内燃机轴瓦喷涂工艺及检测方法研究

总结了自润滑轴瓦不同制备工艺的优缺点,指出涂料喷涂工艺是高性能轴瓦的最佳制备工艺之一,并介绍了内燃机轴瓦喷涂工艺。针对喷涂轴瓦使用老旧的检测工具且结合强度检测无国标参考的缺点,采用轮廓仪检测轴瓦轮廓度,影像壁厚分选机检测壁厚、涂层外观缺陷,热震后划格法检测结合强度,提高了内燃机轴瓦的检测精度。     

船用内燃机轴瓦表面含MoS2的PAI/PTFE聚合物复合涂层制备及减摩抗磨研究

船用内燃机中轴瓦及曲轴工作时接触界面受力复杂，若润滑不当极易造成轴颈的黏着、擦伤、裂纹等。为改善船用内燃机轴瓦的使用寿命，在轴瓦表面制备聚酰胺酰亚胺和聚四氟乙烯（PAI/PTFE）聚合物涂层，并探讨MoS2颗粒对PAI/PTFE复合涂层摩擦性能的影响。通过喷涂-烧结法在轴瓦材料铝锡铜合金表面制备不同MoS2质量分数的复合涂层，并以轴承钢球作为摩擦配副，在3、4、5 N载荷以及干摩擦和油润滑下考察复合涂层的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在干摩擦下，MoS2质量分数为2%的复合涂层摩擦因数降低了80%以上，磨损降低了90%以上；油润滑下摩擦因数最大降低了67%。SEM和EDS分析表明，5 N载荷下，MoS2质量分数低于2%时，长时间摩擦会导致复合涂层破裂，进而产生大的摩擦磨损；而含有2% MoS2的涂层会在钢球接触表面上产生均匀的硫化物层，可以保护涂层提高其稳定性。通过对不同MoS2含量涂层的摩擦因数、磨损及磨痕形貌对比，得出较优的涂层配比。研究表明，适量的MoS2能够提高涂层摩擦膜的稳定性，减小摩擦磨损。     

喷涂功率对NiCr-Cr3C2涂层表面自由能及其摩擦性能的影响

利用超音速等离子喷涂技术制备了不同喷涂功率条件下的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层,结合表面自由能理论研究了其表面摩擦学性能。利用Owens-Wendt几何平均法计算了涂层的表面自由能及其分量。对比发现,涂层孔隙率、显微硬度和摩擦因数均随着喷涂功率的变化而变化,且其变化趋势与极性分量均表现出一定的相似性。分析表明,受喷涂功率的影响,喷涂粒子的温度和速度对涂层表面分子间作用力产生影响,从而间接改变了涂层表面的自由能,并且自由能及其分量的改变,会直接影响NiCr-Cr3C2涂层表面的摩擦学特性。     

高速电弧喷涂Al-Ni-Mm-Co涂层在脂润滑下的摩擦磨损性能

针对铝合金硬度低、耐磨性差的问题,采用电弧喷涂分别在6061铝合金基体表面喷涂Al和Al-Ni-Mm-Co涂层,采用显微硬度计、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪分别对涂层硬度、涂层显微结构、涂层成分进行分析。采用球-盘式往复摩擦试验机考察涂层在脂润滑下的摩擦学性能,并对磨痕形貌和表面主要元素进行观察。结果表明,Al-Ni-Mm-Co涂层的减摩性和抗磨性能均优于6061铝合金和Al涂层,其优异的摩擦学性能归结为摩擦表面形成的Al2O3、NiO、CoO等氧化保护层,主要的磨损形式为疲劳磨损。     

阳极PED技术制备活塞环表面陶瓷涂层的研究

在内燃机中,由于摩擦产生的输出功率损失达到20%,可见摩擦磨损是影响内燃机燃油效率的关键因素,其中,活塞环-缸套摩擦副产生的摩擦在内燃机摩擦中占比超过50%,因此,改善活塞环组件的摩擦学性能对提高内燃机性能有着重要的意义。本文对活塞环表面改性、活塞环表面织构、润滑条件等影响活塞环摩擦学性能的因素进行了阐述,着重对利用阳极等离子体电解沉积(PED)技术制备活塞环表面涂层的技术研究进行了介绍,并给出一种利用该技术制备陶瓷涂层的方案供参考。     

