三体磨损状态下载荷动特性对摩擦面形貌的影响

在自行研制的环－块磨损试验装置上研究了在体磨损状态下矩形波载荷特性对摩擦面粗糙度变化的影响,结果表明：（１）随着磨程的进行摩擦面粗糙度将达到一个稳定值－平衡粗糙度Ｒｑ＾ｓ,其大小与摩擦面初始形貌无关;（２）对应于某一载荷波形占空比Хｃ,Ｒｑ＾ｓ最大,当载荷波形占空比Х小于Хｃ时,Ｒｑ＾ｓ将随Х的增加而迅速增加;当Х大于Хｃ时,Ｒｑ＾ｓ随Х的增加而减小并趋于静态载荷下的Ｒｑ＾ｓ。     

偶件表面粗糙度对PTFE材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了研究干摩擦条件下偶件表面粗糙度对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)密封材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用MMW-1立式万能摩擦磨损试验机,在不同载荷和转速下研究由PTFE材料制作的试验环分别与316L不锈钢和45#钢配副时的摩擦磨损性能,并利用粒形分析仪对PTFE试验环试验前后端面的形貌进行观测;利用触针式轮廓仪对摩擦配副钢环的端面粗糙度进行精确测量,分析表面粗糙度对PTFE试验环摩擦磨损性能的影响。试验结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,摩擦配副钢环的表面粗糙度过高或者过低都会引起PTFE试验环磨损量的增加;定载荷时,PTFE试验环磨损量随摩擦配副钢环表面粗糙度的增大先减小后增大,随转速的增大而增大;定转速时,PTFE试验环摩擦因数随摩擦配副钢环表面粗糙度的增大稍减小后而后增大,随载荷的增大先减小后增大;在相同工况下,316L不锈钢对PTFE试验环的切削和犁沟作用比45#钢更加明显。     

高速摆动下PTFE编织复合材料干摩擦研究

利用高速摩擦试验机对PTFE编织复合材料进行干摩擦试验,研究不同条件(载荷、速度和湿度)下PTFE编织复合材料干摩擦磨损性能;并利用扫描电子显微镜对不同条件下的磨屑形貌进行分析。结果表明:单因素变化条件下,摩擦因数随载荷和相对湿度的增大而减小,随摩擦速度的增大而增大;磨损量随载荷和速度的增大而增大,但相对湿度的增加可降低磨损;载荷及速度的增加显著影响材料磨损状况。     

齿面摩擦规律的模拟试验研究

本文以防止舰船后传动齿轮的齿面失效并提高传动效率为目标，对齿面间摩擦系数进行一系列模拟试验。通过摩擦副不同材料配伍及不同表面粗糙度、不同润滑油、不同载荷及速度工况组合而成的系列试验，得到齿面间摩擦系数分别在初次磨合运转及再运转过程中随持续时间而变化的规律。对试验摩擦系数各影响因素进行分析。     

管道参数对绝热气管平均摩擦因数的影响

以Keenan及Neumann的实验结果为基础,通过构造平均摩擦因数误差函数和采用预估一校正解法,提出一种从理论上计算气动系统管道平均摩擦因数的新方法.结果表明:管道平均摩擦因数随进口气流总压、总温、管道内径、长径比、相对粗糙度及出口反压比而变化.随着管道内径减小,长径比增大,或随相对粗糙度增加,平均摩擦因数增大.当管道其它参数不变时,减小进口气流总压或增大总温,也会导致管道临界平均摩擦因数增加.亚临界流态与临界流态气动管道平均摩擦因数的变化规律相似,只是亚临界管道平均摩擦因数的具体数值稍大一些.当出口反压比在临界压比至0.8的范围内变化时,管道平均摩擦因数随反压比的增加而增大.     

