适用于燃用贫煤1 025 t/h锅炉的中心给粉旋流燃烧器

提出了中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧器,并针对某厂采用EI-DRB型燃烧器设计燃用贫煤的1 025 t/h锅炉稳燃能力差,不能燃用设计煤质的问题,进行了实验室冷态试验及锅炉冷、热态试验,得出了新型的燃烧器结构,并将下层8只燃烧器改造为新型燃烧器.试验表明,中心给粉燃烧器的回流区最大直径、长度与燃烧器最外层直径之比分别为1.40和1.89,可卷吸足够的高温烟气及时点燃煤粉,得出了外二次风叶片角度、一次风量、二次风量及三次风对燃烧器出口射流的影响规律;在实际运行参数下,EI-DRB型燃烧器没有回流区,不利于稳定燃烧.得出了二次风挡板开度和给粉机转数对燃烧器出口处温度场的影响规律.采用新型燃烧器后,锅炉效率提高,当电负荷降至140 MW时,锅炉可以不投油稳定运行,在燃用贫煤、无烟煤和贫煤的混煤时(混合比为11),锅炉在高负荷和低负荷下均可稳定运行.锅炉NOx排放下降.     

Investigation of two-phase flow mixing mechanism of a swirl burner using an electrostatic sensor array system

A novel electrostatic sensor array was designed to measure particle concentration downstream of a swirl burner. The fundamental mechanism and the primary constituent elements of the sensor array were described. The root-mean-square magnitude of the measured electrostatic voltage was determined as an indication of the particle concentration. The accuracy of the electrostatic sensor array was calibrated by the optical fluctuation method. Local particle concentrations at different cross-sections of the measuring chamber were measured to investigate the diffusion characteristic of the pulverized coal particles. Electrostatic sensor array showed its ability in the field measurement in this work. The measurements indicated that the velocity of the inner secondary air had a significant effect on the diffusion of the pulverized coal particles. The particles concentrated in the center of the cross-section after leaving the burner. With the development of the gas–solid two-phase flow, the particles distributed like a ring shape. The radius of the particle ring increased with the increase of the velocity of the inner secondary air. But the effect of the velocity of outer secondary air on the radius of the particle ring is very slight. The maximum radius occurred when the velocity of inner secondary air was 21 m/s, which was favorable for stable combustion.     

A CFD study on thermo-acoustic instability of methane/air flames in gas turbine combustor

Thermo-acoustic instability of methane/air flames in an industrial gas-turbine combustor is numerically investigated adopting CFD analysis. The combustor has 37 EV burners through which methane and air are mixed and then injected into the chamber. First, steady fuel/air mixing and flow characteristics established by the burner are investigated by numerical analysis with single burner. And then, based on information on the flow data, the burners are modeled numerically via equivalent swirlers, which facilitates the numerical analysis with the whole combustion system including the chamber and numerous burners. Finally, reactive flow fields within the chamber are investigated numerically by unsteady analysis and thereby, spontaneous instability is simulated. Based on the numerical results, scaling analysis is conducted to find out the instability mechanism in the combustor and the passive control method to suppress the instability is proposed and verified numerically.     

利用正交实验法原子吸收测定金最佳仪器工作条件的选择

本文利用正交实验法对日立Z-5000型原子吸收分光光度计在测定金时所采用的灯电流、乙炔流量、空气压力、狭缝宽度、燃烧器高度、积分时间进行了条件实验,确定了最佳仪器工件条件为灯电流5mA,乙炔流量1.8L/ min,空气压力140kPa,狭缝宽度1.3nm,燃烧器高度5mm、积分时间3s,得出燃烧器高度为影响仪器测定的主要因素。     

喷嘴雾化流场数值仿真及结构改进研究

针对空气喷嘴形状对雾化性能影响的问题,对不同扇面结构参数下的空气喷嘴的雾化性能进行了研究,对空气喷嘴结构参数与雾化流场之间的规律进行了归纳,提出了一种空气喷嘴的结构模型,基于雷诺N-S方程与标准K-ε湍流模型以及标准壁面函数法,采用CFD方法对不同扇面孔数量及不同扇面锥角下的空气喷嘴的雾化性能进行了数值仿真,分析了空气喷嘴不同扇面参数的改变对雾化性能的影响,并通过搭建喷枪台架实验,对优选的结构模型进行了实验验证。研究结果表明,仿真结果与实验数据基本符合要求,改进后的空气喷嘴雾化性能得到了改善,为今后空气喷嘴结构的优化设计提供了一定的参考。     

