两种气体环境中的不锈钢/浸金属碳带电摩擦磨损的试验研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上试验了氮气和空气环境对带电摩擦磨损的影响.试验结果表明:氮气环境中的1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳的摩擦因数比空气环境中的高.在电流为100 A时,2种环境对摩擦因数的影响差别较小.在氮气环境中,浸金属碳材料接正极时的摩擦因数比接负极时的低,而在空气环境中结果恰恰相反.在空气环境中,浸金属碳材料的电弧烧蚀严重些.     

法向载荷对不锈钢/浸金属碳载流摩擦磨损性能的影响

在自行设计的销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行了不同法向载荷下不锈钢/浸金属碳载流摩擦磨损试验,分析了法向载荷对其摩擦磨损性能的影响,并用SEM观察了其磨损形貌。结果表明:摩擦因数随着法向载荷的增大而减小,160 N后基本趋向稳定;10 A电流时,浸金属碳销试样的磨损率很低,且增加趋势不明显,30～50 A电流时,磨损率显著提高,且浸金属碳销试样磨损率随着法向载荷的增大而减小,最后趋于平缓;此外,放电强度随着法向载荷的增大而减弱;在低法向载荷下,磨损类型以电弧烧蚀和氧化磨损为主,在高法向载荷下,磨损类型以磨粒磨损和粘着磨损为主,且都伴随有材料的转移。     

纯碳、浸金属碳与接触线载流摩擦磨损性能对比研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上研究了纯碳/不锈钢和浸金属碳/不锈钢的载流摩擦磨损行为.结果表明,两种摩擦副的摩擦因数、磨损率都随着速度或电流的增加而增大,但纯碳/不锈钢摩擦副材料具有更高的摩擦因数和磨损量.试验过程中,两种摩擦副都出现火花放电和电弧放电,且纯碳/不锈钢摩擦副放电强度更高.用扫描电镜(SEM)观察两种销试样表面磨损形貌可知,纯碳/不锈钢摩擦副以电弧烧蚀和氧化磨损为主,伴随轻微的磨粒磨损;浸金属碳/不锈钢摩擦副以磨粒磨损、黏着磨损为主,伴随着电弧烧蚀和氧化磨损.比较销试样磨损前后EDX图谱可得,纯碳摩擦副材料几乎无元素转移,而浸金属碳摩擦副材料表面有明显的材料转移.     

1Cr18Ni9Ti自配副的高温摩擦学特性

以1Cr18Ni9Ti为自配副摩擦材料,在MMUD-10B销-盘型摩擦磨损试验机上考察不同温度(分别为21、100、200、300、400℃)对其摩擦学行为的影响。利用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对磨痕、磨屑形貌进行表征,采用SEM配备的能谱仪(EDS)对磨屑进行微区元素分析。结果表明:1Cr18Ni9Ti自配副的摩擦因数和磨损率均随温度的升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在温度为200℃时摩擦因数和磨损率获得最大值;在温度为21～200℃之间,磨损机制以黏着磨损和颗粒磨损为主,而在温度为200～400℃之间,黏着磨损、疲劳磨损和氧化磨损三机制共同作用于摩擦过程; 1Cr18Ni9Ti自配副在高温摩擦中发生了较为强烈的氧化反应,在摩擦配副表面形成了稳定存在的含Ni、Cr的耐磨氧化层,使得摩擦因数降低,磨损率减小。     

载流条件下铬青铜/纯铜摩擦副摩擦磨损性能研究

在自制的销盘摩擦磨损试验机上,对铬青铜/纯铜摩擦副进行载流条件下的干滑动模拟试验,研究了电流、速度、载荷对铬青铜/纯铜摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。试验结果表明:电流是影响摩擦副摩擦磨损性能最显著的因素,摩擦因数和磨损率都随着电流的增大而增大;速度和载荷对摩擦因数和磨损率也有显著影响;电流的存在,摩擦副间产生了比无电流时更严重的粘着磨损和塑性变形,同时增加了电化学腐蚀,使磨损更加严重。     