内燃机活塞环陶瓷涂层摩擦性能研究

采用等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层的方法对某活塞环表面进行了强化处理.探讨了活塞环表面涂层的材料种类、结构及喷涂工艺流程,研究了陶瓷涂层活塞环的机械性能和摩擦学性能,并探讨了其摩擦磨损机制.结果表明:与镀铬活塞环相比,陶瓷涂层活塞环具有较低的摩擦因数和较高的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性;陶瓷涂层同基体有很高的结合强度,涂层不易脱落,并使活塞环整体具有较好的韧性和弹性;陶瓷涂层表面磨损机制主要表现为脆性剥落、挤压剥落和疲劳磨损.     

高速火焰喷涂Fe-Al/Cr3C2复合涂层的摩擦学特性

运用高速火焰喷涂方法，选用自主研发的Fe-Al／CrsC2喷涂材料，在20钢基体上制备了复合涂层。利用XRD分析了涂层的相组成，利用SEM分析了涂层表面以及磨损表面形貌，对涂层进行了EDAX分析，并对涂层的摩擦学特性进行了研究。结果表明：高速火焰喷涂Fe-Al／Cr3C2复合涂层中主要相包括Fe3Al、Cr3C2和α-Fe相，涂层的磨损率随温度的升高而下降，具有很好的抗高温磨损性能。     

超声深滚法提高电弧喷涂3Cr13涂层性能

利用超声深滚(Ultrasonic deeprolling,UDR)技术对钢基体电弧喷涂3Cr13涂层进行表面复合强化处理,旨在改善涂层的综合性能。采用扫描电镜、应力仪及球—盘式摩擦磨损试验机等设备检测和分析UDR工艺对该涂层孔隙率、表面粗糙度、残余应力、显微硬度、摩擦学性能等的影响。结果表明,UDR工艺使该涂层的孔隙率从5.1%降为2.3%;表面粗糙度Ra由40μm以上降为2.4μm;表面残余压应力由8MPa提高到257MPa;涂层显微硬度提高约45%,涂层摩擦学性能得到了明显提高。且Bragg衍射峰明显宽化、左移、峰强增大,这表明涂层晶粒明显细化、晶格畸变,且形成晶向平行表面的板织构。同时分析和讨论UDR工艺对提高3Cr13涂层性能的影响机理。     

Cu添加对等离子喷涂Al_2O_3涂层和AT13涂层性能的影响

在20钢表面运用等离子喷涂技术分别制备了Cu-Al_2O_3涂层和Cu-AT13涂层,并测试了涂层显微硬度、结合强度以及摩擦学性能。结果表明,Cu-Al_2O_3涂层较Cu-AT13涂层,平均显微硬度提高,结合强度减小,摩擦系数降低,磨损率降低,两种复合涂层的主要磨损机制均为剥落。     

电弧喷涂7Cr13涂层的组织结构及摩擦学机理

研究了φ2mm粉芯丝材电弧喷涂7Cr13涂层的摩擦学性能，并借助X光电子能谱，X射线衍射分析，扫描电子显微镜等表面分析技术研究了其作用机理，结果表明，电弧喷涂7Cr13涂层具有较优的抗磨减摩性能，其磨损机制主要是磨料磨损和分层磨损，与GCr15试环对摩时，试环表面形成了主要含Cr2O3的转移膜。     

微型电动机轴承磨损寿命试验分析

通过轴承寿命试验前后性能与表面形貌等对比测试分析,总结了轴承性能与表面形貌等随寿命试验变化的规律及关系,并给出了轴承磨损寿命计算公式及可靠度,同时指出了影响轴承磨损寿命的主要因素。     

Influence of surface roughness effects on the performance of non-recessed hybrid journal bearings

