A new fault diagnosis algorithm for helical gears rotating at low speed using an optical encoder

Helical gears are widely used in gearboxes due to its low noise and high load carrying capacity, but it is difficult to diagnose their early faults based on the signals produced by condition monitoring systems, particularly when the gears rotate at low speed. In this paper, a new concept of Root Mean Square (RMS) value calculation using angle domain signals within small angular ranges is proposed. With this concept, a new diagnosis algorithm based on the time pulses of an encoder is developed to overcome the difficulty of fault diagnosis for helical gears at low rotational speeds. In this proposed algorithm, both acceleration signals and encoder impulse signal are acquired at the same time. The sampling rate and data length in angular domain are determined based on the rotational speed and size of the gear. The vibration signals in angular domain are obtained by re-sampling the vibration signal of the gear in the time domain according to the encoder pulse signal. The fault features of the helical gear at low rotational speed are then obtained with reference to the RMS values in small angular ranges and the order tracking spectrum following the Angular Domain Synchronous Average processing (ADSA). The new algorithm is not only able to reduce the noise and improves the signal to noise ratio by the ADSA method, but also extracts the features of helical gear fault from the meshing position of the faulty gear teeth, hence overcoming the difficulty of fault diagnosis of helical gears rotating at low speed. The experimental results have shown that the new algorithm is more effective than traditional diagnosis methods. The paper concludes that the proposed helical gear fault diagnosis method based on time pulses of encoder algorithm provides a new means of helical gear fault detection and diagnosis.     

基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速下齿轮箱中滚动轴承故障调制特征的提取与分离,提出了基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法先用线调频小波路径追踪(CPP)算法从齿轮箱滚动轴承故障振动信号中估计出齿轮啮合频率,由啮合频率除以齿数得到齿轮箱的转速,同时,采用Hilbert包络解调方法获取轴承故障振动信号的包络信号;然后根据获取的转速信息设计各阶时变零相位滤波器;再采用各时变零相位滤波器对包络信号进行分析,获取各调制信号;最后,利用转速信号对求取的各调制信号进行阶次分析,并根据各阶次谱来诊断滚动轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例分析表明,该方法可有效提取和分离变速齿轮箱中滚动轴承的各阶故障调制特征。     

Gear parameter identification in a wind turbine gearbox using vibration signals

When carrying out vibration-based diagnosis of gearboxes it is desirable to know the numbers of teeth on all gears, so as to be able to calculate toothmesh frequencies and rotational speeds of all shafts. If the speed varies, this information must be obtained in the form of “shaft orders” related to the input and/or output speed. This paper describes how it was possible to extract most of this information from the vibration signal itself in the case of a wind turbine gearbox with one planetary and two helical parallel stages. Using a spectrogram, a section of signal was first found with minimal speed variation (about 4%) after which the instantaneous speed information was extracted by frequency demodulation of dominant speed related components. After order tracking based on this it was found possible to determine the numbers of teeth in the two parallel stages, using very accurate harmonic cursors applied to each of the shafts of pairs of gears in mesh (with common mesh frequency). This was successful for the two parallel stages, but the proposed estimates of the tooth numbers in the planetary section are subject to some doubt. Allowable combinations are quite restricted using the normally applied rules, but there can be exceptions. Even so, the presented approach is confirmed as a viable method.     

高速列车转向架区气动噪声分离研究

提出了一种基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换时频分析方法，并将该方法用于行星齿轮箱的故障诊断。该时频分析方法通过使用快速路径优化获得瞬时频率变化规律，在短时傅里叶变换过程中自适应的改变时窗长度，从而获得更恰当的时频分辨率。针对行星齿轮箱运行状态不稳定的特点，通过使用笔者提出的时频分析方法可以有效地提取出行星齿轮箱的转速信息，利用参考转速对故障信号角度域重采样和阶次分析，从而实现变转速情况下的行星齿轮箱故障诊断。仿真分析表明，与传统短时傅里叶变换相比基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换得到的时频分布能量更加集中；试验分析证明了基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换方法在行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的有效性。     