载流条件下黄铜/Al_2O_3/Cu复合材料摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能

采用内氧化法制备了Al2O3/Cu复合材料,以该复合材料为销试样,黄铜(H62)为盘试样进行载流条件下的干滑动摩擦磨损试验,并对销试样摩擦表面进行微观形貌分析.结果表明:磨损率随着电流、速度和载荷的增大而增加,摩擦因数随着电流的增大而增加,随着速度和载荷的增大而减小;电流较小时摩擦表面具有磨粒磨损和粘着磨损的共同特征,电流较大时以粘着磨损为主;在试验条件下,Al2O3/Cu复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能显著优越于紫铜.     

电流对黄铜/Al2O3弥散强化铜合金摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

根据列车受电弓系统的实际工况条件,在自制的销-盘式载流摩擦磨损试验机上研究了Al2O3弥散强化铜合金销试样和黄铜（H62）盘试样摩擦副在载流条件下的滑动摩擦磨损性能,试验条件为速度20m/s、载荷0.63MPa、电流25-75A。试验结果表明,电流对黄铜/Al2O3弥散强化铜合金摩擦副的滑动干摩擦行为具有显著影响。随电流的增加,销试样的磨损率增加,摩擦因数增大,试样表层发生了磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

不同弹簧刚度下不锈钢/浸金属碳摩擦副的受流质量与磨损性能的关系

用销盘摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同弹簧刚度下不锈钢/浸金属碳载流摩擦副间的磨损性能和受流质量.结果表明:随着弹簧刚度的增大,载流摩擦副电路中的受流质量先逐渐变好后变差,刚性时的受流质量最差;销试样(浸金属碳)的磨损性能与受流质量密切相关,受流质量越差,销试样的磨损率越大;在刚度为19 N·mm<'-1>时,受流质量最好,销...     

120～170 km/h条件下碳滑板/铜接触线摩擦磨损性能试验研究

在环-块式高速摩擦磨损试验机上,试验研究电流I=100～300 A、滑动速度v=120～170 km/h和法向载荷Fn=100～200 N条件下纯碳滑板/铜接触线的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:无电流时,碳滑板磨损率很低,一般不超过0.001 4 g/km,但摩擦因数较高,一般在0.30以上.加入电流后,碳滑板的磨损率明显增加,达到无电流时磨损率的10倍多;而摩擦因数明显降低,一般在0.24～0.30间波动.观察碳滑板磨损形貌发现,无电流时磨痕面积较小,随着电流的增加磨痕面积不断增大;且磨损面出现电弧烧蚀的黑色流线和麻点.滑动速度、法向载荷对碳滑板摩擦磨损性能影响较小,而电流作用引起的高温磨损和电弧烧蚀是导致碳滑板材料磨损加剧的主要因素.     

4种轴承钢在水基泥浆中摩擦学性能研究

在油气井钻井过程中,大量井下工具在水基泥浆特殊环境中工作。井下工具中轴承部件工作条件苛刻,往往容易损坏,从而导致整个系统的失效。研究选取GCr15、9Cr18、G20CrNiMo、Cr4Mo4V等常用轴承钢为研究对象,制成盘销试样,在FALEX摩擦磨损试验机上模拟井下特殊工况,研究不同载荷、不同速度下试样的摩擦因数、磨斑直径及磨损形式。结果表明:水基泥浆中,当转速一定时,随载荷的增大GCr15、G20CrNiMo、Cr4Mo4V的摩擦因数变化不大,9Cr18的摩擦因数随载荷的增大而增大。当载荷一定时,GCr15、G20CrNiMo、Cr4Mo4V的摩擦因数随着转速升高而略微降低,9Cr18的摩擦因数整体上随转速的增大而增大。GCr15、G20CrNiMo和Cr4Mo4V的磨损形式主要为腐蚀磨损和磨粒磨损,但GCr15的腐蚀更严重。高速重载条件下(40 N,100 r/min),9Cr18的磨损形式由磨粒磨损转变为黏着磨损。     