人牙釉质纳米尺度下的摩擦磨损行为研究

利用纳米划痕仪研究了人牙釉质在纳米尺度下的摩擦磨损行为,考察了法向载荷对牙釉质摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随着法向载荷增大,人牙釉质的摩擦因数和磨损深度呈现非线性增大;载荷较小时(20mN),摩擦因数随载荷增加而快速增大,划痕表面主要呈现轻微凹陷,损伤以弹塑性变形为主;当载荷较大时(20mN),摩擦因数随载荷增加而缓慢增大,划痕表面开始出现磨屑,磨损以脆性剥层为主。     

基于Carreau流变模型的渐开线齿轮摩擦因数研究

结合载荷分担概念和弹流润滑理论,研究润滑剂的流变性对渐开线齿轮油膜厚度、摩擦因数等润滑特性的影响;分别采用Carreau流变模型和Doolittle-Tait自由体积黏度模型描述润滑剂的剪切稀化特性及黏压关系,研究齿轮载荷、转速、表面粗糙度和润滑剂压黏系数对摩擦因数的影响。研究结果表明:不同的润滑剂剪切稀化特性不同,因此油膜厚度、油膜承载比例和摩擦因数均不同;摩擦因数随着转矩的增大先显著增大,当超过某一转矩值时,摩擦因数开始缓慢变化;摩擦因数随着转速的增加先显著减小,当转速增加至某一值时摩擦因数又随之增大;随着表面粗糙度和润滑剂压黏系数的增大,摩擦因数均明显增大。     

旋耕机湿地弯刀的摩擦磨损性能试验研究

利用HSR-2M高速式往复摩擦磨损试验机,研究湿态条件下,湿地弯刀表面粗糙度、往复速度和法向载荷等对旋耕机湿地弯刀摩擦因数和磨损量的影响,并通过磨痕形貌分析其磨损机制。试验结果表明:摩擦因数和磨损量随着旋耕机湿地弯刀表面粗糙度的增大而增大;磨损量随法向载荷的增大而增大,而随往复速度的增大先减小后增大;摩擦表面温度随着法向载荷和相对运动速度的增大而增大;湿态条件下湿地弯刀的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,局部有点蚀现象出现。     

线接触弹流摩擦副的动特性研究

基于机械振动学和弹流润滑理论,将弹流油膜简化为弹簧阻尼,建立了线接触摩擦副的摩擦学、动力学耦合模型,用数值方法求解了摩擦副的振动响应,通过简谐激励下系统的阻尼环求得摩擦副的刚度和阻尼,分析了载荷、速度对摩擦副动力学特性的影响.结果 表明:弹流油膜具有显著的刚度、阻尼特征;弹流状态下,当速度一定时,摩擦副的刚度、阻尼随载荷增加而几乎线性地增加;而当载荷一定时,摩擦副的刚度、阻尼随速度的增加而指数般减小.     

铜碲硒铁合金的干摩擦磨损性能

利用环-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了铜碲硒铁合金的干摩擦磨损行为,分析了载荷和摩擦速度等参数对该合金摩擦磨损性能的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜对磨损形貌进行了观察.结果表明:铜碲硒铁合金的摩擦因数随载荷的增加变化不大,但随摩擦速度的增加而明显增大;合金的磨损率随载荷和摩擦速度的增加均增大;在轻载低速条件下,合金的磨损机制以犁削磨损和粘着磨损为主;在重载高速条件下,磨粒磨损和粘着磨损加剧.     

三体磨损过程理论研究

建立了三体磨损过程中摩擦副表面粗糙度的预测模型。算例表明 ,定载荷作用下 ,(1 )经受三体磨粒磨损之摩擦表面的粗糙度随着磨程的进行逐渐趋于某一平衡值 ,之后不随磨程而改变 ;(2 )平衡粗糙度的大小与磨粒粒度分布参数有关 ,对应于粒度的某均方根值 ,摩擦面的平衡粗糙度最大     

表面粗糙度对黄铜/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损性能影响的研究

以黄铜/铬青铜为摩擦副,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行了载流摩擦学特性研究,探讨了载流条件下摩擦副的表面粗糙度对摩擦学特性的影响.结果表明:摩擦副表面粗糙度存在一个最佳值,使质量磨损率最小,载流效率、载流稳定性也较好;摩擦因数先随表面粗糙度的降低而升高,当表面粗糙度降低到一定程度以后摩擦因数的变化趋于平稳.质量磨损率随着表面粗糙度的降低先减小后增大;载流导致质量磨损率增大,且随着电流密度的增大,这种影响更加显著.     