The effect of journal and bearing surface roughness on the performance of a capillary compensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system has been theoretically studied. The analysis considers the average Reynold’s equation for the solution of lubricant flow field in the clearance space of a rough surface journal bearing system. The finite element method and Galarkin’s technique has been used to derive the system equation for the lubricant flow field. The non-dimensional parameters Λ (surface roughness parameter) and γ (surface pattern parameter) have been defined to represent the magnitude of height distribution of surface irregularities and their orientation, respectively. The influence of surface roughness on the bearing performance has been studied for the transverse, isotropic and longitudinal surface patterns. The bearing performance characteristics have been computed for both symmetric and asymmetric capillary compensated hole-entry journal bearing configurations for the various values of surface roughness parameter (Λ), surface pattern parameter (γ) and restrictor design parameter ( ). The computed results indicate that the inclusion of surface roughness effects in the analysis affects the performance of a bearing quite significantly vis-à-vis smooth surface bearing. The study indicates that for generation of accurate bearing characteristic data, the inclusion of surface roughness effects in the analysis is essential.     

热效应对粗糙表面倾斜轴颈轴承润滑性能的影响

联立基于平均流量模型的广义Reynolds方程、三维能量方程和固体热传导方程等,计算了计及热效应时,不同表面形貌和轴颈倾斜角下的轴承油膜压力、油膜温度、油膜反力、端泄流量、摩擦系数和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩.考虑和不考虑热效应的轴承润滑特性计算结果表明,计入热效应时,表面形貌和润滑油粘压效应对偏心率较大的轴颈倾斜轴承润滑性能影响较大.     

Theoretical Prediction of Journal Bearing Stability Characteristics Based on the Extent of the Slip Region on the Bearing Surface

Journal bearing performance depends on the boundary conditions at the interfaces between the fluid and the solid surfaces. In the derivation of the Reynolds equation used to predict the bearing performance, the no-slip boundary conditions of the fluid and the solid interfaces are used. Recent research has shown that a slip can occur on specially made surfaces, the conventional no-slip boundary conditions are not valid, and the Reynolds equation is no longer applicable. If the slip is allowed to occur in certain regions, the fluid flow in the bearing can be altered, and the bearing stability characteristics can be improved. In this article, the numerical stability analysis of a journal bearing based on the extent of the slip region on the bearing surface is analyzed. An extended Reynolds equation is derived based on the slip length model, using a no-slip boundary condition against the journal surface and the slip against the bearing surface. A linearized perturbation method is used to determine the stability limit of a rigid rotor supported on two symmetrical journal bearings. Using the linear stability analysis, the linearized stiffness and damping coefficients, the threshold speed, and the critical whirl ratio are evaluated. The effects of the slip parameter on the bearing stability performance are discussed. The results show that with a critical shear stress of zero, an increase in the stability threshold can be achieved with a higher value of the nondimensional slip length and a smaller extent of the slip region on the bearing surface.     

Steady-State Performance of Oil Lubricated Helical Groove Journal Bearing

The provision of helical grooves on the surface of a plain journal bearing should, in principle, improve the overall performance of the bearing. This improvement, however, depends on a number of parameters such as the arrangement of the grooves along the axial length of the bearing. In order to verify this supposition, two types of helical groove bearing with different groove arrangements and a reference plain journal bearing were studied to assess their steady-state performance when lubricated with an oil. It was found that the steady-state performance of both types of helical groove bearing is not as good as that of the plain bearing. Of the two helical groove bearings tested, the asymmetrical bearing proved to be a more energy efficient than the symmetrical bearing.     