Friction and wear behaviour of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon

A series of experimental tests were carried out using stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon under electrical current on a pin-on-disc test rig. The test parameters include the sliding speed of 60-100 km/h, normal force of 40-80 N and electrical current of 0-50 A. During testing, the friction coefficient and wear volume were recorded. The topography of worn surfaces was also observed with SEM. The cross sectional profiles of worn surfaces of stainless steel were measured with Ambios profiler. The result displays that electrical current, normal load and sliding speed have a distinct effect on the friction and wear behaviour of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon. Without electric current, the friction coefficient is largest but the wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon is lowest. With increasing electric current, the friction coefficient decreases while the wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon increases. Through the whole test, it is found that the wear loss of stainless steel was light. The wear of copper-impregnated metallized carbon becomes severe when electrical current or sliding speed is high. When the electrical current or sliding speed is high, arc ablation is a dominant wear mechanism of copper-impregnated metallized carbon.     

Effect of electrical current on tribological behavior of copper-impregnated metallized carbon against a Cu–Cr–Zr alloy

A block-on-slip ring-type wear tester was used to investigate the tribological behavior of copper-impregnated metallized carbon against a Cu–Cr–Zr alloy under 2 to 6 N applied load and 0 to 20 A electrical current. The sliding speed was maintained at 25 km/h. The wear loss of copper-impregnated metallized carbon increased with greater electrical current. Under a certain applied load, the wear loss with electrical current was minimized. The tribo-layer had an apparent effect on the friction coefficient. The wear mechanisms were complex, consisting of adhesive wear, abrasive wear and arc erosion.     

镍基合金喷熔层摩擦学行为与机制的研究

采用热喷熔工艺制备了两种镍基合金喷熔层，并选用高锰钢、不锈钢作为对比材料，研究了镍基合金喷熔层的摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明：镍基合金喷熔层具有良好的耐磨损性能和较低的摩擦系数。镍含量对喷熔层的摩擦学性能有显著影响，高镍含量的镍基合金，其耐磨性能明显优于低镍含量的镍基合金。在低速轻载条件下，镍基合金喷熔层的磨损机理为微观犁削；高速重载时，表现为粘着磨损和磨料磨损，其中高镍含量的喷熔层表面形成了致密的转移膜，有效地降低了磨损率。     

载流条件下铬青铜/3D碳/碳复合材料摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能

以3D碳/碳复合材料为销试样、铬青铜QCr0.5为盘试样进行了载流条件下的干滑动摩擦磨损试验。通过对有、无电流条件下销试样磨损量大小和摩擦因数影响度的比较,以及对销试样摩擦表面进行的微观形貌分析,结果表明,电流对铬青铜/3D碳/碳复合材料摩擦副的干摩擦行为具有显著的影响,并且由于电场、摩擦热、电弧热的共同作用,在销试样表层发生了磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。     

Friction and Wear Behavior of Steels under Different Reciprocating Sliding Conditions

The friction and wear behavior of ISO 100Cr6 steel ball sliding against conventionally hardened carbon and low-alloy steels was studied. The effect of hardness, hardening capacity, normal load, and sliding speed on the coefficient of friction and friction energy was investigated. Friction tests were carried out, without lubrication and under ambient conditions, on a reciprocating friction tester in which a ball-on-flat contact configuration was adopted. The results showed that there is a relative tendency for the friction properties to decrease with increased hardening capacity and decreased hardness. The results showed that increasing normal load decreases the coefficient of friction for the two steel nuances. However, increasing sliding speed increases the coefficient of friction of low-alloy steel and decreases the coefficient of friction of carbon steel. The oxidation of wear debris influences the wear mechanisms and friction behavior.     