试验参数对人工滑液边界润滑条件下超高分子量聚乙烯/Ti6Al4V往复摩擦磨损行为的影响

采用自行研制的往复摩擦磨损试验机,在法向载荷50 N、往复频率1 Hz、摩擦副接触形式为圆环外圆周/平面、初始线接触长度为6 mm、相对湿度为80%的试验条件下,研究了钛合金表面粗糙度、试验环境温度、试验延续时间、滑液成分等试验参数对UHMWPE/Ti6A14V摩擦副的往复摩擦磨损行为的影响.结果表明,这些试验参数均显著影响UHMWPE/Ti6A14V摩擦副的往复摩擦磨损行为;在环境温度20℃、25%小牛血清去离子水溶液边界润滑、180 min往复摩擦磨损试验条件下,当钛合金表面粗糙度由Ra0.04 μm增加至Ra0.06μm时,摩擦副的平均摩擦因数由0.033增加至0.096,UHMWPE试样磨损量由0.131 mm3,增加至0.149 mm3;在钛合金表面粗糙度为Ra0.06μm、25%小牛血清去离子水溶液边界润滑、180 min往复摩擦磨损试验条件下,当试验环境温度由10℃上升至37℃时,摩擦副的平均摩擦因数由0.135减少至0.077,UHMWPE试样磨损量由0.188 mm3减少至0.134 mm3.     

表面粗糙度对滑动电接触磨损率的影响

在电气化铁路弓网系统中,磨损率是衡量列车运行状态与接触导线使用状态的重要指标。为了充分模拟弓网系统中磨损率情况,利用自行搭建的滑动电接触摩擦磨损试验机对滑板和接触导线进行摩擦磨损试验,分析滑板表面粗糙度、法向压力、接触电流与运行速度对磨损率的影响。得出结论:滑板磨损率随滑板初始表面粗糙度、接触电流、法向压力、运行速度的增加而增加,而高载荷下粗糙度对于磨损率的影响降低;滑板摩擦从磨合期进入稳定摩擦期存在一个临界表面粗糙度,当滑板初始表面粗糙度值等于临界粗糙度值时,其磨损率最低;不同初始表面粗糙度的滑板在跑合期内磨损过程不同,在稳定摩擦期内磨损过程趋于一致,且摩擦试验后滑板表面粗糙度也接近。     

自补偿摩擦表面微观形貌分析

进行了钢－铜摩擦副的原始表面、常规润滑油和自补偿滑油润滑下的表面微观形貌测试和分析;对自补偿润滑下和常规润滑下钢、铜表面的粗糙度和表面轮廓特征参数进行了比较;研究了载荷、摩擦行程对自补偿润滑下钢、铜表面微观形貌的影响;得出了钢－铜摩擦副的磨损在一定范围内与载荷无关、其磨损不随摩擦行程线性增加、自补偿添加剂ＳＷ４更适应于重载工况和经过大的摩擦行程后仍起作用等结论。     

Studies on ZDDP Anti-Wear Films Formed Under Different Conditions by XANES Spectroscopy,Atomic Force Microscopy and 31P NMR

Antiwear (AW) films, generated from a mineral base oil containing a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive, were studied as a function of formation temperature, load and rubbing time. The surface morphology of these films was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface roughness calculated for the observed differing surface morphologies. The morphology of the films is heterogeneous for all the tested conditions, but the surface roughness is dependent on the rubbing condition. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy has been used to characterize the chemistry of these films, and the intensity of the phosphorus K-edge was also used to monitor their thickness. The thickness of these films is in the range of 10–90 nm depending on the running conditions. Phosphorus L-edge spectra show that these films have a similar chemical nature with variable polyphosphate chain-lengths. 31P NMR was used to study the decomposition of ZDDP in the residual oils. The spectra show that the primary and secondary ZDDP react differently under the various conditions. The tribological characteristics of these AW films were probed by measuring the coefficients of friction (μ) and the wear scar width (WSW) of the counter faces. μ is highly related to the applied load and the results of WSW measurements show that the wear performance is related to all the tested parameters, temperature, load and rubbing time.     