表面织构对角接触球轴承润滑性能的影响

为研究油气润滑状态下表面织构对角接触球轴承润滑性能的影响,在角接触球轴承的内圈滚道上设计表面织构,基于气液两相流理论,采用多重参考坐标系(MRF)模型和流体体积(VOF)法,对高速角接触球轴承腔内润滑油流动特性进行数值分析,对比分析长沟槽、短沟槽、矩形、圆柱形4种表面织构对角接触球轴承润滑性能的影响,发现长沟槽形的表面织构对改善角接触球轴承的润滑性能效果最为显著,并进一步分析长沟槽形表面织构结构参数对轴承润滑性能的影响。结果表明：轴承腔内油相体积分数随着沟槽深度和面积率的增大先增大后减小,随着沟槽宽度的增加逐渐增大,存在最佳织构参数使得轴承腔内油相体积分数最大。因此,合理地设计织构参数能有效提高角接触球轴承润滑性能,该研究结果对角接触球轴承表面织构设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of the Bulges around Laser Surface Textures on the Tribological Performance

To improve the tribological performance of mating surfaces such as journal bearings, dimples with different shapes were introduced through laser surface texturing. In laser surface texturing processes, bulges are always induced around the dimples and may influence the tribological performance of the surface. In this article, the influence of the bulges on the tribological performance of a journal bearing is numerically investigated. Variations in both the friction coefficient and the eccentricity ratio of a journal bearing with the width and height of the bulges are studied. The influence of the radius of the dimples on the tribological performance of a journal bearing is also investigated. Results show that the friction coefficient increases with both the width and the height of bulges in the case of journal bearing under light and moderate loading conditions, which is in accord with the experimental results in previous works. The linear variation in the friction coefficient with the height of the bulges indicates that the wear rate of the bulges may be investigated by monitoring the friction coefficient. The abnormality of friction coefficient variation with the width of the bulges in the case of heavy loading condition indicates that introducing the bulges is an effective approach for reasonable tribological performance. From the results for the influence of the dimple radius, it can be concluded that although the introduction of dimples can improve the tribological performance, it also has some disadvantages such as decreasing the load-carrying capacity.     

基于滚道表面粗糙的高速圆柱滚子轴承弹流的理论分析

建立了基于表面粗糙的高速圆柱滚子轴承非稳态时变热弹流分析模型，分析了轴承滚道与滚动体接触表面粗糙度幅值大小及其方向对轴承弹流性能的影响。理论分析表明：轴承接触表面粗糙纹理方向、粗糙度幅值及其粗糙度波长对高速圆柱滚子轴承的弹流特性具有显著的影响；合理选择轴承接触表面粗糙度幅值、波长及纹理方向，可以有效改善高速圆柱滚子轴承的弹流特性。     

Numerical and experimental analysis of aerostatic thrust bearings with porous restrictors

The finite element method is used to predict the performance of aerostatic thrust bearings with a complete porous surface. Results obtained by a 1D and 3D source flow model derived from D’Arcy’s law are compared for rectangular porous bearings having an infinite width. It turns out that the 1D source flow model is adequate for practical design parameters. For a circular aerostatic porous thrust bearing results calculated with several mathematical models for the source flow and slip flow are compared with experimental results. A relatively simple model incorporating unflatness and deformation of the bearing surface correlates well with the experimentally determined bearing performance.     

Effect of Surface Roughness on Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Slider Bearings

The effect of surface roughness on the performance of hydrodynamic slider bearings is studied. A generalized form of surface roughness characterized by a stochastic random variable with non-zero mean, variance and skewness is assumed to define the bearing surface topography. Various film shapes such as: plane slider, exponential, secant and hyperbolic are considered. The results are obtained for the general lubricant film shape in integral form which are numerically computed for the shapes under consideration. The results are presented both graphically as well as in tabular form. The performance of a rough bearing can be considered in terms of an identical smooth bearing with an equivalent film thickness. It is observed, for the lubricant film shapes under consideration, that the increasing positive values of α, σ and ε decrease the load carrying capacity, frictional force and temperature rise while it increases the coefficient of friction. Increasing positive values of α and ε shift the center of pressure towards the outlet edge. For negative values of α, the increasing value reverses the trend of the effect on performance characteristics which is in conformity with the physical aspects of the problem. A similar trend is observed in case of the effect of negative values of ε. Thus, a negatively skewed surface roughness modifies the performance of the slider bearings whereas the performance of a bearing suffers on account of positively skewed surface roughness. Moreover, it is noticed that in the case of exponential and hyperbolic slider bearings the effect of increasing values of σ is more pronounced whereas in case of plane slider and secant shaped slider this effect is marginal.