基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对多输入多输出齿轮箱传动系统和齿轮箱集群的振动信号中各啮合频率阶次相互干扰,从而导致故障诊断困难的问题,研究提出一种基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解提取各对传动齿轮的啮合频率,以各啮合频率为中心频率,对应转频的倍频为滤波带宽分别设计自适应时变滤波器对信号进行滤波,逐个提取振动信号中的啮合频率调制分量,再分别对提取的啮合频率调制分量单独进行阶比分析,有效地抑制其他无关联轴上齿轮啮合振动信号和其他非阶比噪声信号对阶比谱的影响,较好地解决阶比信号相互干扰的问题,提高阶比谱的调制识别效果,为多输入多输出齿轮箱系统和齿轮箱集群的故障诊断提供一条有效途径。仿真算例和应用实例说明方法的有效性。     

基于卷积神经网络的时频图像识别研究

变速器作为汽车动力传递系统中的关键部件,其振动和噪声直接影响着汽车的性能。由发动机输入到变速器的转速很多情况下是变化的,这使得这种工况下的变速器故障诊断更加复杂。针对这个问题,提出了基于卷积神经网络（convolutional neural network,CNN）的变速器变转速工况下的故障分类识别方法:在变转速下,采集了变速箱多种故障状态下的振动信号,对各类信号进行时频变换得到时频矩阵,并利用CNN实现多类故障的分类。并研究了CNN结合不同时频方法时的识别性能,结果表明,连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform,CWT)与CNN结合的方法对变转速下的时频图识别性能最好。     

基于线调频小波路径追踪阶比跟踪算法的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

针对阶比跟踪转速获取硬件方法需要额外安装转速测量设备,软件方法精度不高、抗噪能力弱的问题,提出基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计的齿轮箱阶比跟踪故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计算法适于分解频率呈曲线变化的非平稳信号的特点,采用其对齿轮箱的啮合频率分量进行估计以获取转速信号,依据转速信号对等时间间隔采样信号进行等角度重采样,将非平稳信号转化为角域平稳信号,得到振动信号的阶次谱,判断齿轮箱故障。仿真算例与应用实例表明上述方法在瞬时频率估计方面具有精度高和抗噪能力强的优点,可以根据信号自身的特点自适应的选择基函数,准确地对转速进行估计,其与阶比跟踪算法的结合能有效诊断齿轮箱故障。     

Sparse signal decomposition method based on multi-scale chirplet and its application to the fault diagnosis of gearboxes

Based on the chirplet path pursuit and the sparse signal decomposition method, a new sparse signal decomposition method based on multi-scale chirplet is proposed and applied to the decomposition of vibration signals from gearboxes in fault diagnosis. An over-complete dictionary with multi-scale chirplets as its atoms is constructed using the method. Because of the multi-scale character, this method is superior to the traditional sparse signal decomposition method wherein only a single scale is adopted, and is more applicable to the decomposition of non-stationary signals with multi-components whose frequencies are time-varying. When there are faults in a gearbox, the vibration signals collected are usually AM-FM signals with multiple components whose frequencies vary with the rotational speed of the shaft. The meshing frequency and modulating frequency, which vary with time, can be derived by the proposed method and can be used in gearbox fault diagnosis under time-varying shaft-rotation speed conditions, where the traditional signal processing methods are always blocked. Both simulations and experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Transient modeling and parameter identification based on wavelet and correlation filtering for rotating machine fault diagnosis

At constant rotating speed, localized faults in rotating machine tend to result in periodic shocks and thus arouse periodic transients in the vibration signal. The transient feature analysis has always been a crucial problem for localized fault detection, and the key aim for transient feature analysis is to identify the model and its parameters (frequency, damping ratio and time index) of the transient, and the time interval, i.e. period, between transients. Based on wavelet and correlation filtering, a technique incorporating transient modeling and parameter identification is proposed for rotating machine fault feature detection. With the proposed method, both parameters of a single transient and the period between transients can be identified from the vibration signal, and localized faults can be detected based on the parameters, especially the period. First, a simulation signal is used to test the performance of the proposed method. Then the method is applied to the vibration signals of different types of bearings with localized faults in the outer race, the inner race and the rolling element, respectively, and all the results show that the period between transients, representing the localized fault characteristic, is successfully detected. The method is also utilized in gearbox fault diagnosis and the effectiveness is verified through identifying the parameters of the transient model and the period. Moreover, it can be drawn that for bearing fault detection, the single-side wavelet model is more suitable than double-side one, while the double-side model for gearbox fault detection. This research proposed an effective method of localized fault detection for rotating machine fault diagnosis through transient modeling and parameter detection.     

