隙与放电状态的自适应调节,促进捧屑,可有效控制短路及拉弧现象的出现,进而提高微细电火花的加工稳定性及加工效率,并能实现超低电压下的微细电火花加工.结合实例说明采用压电自适应微细电火花加工技术进行小孔加工的过程中能实现稳定加工,获得较高的加工效率,并且加工的小孔圆度较好,说明该技术在微小孔加工方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

微细电火花加工控制系统的集成

针对微细电火花加工中精密的放电间隙要求,对微细电火花加工控制的方案进行研究,利用宏微控制方案,以压电元件作为放电间隙伺服调整单元,实现了对放电状态的快速响应与控制.对宏微控制系统中的控制策略,多线程控制及控制系统的集成进行探讨,以宏动控制系统的行程,微动控制放电间隙,实现了微细电火花加工过程控制与放电间隙调整.     

微细电火花加工机床关键技术

研制开发两台高精度、高性能,具有自主知识产权的微细电火花加工机床,并对微细电火花加工机床的几个特有关键技术进行了深入研究.基于压电陶瓷的宏微伺服进给系统能实现分辨率为3.42 nm的微进给,并且能实现振动式进给,以改善微细电火花加工的间隙状态,提高微细电火花的加工效率和加工质量.结合块电极反拷与线电极反拷的微细工具电极反拷系统,可高效高精度地现场制作微细电极,电极直径最小可达4 μm.基于多传感器信息融合技术的放电间隙状态监测技术,能很好地解决微细电火花加工间隙状态的监测与识别问题.RC脉冲电源不存在维持电压现象,这一最新发现为降低单脉冲放电能量难题提供一个新的解决途径,使得基于RC方法开发的超微能脉冲电源的单脉冲放电能量最小降至皮焦级,为微细电火花加工奠定了良好的基础.最后的微细电火花加工试验表明,所开发的微细电火花加工机床性能稳定,且加工质量良好,尤其适合加工孔径为50～200 μm的微细孔.     

磁场辅助电火花加工放电间隙数学模型的建立

与微细电极正交布置的磁场通过影响放电通道,扩大放电间隙改善放电环境并且增大放电能量,有效提高了电火花加工效率。为了预测及调控磁场辅助电火花加工(MF-EDM)的放电间隙,采用部分析因试验设计方法,应用数学优化分析软件1stOpt,基于正交磁场辅助单脉冲电火花放电的试验数据进行非线性多项式拟合,建立了放电间隙的数学模型,并通过进一步试验验证模型的可靠性,实际值与估算值误差控制在8%以内。     

电火花机床微小孔加工调试

正电火花喷孔钻床的研制成功,解决了我国0.2 mm以下高精度微细孔不能加工的难题,打破了国外对这一技术的长期垄断。在电火花微小孔的加工中解决的难题有:电极宏微伺服控制系统、微细电火花间隙放电状态监测技术、微细电极自动进丝及高精度旋转机构、去离子水自动循环制取装置和微小孔加工工艺数据库的建立。以鲁南机床厂的电火花喷孔钻床为例,抽查其加工的任意50件工件,分别用塞规、三坐标测量仪、     

微细数控电火花仿铣加工电极的在线检测

基于计算机视觉技术,实时地对微细数控电火花仿铣加工电极在线检测。运用微细圆柱形电极图像边缘进行空间矩亚像素定位,直接获得微细电极截面边缘亚像素位置信息,精确计算分辩率截面的微细电极直径,并给出整个微细圆柱形电极直径的实际值。最为有效地对被加工零件与电极的放电间隙及电极损耗补偿规律进行探索与研究。为微细数控电火花仿铣加工电极的放电间隙及电极损耗补偿的预测预报数学模型的建立,获得了电极损耗的可靠数据。     

微细电火花加工设备技术研究

微细电火花加工的关键设备技术涉及电极的微进给伺服机构、电极和工件的附加树对运动机构、微小能量放电电源以及加工状态检测与控制系统等。文章围绕微细电火花加工系统的设计系统，介绍基于压电致动原理以及摩擦传动的微进给机构、工具电极的线放电磨削机构和旋转主轴、以及微小能量放电电源的设计等，并指出需要进一步研究的课题。     