Effect of arc discharge on the wear rate and wear mode transition of a copper-impregnated metallized carbon contact strip sliding against a copper disk

Wear of the contact strip on the pantograph of electric railway vehicles is governed mainly by arc discharge occurring simultaneously with break of contact between the strip and trolley wire. As a step to clarify the wear mechanism of metallized carbon contact strips under the occurrence of contact break arc discharge, a detailed sliding wear test of 30 min duration was carried out for the combination of a copper-impregnated carbon strip and a copper disk at a sliding speed of 100 km/h. The worn surfaces of the strip and disk were observed every 5 min. The voltage drop and electric current were measured throughout the test, and the occurrence and energy of the arc discharge were evaluated for each revolution of the disk. The wear process is considered in terms of the wear mode transition, and the effect of arc discharge on the mode transition and wear rate of the strip is discussed.     

DLC多层膜对1Cr1 8Ni9Ti钢微动磨损性能的影响

用非平衡磁控溅射与等离子体源离子注入（PSII）的混合技术，研究了类金刚石碳（DLC）多层膜对1Cr18Ni9Ti钢微动磨损性能的影响。结果表明：注入N后，改性层内形成了CrN和Fe3N等氮化物相；PSII技术能够提高1Cr18Ni9Ti钢基体的微动磨损性能；试验所制备的DLC多层膜比N注入层具有更好的微动磨损性能。     

浸渍磷酸盐石墨与9Cr18Mo不锈钢配副的摩擦磨损性能研究

针对航空发动机石墨密封常用的摩擦副浸渍磷酸盐石墨(M234Ao)和9Cr18Mo不锈钢材料,在UMT-TriboLab试验机上进行球-盘、销-盘接触摩擦试验,研究其低速轻载、高速重载工况以及干摩擦、油润滑下的摩擦磨损性能,利用接触式形貌仪、金相显微镜等对摩擦副表面进行观察分析,并分析其磨损机制。结果表明：在油润滑及面-面接触下的摩擦因数和磨损率明显低于干摩擦和点-面接触下;添加油介质可以降低界面摩擦剧烈程度,抑制金属氧化以及降低摩擦因数,特别是在高速重载工况下;M234Ao和9Cr18Mo配副间的磨损机制以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损为主,伴随有犁沟、微裂纹及擦伤现象。     

Tribological properties of a Fe3Al material in sulfuric acid corrosive environment

The tribological properties of a Fe₃Al material in an aqueous solution of 1 mol/l H₂SO₄ corrosive environment sliding against a Si₃N₄ ceramic ball are studied using an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball-on-disc contact configuration. We investigate the effects of load and sliding speed on tribological properties of the Fe₃Al material. The worn surfaces of the Fe₃Al material are examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). It is found that the Fe₃Al material exhibits better wear resistance than 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel in the sulfuric acid corrosive environment. The wear rate of the Fe₃Al material is on the order of 10^?13 m³/m and increases with increasing load, but does not vary below the sliding speed of 0.08 m/s then dramatically increases with increasing sliding speed. The friction coefficient of the Fe₃Al material is in the range of 0.1–0.28, and slightly increases with increasing load, and does not vary with the increase of sliding speed. The Fe₃Al material occurs tribochemical reaction with the H₂SO₄ aqueous solution in the friction process. Wear mechanism of the Fe₃Al material is dominated by microploughing and corrosive wear.     

Tribological properties of plasma nitrided stainless steel against SAE52100 steel under ionic liquid lubrication condition

1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel was modified by plasma nitriding. The phase composition of the plasma nitrided layer was examined by means of X-ray diffraction. The friction and wear properties of the modified and unmodified 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel specimens sliding against SAE52100 steel under the lubrication of ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-hexylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (L-P308) and poly α-olefin (PAO) were investigated on an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester, with the interactions among the modified surface layer and the ionic liquids and PAO to be focused on. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The chemical states of several typical elements on the worn surfaces of the modified steel surfaces were examined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results showed that the modified sample had better anti-wear abilities than the unmodified one, but the modified sample had a slightly higher friction coefficient than the untreated one. This was partly attributed to the change in the hardness and phase composition of the stainless steel surfaces after plasma nitriding and tribochemical reactions between the steel and the lubricant. The resultant surface protective films composed of various tribochemical products together with the adsorbed boundary lubricating film contributed to reduce the friction and wear.