1000MW超超临界燃煤锅炉燃烧与NO_x排放特性试验研究

为实现高效燃烧和低NOx排放,在一台1000MW对冲燃烧烟煤锅炉上进行燃烧优化调整试验,测量炉膛烟气温度分布,研究煤种、省煤器出口氧量、燃尽风量、燃烧器及燃尽风风门开度、燃烧器投运方式和负荷等因素对燃烧和NOx排放的影响规律。试验表明,省煤器出口氧量和燃尽风量对锅炉效率和NOx排放有较大影响,二者分别保持在3.0%和750t/h时运行效果较好,且利于消除屏式过热器结焦;调整同层燃烧器外二次风挡板开度可减轻沿炉膛宽度的氧量不均;燃用设计煤种、全关燃尽风喷口外二次风挡板、保持燃烧器中心风母管风门开度为50%并在满负荷时尽量停止一层上排燃烧器利于降低飞灰中碳的质量分数。调整后测得锅炉效率超过94.4%,NOx排放浓度低于300mg/m3,明显优于国内目前运行的锅炉。     

利用拉伐尔管技术提高气体轴承实验台主轴转速

为了提高气体动静压径向轴承实验台主轴转速.根据气体动力学理论,建立了气体在喷管中流动的基本微分方程组,并分析了在不同音速下的截面变化规律.以马赫数为主要设计参数,建立了拉伐尔管内部曲线方程,并利用VB6.0对其内部曲线和压力进行了辅助设计,仿真结果显示当拉伐尔管中喉部压强为0.21MPa时,从拉伐尔管中喷出的气体流速的马赫数可达1.6.把实际加工的拉伐尔管应用到气体轴承实验台主轴上,使实验台主轴转速由原来的最高转速3495 r/min提高到5000 r/min左右.     

New air speed calibration system at NMIJ for air speeds up to 90 m/s

National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) has established a high air speed standard facility and has been providing a calibration service since 2015. The facility has an air speed range of 40 m/s to 90 m/s with a relative expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.63%. The purpose of this primary standard is mainly to contribute to the improvement of meteorological observation research and to the evaluation of flow field inside a turbo machine and around a high speed vehicle. The reference air speed is derived from the national primary gas flowrate standard of Japan. A conversion device from flowrate to air speed is installed in the test line of the closed-loop calibration facility. The reference air speed at the nozzle exit of the conversion device is obtained by comparing the integral of the air speed profiles and the reference volume flowrate. The total pressure tube used as a transfer standard is then calibrated against the reference air speed at the center of the nozzle exit. The Eiffel-type wind tunnel, which is a working standard for the daily calibration service, is calibrated using this total pressure tube. The present paper describes the calibration system, the traceability chain, and an uncertainty analysis using a validation method.     

沙角C电厂炉内空气动力场特性冷态试验研究

为了解沙角C电厂2100t/h亚临界四角切圆锅炉大修后炉内空气动力场的分布特性,进行了锅炉冷态空气动力场试验。对6台磨煤机的一次风挡板特性及二次风道挡板特性进行了测量,并对周界风风速进行了测量。试验结果表明,一、二次风挡板特性正常,炉内空气动力场切圆中心与炉膛中心吻合较好,切圆椭圆度较好。     

An experimental study on the combustion characteristics of a low nox burner using reburning technology

The combustion characteristics of a low NO_x burner using reburning technology have been experimentally studied. The reburn burner usually has three distinct reaction zones which include the primary combustion zone, the reburn zone and the burnout zone by provided secondary air. NO_x is mainly produced in a primary combustion zone and a certain portion of NO_x can be converted to nitrogen in the reburn zone. In the burnout zone, the unburned mixtures are completely oxidated by supplying secondary air. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used as main and reburn fuels. The experimental parameters investigated involve the main/ reburn fuel ratio, the primary/secondary air ratio, and the injection location of reburn fuel and secondary air. When the amount of reburn fuel reaches to the 20-30% of the total fuel used, the overall NO reduction of 50% is achieved. The secondary air is injected by two different ways including vertical and parallel injection. The injector of secondary air is located at the downstream region of furnace for a vertical-injection mode, which is also placed at the inlet primary-air injection region for a parallel-injection mode. In case of the vertical injection of the secondary air flow, the NO_x formation of stoichiometric condition at a primary combustion zone is nearly independent of the reburn conditions (locations, fuel/air ratios) while the NO_x emission of the fuel-lean condition is considerably influenced by the reburn conditions. In case of the parallel injection of the secondary air, the NO_x emission is sensitive to the air ratio rather than the fuel ratio and the reburning process often coupled with the multiple air-staging and fuel-staging combustion processes.     