基于DXF文件的压电自适应微细电火花二维CAM软件研究

微细电火花技术由于其微精密加工的特点,在航空航天和精密仪器制造领域发挥着重要的作用。然而,微细电火花加工的效率很低,因此提高微细电火花技术加工效率对其广泛应用有重要意义。文中介绍了实验室自主搭建的压电自适应微细电火花加工平台的结构及其工作原理。研究了基于DXF(Drawing Exchange Format)文件的二维CAM技术,解决了路径优化等关键问题,完成了二维CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing)软件的开发,实现了二维代码的自动生成,并通过实验验证了其正确性。     

一种三轴联动微细电火花加工装置的研制

1.微细电火花的加工原理及特点 微细电火花加工的原理与普通电火花加工并无本质区别。其加工的表面质量主要取决于电蚀凹坑的大小和深度,即单个放电脉冲的能量;而其加工精度则与放电间隙、工艺系统稳定性、电极损耗等     

金刚石砂轮金属结合剂的气中单脉冲电火花放电去除机理

针对金属结合剂金刚石砂轮修锐困难的问题,提出采用气中电火花接触放电修锐的方法。为有效地实现微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,建立单脉冲电火花放电去除加工的试验系统,研究金属结合剂的气中和液中电火花放电去除机理。在试验研究中,主要分析无负荷电压和放电极性对脉冲放电电流、脉冲放电间隙、脉冲放电去除量、电极磨耗比等的影响。结果表明,正极性不易发生短路现象,而且气中的脉冲放电间隙小于液中的 ,适应于微细金刚石砂轮的修锐。此外,在气中放电中存在由绝缘破坏引起的火花放电向附有电弧柱的电弧放电转变的临界无负荷电压,且电火花放电的去除量可以明显小于电弧放电的去除量,但是当无负荷电压小于某一定值时电极消耗比会快速增加。修锐的试验结果显示,利用气中单脉冲电火花放电去除加工条件可以实现金属结合剂微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,产生较好的砂轮出刃形貌,改善磨削表面质量。     

气体介质放电间隙控制系统的研究

设计了以压电陶瓷驱动器为基础的气体放电电火花加工间隙控制系统，该系统包括硬件和软件两部分。其中，硬件系统包括采样保持电路、时序控制电路、电压信号比较电路、A／D转换电路，旨在提高间隙控制系统的响应速度，达到有效平稳控制电火花气体放电加工的目的。     

Machine learning induction of a model for online parameter selection in EDM rough machining

In electrical discharge machining (EDM), appropriate average current in the gap has to be selected for the given machining surface in order to obtain the highest material removal rate at low electrode wear. Thus, rough machining parameters have to be selected according to the machining surface. In the case of sculptured features, the machining surface varies with the depth of machining. Hence, the machining parameters have to be selected on-line to obtain appropriate current density in the gap. In this paper, inductive machine learning is used to derive a model based on the voltage and current in the gap. The sufficient inputs to the model are only two discharge attributes extracted from the voltage signal in the gap. The model successfully selects between two machining parameter settings that obtain different average surface current in the gap. It requires only voltage signal acquisition during the machining process and a simple algorithm that is easy to implement on industrial machines.     

电极材料对极间放电电压及加工特性影响

电火花加工技术具有良好的加工性能,在制造领域受到越来越多的关注,然而由于其加工理论滞后于实际生产,影响了其在实际生产中的进一步应用。选用五种不同配比电极材料进行电火花加工实验,测量其稳定加工时的间隙放电电压;并进行相应的加工特性实验,论证电极材料对极间放电电压和加工特性的影响。实验结果表明:在稳定加工中,极间放电电压基本保持不变,而且随着材料和开路电压的不同,极间放电电压随之变化,当选用Cu75W为电极材料时,极间放电电压达到最高值,从而影响了最终的加工特性。     

混粉准干式电火花加工介质击穿机理研究

混粉准干式电火花加工以气、液、固三相流作为工作介质,能够有效改善气中加工短路率高、加工效率低的问题。以纯净气体介质的击穿理论为基础,对三相流工作介质的击穿机理进行理论分析,阐明固、液分散相的作用机制。建立混粉准干式电火花加工的极间电场强度表达式,给出三相流中加工的放电间隙计算式,从理论上证明分散相的加入使得混粉准干式电火花加工的放电间隙较气中加工大,指出放电间隙增大是加工效率提高的一个重要原因。进行压缩空气中和三相流介质中的放电加工对比试验。测得两种加工介质中的放电间隙值,试验证实三相流工作介质具有放电间隙增大效果。测得放电电压波形,证实气体连续相中固、液分散相的加入能够降低短路率,提高加工稳定性。     