基于小波包变换与神经网络的齿轮故障诊断方法

对齿轮箱故障诊断问题进行研究,由于齿轮的振动信号是非平稳信号,常规的齿轮特征提取方法难以从振动信号中提取有效故障特征信息。笔者采用小波包理论对齿轮振动信号应用db12小波进行多层分解后,从而对信号进行消噪,并对消噪后的信号进行小波包3层分解及系数重构,再次对各频段能量进行处理分析从而得到特征向量。最终应用归一化方法对特征向量处理后再结合RBF神经网络进行故障诊断,并且取得了良好的诊断效果。     

基于注意力机制的一维卷积神经网络行星齿轮箱故障诊断

针对行星齿轮箱故障信号成分复杂和时变性强的特点,提出了基于注意力机制的一维卷积神经网络(１D-CNN )行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法.首先,将行星齿轮箱各类故障状态的原始振动信号进行分段处理,作为模型的输入;其次,利用一维卷积神经网络对行星齿轮箱的原始振动信号学习齿轮故障特征,结合注意力机制( AM )对特征序列自适应的赋予不同的权重,增强故障特征信息;最后,利用 Softmax 分类器实现行星齿轮箱的故障诊断.通过故障实验验证以及与其他模型的对比,该故障诊断模型具有较强的学习能力,诊断性能优于其他的深度学习模型,有较好的工程实际意义.     

基于角域AR模型滤波的滚动轴承故障诊断

在齿轮噪源存在的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断过程中,因混合信号中转频分量相对较小,使得基于时频表达的阶比跟踪技术受到限制。虽然基于故障特征频率的角域重采样能提取轴承的故障特征,但这种算法不能确定故障位置,而且可能会出现误判。针对这一问题,提出了基于角域自回归(auto regressive,简称AR)模型滤波的处理方法。该方法利用线调频小波路径追踪算法从降采样处理的混合信号中提取齿轮瞬时啮合频率趋势线并估计转速,根据估计转速信息对原混合信号进行等角度重采样,获得了角域信号。利用角域信号中齿轮啮合振动成分具有周期性的特点,使用AR模型对其滤波,并且对滤波后信号进行包络阶比分析,完成故障判断。通过处理仿真信号和实验信号,验证了该方法不仅能有效地去除齿轮噪声,并且可以判断轴承故障位置。     

基于遗传退火优化MSVM的齿轮箱故障诊断

为了实现齿轮箱典型故障的自适应准确辨识,提出一种遗传退火算法优化多核支持向量机的齿轮箱故障诊断模型。首先,将齿轮箱故障振动信号经验模式分解为多个内禀模态分量并提取其幅值能量特征;然后,再基于高斯核和多项式核构建多核支持向量机;最后,将表征齿轮箱故障特征的内禀模态分量能量输入到遗传退火算法优化的多核支持向量机进行故障模式辨识。理论分析表明,多核支持向量机能够逼近任意多元连续函数,遗传退火参数优化可快速准确得到多核支持向量机的全局最优参数向量。通过齿轮箱的故障模拟实验验证了该方法的有效性,结果表明,相比于传统的故障诊断模型,该方法显著提高了齿轮箱典型故障的诊断精度和泛化推广能力。     

利用神经网络对齿轮箱进行故障诊断的实例分析

以JZQ250型号齿轮箱为实验对象,根据实际状况下齿轮箱的故障机理和振动特点,设计了状态监测与故障诊断实验方案,采集了齿轮箱振动信号,应用MATLAB软件中自带的神经网络工具箱,编程实现了神经网络预测模型.仿真和实验证明,此模型能够有效地检测出齿轮箱的典型故障,可以用于齿轮箱的故障诊断.     