弹性金属塑料复合材料的摩擦磨损特性研究

在MPX-2000摩擦磨损试验机上，用环盘摩擦副，结合扫描电镜分别评价了弹性金属塑料（EMP）复合材料与钢在油润滑和干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：两种试验条件下，相同滑动速度的摩擦系数随载荷的升高而减小，当载荷为2000N，滑动速度小于3.52m/s时，摩擦系数基于趋于稳定，EMP磨损率随滑动速度和载荷的升高耐增加，但不同试验条件的增幅不高，油润滑下滑动速度小于3.52m/s和干摩擦条件下滑动速度小于1.96m/s时，EMP以微切削，塑性变形和梨沟磨损为主，并在摩擦副两表面形成转移物。     

The significance of load and rubbing time in the fourball lubricant test

Four-ball tests were run on compounded oils made up with the following additives: (a) di-t-octyl disulfide; (b) t-octyl chloride; (c) a dualcomponent disulfide-chloride mixture. Two test procedures were used for most of the work: 10 s runs with load as the variable experimental parameter and runs in which the load was held constant and the rubbing time was varied. Some runs were also made with a varied load for 2 s of running time. The wear scar dimensions were converted to wear volumes. None of the lubricants exhibited constant-rate load-governed wear behavior. The behavior of lubricants compounded with di-t-octyl disulfide or with t-octyl chloride was characterized by distinct load-governed transitions to increased wear; the dual-component additive did not show any sharp transitions but did depart from linear load-governed wear behavior. Transitions to increased wear at a load which was subtransitional for 10 s of rubbing could be induced by prolonging the time of rubbing. Suggestive parallelisms were observed in the effects of load and rubbing time as the experimental parameter. The role of load and rubbing time in the operation of the four-ball machine is examined and an approach to the rationale of evaluating lubricants by the four-ball test is suggested.     

Effects of lubricants on friction and wear of Ti(CN)/1045 steel sliding pairs

The friction and wear properties of Ti(CN)/1045 steel rubbing pairs were investigated under dry and lubricated conditions by using a pin-on-disk tribometer. The selected speed range was 0.8 to 3.2 m/s and the load range was 58.8 to 235.2 N. Distilled water and a mineral oil (no additives) were used for lubrication, respectively. The wear of Ti(CN) ceramic under dry conditions was caused mainly by adhesion between the rubbing surfaces and the microfracture of Ti(CN). With the load and speed increasing, the adhesion and diffusion between rubbing surfaces increased and resulted in wear increasement of Ti(CN). Because of the brittleness of ceramics, the microfracture wear of Ti(CN) increased rapidly when the load was raised to some high values. The lubricating and cooling effects of the lubricants could improve the frict on and wear. Compared with water, oil was much better in improving the tribological properties. The analysis results obtained from XPS and AES examinations showed that ferrous oxide was produced on the wear scars, which could reduce the adhesion between the rubbing surfaces to some extent. The lubricating effects of the oil under boundary lubrication conditions were attributed to the formation of carbon films on the rubbing surfaces.     

The combined effects of ZDDP, surface texture and hardness on the running-in of ferrous metals

The effects of surface characteristics including roughness, lay direction and hardness of rubbing pairs on the antiwear performance of secondary short chain ZDDPs under a boundary lubrication condition are studied experimentally. The antiwear performance of the ZDDPs is evaluated by the duration of running-in periods recorded in wear tests of specially prepared specimens. A running-in period is defined as the time interval from the beginning of a wear test to the time at which the contact resistance between the rubbing pair approaches infinity. The shorter running-in period yields the better antiwear performance. The wear tests were conducted with a reciprocating sliding contact made by flat-on-flat specimens which were made from grey cast iron, quenched medium carbon steel and bearing steel. Two lay directions of the surface texture, namely, parallel and perpendicular to the sliding direction were ground, which made four possible combinations in a rubbing action. The CLA roughness of the specimens ranged from 0.35 μm to 0.04 μm. It is found that to obtain a shorter running-in period and to enhance the antiwear performance of ZDDPs, the following rules should be obeyed. If the hardness numbers of the two rubbing members are near the same, the combination of their lay directions should be both in parallel but perpendicular to the sliding direction and, the roughness values should be smaller than 0.09 μm. If the hardness number of one member is much greater than that of the other, the soft member should be the smaller one and the surface of the hard member should be as smooth as possible. Under any circumstance, the smaller members should be chamfered.