Optimisation of process parameters for multi-performance characteristics in EDM of Al2O3 ceramic composite

The advantages of electrical discharge machining (EDM) in machining of complex ceramic components have promoted research in the area of EDM of ceramic composites. The recent developments in ceramic composites are focused not only on the improvements of strength and toughness, but also on possibilities for difficult-to-machine shapes using EDM. One such EDM-machinable ceramic composite material (Al₂O₃–SiC_w–TiC) has been developed recently and has been selected in the present study to investigate its EDM machinability. Experiments were conducted using discharge current, pulse-on time, duty cycle and gap voltage as typical process parameters. The grey relational analysis was adopted to obtain grey relational grade for EDM process with multiple characteristics namely material removal rate and surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to study the significance of process variables on grey relational grade which showed discharge current and duty cycle to be most significant parameters. Other than discharge current and duty cycle, pulse-on time and gap voltage have also been found to be significant. To validate the study, confirmation experiment has been carried out at optimum set of parameters and predicted results have been found to be in good agreement with experimental findings.     

Detecting discharge status of small-hole EDM based on wavelet transform

Discharge waveforms contain information representing the gap discharge status of an EDM process. The gap discharge status has a great influence on the machining performance including the machining efficiency, workpiece surface integrity, and tool wear rate in EDM processes. In order to identify the gap discharge status effectively, wavelet transform is used to analyze the discharge waveforms. A data acquisition and processing system based on DSP is developed for high-speed wavelet transforms and related calculations. The wavelet transform result shows that each EDM pulse can be classified by judging the approximation coefficients of the wavelet transform result. Experimental results demonstrate that the wavelet transform detection is capable of capturing the primary features of each single discharge pulse, which are usually unable to be discovered by conventional discharge detection methods such as the average gap voltage detection. By analyzing the local extreme values of approximation coefficients, the numbers of different pulses within a detection time period can be identified. The gap discharge status coefficient, which is a function of the numbers of different pulses, is then calculated and used as a feedback signal to an adaptive EDM process controller. A small-hole machining test demonstrates that, with the online adaptive controller based on the wavelet transform method, the machining efficiency and stability are improved significantly.     

基于Fluent的超声振动-气体介质电火花加工气体流场模拟

简述了超声振动-气体介质电火花加工的基本原理,建立了加工过程气体流场模型。并用Fluent有限元分析软件对气体流场进行了模拟,分析了气体压力、加工深度、放电间隙的变化对气体流速的影响。     

Experimental Investigation on Electrical Discharge Drilling of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

This article describes the experimental investigation related to creation of holes in aerospace titanium alloy workpiece using static electrode machining and electrical discharge drilling (EDD) process. Special attachment for holding and rotating the tool electrode was developed and installed on electrical discharge machining (EDM) machine by replacing the original conventional tool holder provided on die sinking EDM. The effect of input parameters such as gap current, pulse on-time, duty factor and RPM of tool electrode on output parameters for average hole circularity (C_a) and average surface roughness (R_a) have been studied. It is observed that the effect of rotating electrode machining has considerable influence on the output parameters over stationary electrode machining. The micro-graphs and photographs of few selected samples were taken by SEM and metallurgical microscope, which also commensurate with the findings of the study.     

基于PMAC控制的电火花放电间隙检测电路试验研究

在电火花加工研究中,放电间隙的检测是重要的研究内容之一。本文根据放电间隙平均电压检测原理,设计了基于可编程多轴运动控制器(PMAC)的电火花铣削加工数控机床放电间隙平均电压检测电路,并对其进行了试验验证;同时,研究也证明其可降低软件编程的复杂程度,从根本上提高了产品的加工质量。     

电火花加工中电极间放电状态对加工稳定性的影响

分析了对电火花加工中的放电脉冲波形,讨论了各种的脉冲波形及其放电状态对加工稳定性的影响。由实测的放电电压看出,理想的火花放电维持时间很短,由于各种不利因素的存在,大部分时间内,加工是火花放电、过渡放电、电弧放电交替地概率性地出现。一般情况下,过渡放电和电弧放电约占整个脉冲数量20％-50％,当非火花脉冲数大于50％时,加工将不能正常进行,最终导致不能加工。