瞬时频率估计的齿轮箱升降速信号阶次跟踪

提出了基于瞬时频率估计的齿轮箱升降速信号阶次跟踪的新方法。首先对振动信号进行经验模态分解得到信号的固有模态函数，再求各个固有模态函数的Hilbert变换，得到信号的瞬时频率，从而直接从振动信号得到参考轴的转速信号，然后根据参考轴的转速信号对时域振动信号进行等角度重采样，最后对重采样信号进行阶次分析。通过仿真信号和对齿轮磨损故障实验信号的分析，表明该方法能有效地诊断齿轮的故障。     

无转速计下变工况滚动轴承故障特征量化表征提取

无转速计下变工况滚动轴承振动信号中各信号分量来源难以确定以及瞬时转频准确估计困难,而现有大多数研究依赖于已知转速并关注于时变冲击带来的频谱畸变,鲜有在无转速计变工况下开展轴承故障特征提取探究。提出无转速计下变工况滚动轴承故障特征量化表征提取方法,从振动信号希尔伯特包络中提取轴承故障特征,为定量描述各振动包络分量间关系,提出基于来源假设的特征模型与量化表征方法,利用同步压缩小波变换的时频重排与可重构特性,基于最大能量与最小曲率准则依次估计多时频脊瞬时频率,为降低广义解调后振动包络中干扰分量对量化结果的影响,提出基于选择性重构与广义解调的变工况下干扰抑制与平稳化重置方法。将所提方法用于仿真信号以及轴承振动数据分析,10 k长度信号包络分量在不同来源假设下的特征提取用时约为3 s,同时在无转速计下实现了对2 s内转速变化分别约为300 r/min和200 r/min的内圈故障轴承以及复合故障轴承的特征提取。     

多共振分量融合CNN的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

针对行星齿轮箱中各部件所激起的振动成分混叠、早期故障特征经常被较强的各级齿轮谐波成分以及环境噪声所湮没的问题，提出一种多共振分量融合卷积神经网络（multi-resonance component fusion based convolutional neural network，简称MRCF-CNN）的行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先，对振动信号进行共振稀疏分解，得到包含齿轮谐波成分的高共振分量和可能包含轴承故障冲击成分的低共振分量；其次，构建多共振分量融合卷积神经网络，将得到的高、低共振分量和原始振动信号进行自适应的特征级融合，通过有监督的方式训练模型并进行行星齿轮箱故障诊断。对行星齿轮箱实验数据的分析结果表明，该方法能够有效分类行星齿轮箱中滚动轴承和齿轮的故障，成功对行星齿轮箱故障进行诊断，同时能够进一步增强卷积神经网络对振动信号所蕴含的故障信息的辨识能力。     

DETECTION OF INCIPIENT LOCALIZED GEAR FAULTS IN GEARBOX BY COMPLEX CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM

As far as the vibration signal processing is concemed, composition of vibration signal re-sulting from incipient localized faults in gearbox is too weak to be detected by traditional detectingtechnology available now.The method, which includes two steps: vibraton signal from gearbox is firstprocessed by synchronous average sampling technique and then it is analyzed by complex continuouswavelet transform to diagnose gear fault, is introduced. Two different kinds of faults in the gearbox, i.e.shaft eccentricity and initial crack in tooth fillet, are detected and distinguished from each other suc-cessfully.     

用振动信号分析诊断齿轮齿根疲劳裂纹

对运行中的齿轮箱进行轮齿根部早期疲劳裂纹的诊断在许多领域中有重要意义。这种诊断的一种简单、快速方法就是振动信号分析。本文通过理论分析和实验验证讨论了三种齿根部疲劳裂纹诊断的振动信号分析方法。     

Spur Gear Tooth Pitting Propagation Assessment Using Model-based Analysis

Tooth pitting is a common failure mode of a gearbox. Many researchers investigated dynamic properties of a gearbox with localized pitting damage on a single gear tooth. The dynamic properties of a gearbox with pitting distributed over multiple teeth have rarely been investigated. In this paper, gear tooth pitting propagation to neighboring teeth is modeled and investigated for a pair of spur gears. Tooth pitting propagation effect on time-varying mesh stiffness, gearbox dynamics and vibration characteristics is studied and then fault symptoms are revealed. In addition, the influence of gear mesh damping and environmental noise on gearbox vibration properties is investigated. In the end, 114 statistical features are tested to estimate tooth pitting growth. Statistical features that are insensitive to gear mesh damping and environmental noise are recommended.