基于流动模式的汽车双筒式磁流变减振器设计与试验研究

提出一种基于流动模式的汽车单出杆、双筒式磁流变减振器的结构与工作原理,该减振器采用已有汽车悬架双筒式普通液压减振器的设计标准制造,对现有双筒式减振器具有很强工艺继承性。根据Bingham流体模型建立双筒式磁流变减振器阻尼力数学模型,并提出该减振器的磁路设计方法;针对磁路的非轴对称特性,建立磁路三维有限元仿真模型,结合北京现代某款汽车前悬架减振器的技术要求和磁流变液流变特性,进行三维静态磁场分析,确定活塞磁路的主要参数。制作汽车双筒式磁流变减振器,并对此进行台架特性试验;通过试验与理论计算对比,结果表明理论计算数据与试验数据较吻合,所提出的双筒式磁流变减振器设计方法是可行的,对汽车双筒式磁流变减振器的设计使用具有指导意义。     

The effect of the secondary annular stream on supersonic jet

The present study addresses an experimental investigation of the near field flow structures of supersonic, dual, coaxial, free, jet, which is discharged from the coaxial annular nozzle. The secondary stream is made from the annular nozzle of a design Mach number of 1.0 and the primary inner stream from a convergent-divergent nozzle. The objective of the present study is to investigate the interactions between the secondary stream and inner supersonic jets. The resulting flow fields are quantified by pitot impact and static pressure measurements and are visualized by using a shadowgraph optical method. The pressure ratios of the primary jet are varied to obtain over-expanded flows and moderately under-expanded flows at the exit of the coaxial nozzle. The pressure ratio of the secondary annular stream is varied between 1.0 and 4.0. The results show that the secondary annular stream significantly changes the Mach disc diameter and location, and the impact pressure distributions. The effects of the secondary annular stream on the primary supersonic jet flow are strongly dependent on whether the primary jet is underexpanded or over-expanded at the exit of the coaxial nozzle.     

Experimental investigations on combustion characteristics of a swirl-stabilized premixed burner

Experimental investigations have been conducted to understand the combustion characteristics of a swirl-stabilized double-cone pre-mixed burner used for industrial gas turbines for power generation. NOx and CO emissions, extinction limit, combustion noise, pressure loss, and wall temperature distributions were measured for various operating conditions. Results show that NOx emissions are decreased with increasing air/fuel ratio or decreasing air load unless the air load is too small. CO emissions are also decreased with increasing air/fuel ratio, leading to a positive correlation between NOx and CO emissions. Flame extinction limit is reduced with increasing air flow rate as the flow residence time is reduced. Combustion noise has its peak amplitude at the frequencies of 150 or 300 Hz, which are considered to be the resonance frequencies of the longitudinal mode of the combustor. The noise level at the peak frequency is maximized when the flame is considered to be located near the burner exit. Pressure loss is decreased with the A/F ratio as the flame moves downstream out of the burner.

     

Self-sustained Oscillation Pulsed Air Blowing System for Energy Saving

Currently, many studies have been made for years on dimensions of pneumatic nozzle, which influence the flow characteristic of blowing system. For the purpose of outputting the same blowing force, the supply pressure could be reduced by decreasing the ratio of length to diameter of nozzle. The friction between high speed air and pipe wall would be reduced if the nozzle is designed to be converging shape comparing with straight shape. But the volume flow and pressure, discussed in these studies, do not describe energy loss of the blowing system directly. Pneumatic power is an innovative principle to estimate pneumatic system's energy consumption directly. Based on the above principle, a pulse blowing method is put forward for saving energy. A flow experiment is carried out, in which the high speed air flows from the pulse blowing system and continuous blowing system respectively to a plate with grease on top. Supply pressure and the volume of air used for removing the grease are measured to calculate energy consumption. From the experiment result, the pulse blowing system performs to conserve energy comparing with the continuous blowing system. The frequency and duty ratio of pulse flow influence the blowing characteristic. The pulse blowing system performs to be the most efficient at the specified frequency and duty ratio. Then a pneumatic self-oscillated method based on air operated valve is put forward to generate pulse flow. A simulation is made about dynamic modeling the air operated valve and calculating the motion of the valve core and output pressure. The simulation result verifies the system to be able to generate pulse flow, and predicts the key parameters of the frequency and duty ratio measured by experiment well. Finally, on the basis of simplifying and solution of the pulse blowing system's mathematic model, the relationship between system's frequency duty ratio and the dimensions of components is simply described with four algebraic equations. The system could be designed with specified frequency and duty ratio according to the four equations. This study provides theoretical basis for designing energy-saving air blowing system.     

方箱炉旋流燃烧技术研究与应用

旋流燃烧可以提高火焰速度,从而强化传热、提高燃烧效率,采用多个同旋向喷嘴形成旋流燃烧器,或者通过喷口不同方向的倾斜排列形成两排燃烧器,可以实现很好的方箱炉旋流速度场。通过冷态流场数值模拟和试验分析,验证了旋流燃烧能加强炉子流场的均匀性,热态试验和工业应用结果表明,炉膛下部燃烧和传热得到强化,烟气出口烟温下降,方箱炉热效率显著提高。     

A study on the air knife flow with Coanda effect

The coating thickness in hot-dip zinc galvanizing process is of practical importance in determining the quality of product, and its control is often done using the gas wiping through an air knife system. Such a gas wiping method causes a technical problem of splashing from the strip edge to have a harmful effect on the performance of the galvanizing process and the product quality. The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of Coanda nozzle to reduce the strip splashing problem. A blow-down wind tunnel has been used to experimentally investigate the detailed flow field near the exit of Coanda nozzle and on the strip edge. A computational work has been performed with the help of a computational fluid dynamics method. The three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes equations have been solved using a fully implicit finite volume scheme. The results obtained show that Coanda nozzle effectively reduces the splashing problem, leading to improvement of the whole galvanizing process.     

A new flame-stabilization technology for lean mixtures

The development of a low-pollution burner is important for saving energy and preserving the environment. A low-pollution burner can be produced by lean-mixture combustion and general combustion technology. The flammable limit of premixed flame is narrower than that of diffusion flame. Producing a lean mixture of fuel results in an effective combustion condition, which in turn produces high load and low pollution. In this study, it was found that the influx of Q₂ had an effect on extending the lean flammable limits and flame stabilization in a doubled jet burner. And the flame, consisting of small eddies, can be stabilized by the nozzle neck phenomena.     

The characteristics of pulverized coal combustion in the two stage cyclone combustor

Numerical investigations on air staging and fuel staging were carried out with a newly designed coaxial cyclone combustor, which uses the method of two stage coal combustion composed of pre-combustor and main combustor. The pre-combustor with a high air/fuel ratio is designed to supply gas at high temperature to the main combustor. To avoid local high temperature region in this process, secondary air is injected in the downstream. Together with the burned gas supplied from the pre-combustor and the preheated air directly injected into main combustor, coals supplied through the main burner react rapidly at a low air/fuel ratio. Strong swirling motion of cyclone combustor keeps the wall temperature high, which makes slagging combustion possible. Alaska, US coal is used for calculations. Predictions were made for various coal flow rates in the main combustor for fuel staging and for the various flow rate of secondary air in the pre-combustor for air staging. In-scattering angles are also chosen as a variable to increase residence times of coal particles. Temperature fields and particle trajectories for various conditions are described. Predicted temperature variations at the wall of the combustor are compared with corresponding experimental data and show a similar trend. The in-scattering angle of 20° is recommended to increase the combustion efficiency in the main chamber.     

球壳大开孔内伸接管补强分析

球壳大开孔的补强设计中,相比于压力面积法和ASME法,有限法更直观和快速。建立一系列有限元模型,利用应力强度评定的方法,分析球壳大开孔内伸接管补强中接管内伸长度以及接管与球壳壁厚比t/T对补强效果的影响,结果表明:随着接管内伸长度的增长,局部薄膜应力逐渐减小,弯曲应力逐渐增大,一次应力加二次应力则先减小后又增大;随着接管厚度增加,局部薄膜应力、弯曲应力、一次应力加二次应力都逐渐减小,但减小的幅度下降;在模型下,接管内伸长度h2≤80mm、接管与球壳壁厚比1.5≤t/T≤2.7时,补强效果良好。     

基亏CFD加油枪结构的优化

为了优化加油枪结构,按照实际加油枪的结构和参数,建立了加油枪内部流场的三维模型,并应用计算流体动力学计算软件Fluent,对加油枪的流场进行研究,给出了加油枪内的压力场、速度场和流线分布图。对主阀不同开度流场进行分析,对容易产生漩涡和负压处的结构进行改进。结果表明,改进结构后,流场中漩涡区的分布减小,最低压力得到提高,降低了气蚀和噪声发生的可能性。