基于序列图像与针孔成像的井喷流体流速计算

针对常见井喷流体流速测量方法存在危险性较高、准确性较差的问题,为安全、精确测量井喷流体流动速度,提出了一 种基于序列图像与针孔成像的井喷流体流速计算方法并进行了相应的实验。 该方法利用摄像机和自研井喷模拟装置,通过获 取大量模拟井喷的序列图像,从中选取前后两帧图像后,对这两幅图像分别用 SIFT 算法进行特征点提取,再用 FLANN 算法对 提取出来的特征点进行特征匹配,最后使用 RANSAC 算法进行误匹配特征点消除,得到两幅图之间的准确匹配特征点后,提取 这些像素点的坐标位置并计算出匹配特征点之间的位移距离,最后使用基于针孔成像的方法计算出井喷流体的流速,实验结果 表明,能获得较准确的井喷流体流速,从而更准确估计井喷的危害,保障了现场作业人员人身安全。     

Frequency-domain iterative learning control of a marine vibrator

To the purpose of marine seismic acquisition, new acoustic sources have been developed to reduce the environmental impact. The use of marine vibrators makes it possible to define emission frequency ranges, consequently allowing limitation of the frequencies that disturb marine animal life. Constructing marine vibrators with high efficiency and linear dynamics is however difficult, and the vibrators suffer from both friction, backlash and high-order harmonics. These nonlinear effects, in combination with drifting dynamics, make the required control a crucial and challenging problem. This paper presents a model-based iterative learning control solution, performed in the frequency-domain. Additionally, an adaptive reidentification algorithm is developed to cope with drifting dynamics. The proposed solutions are successfully evaluated in experiments with a marine vibrator.     

Q345/316L异种钢焊接残余应力与变形数值模拟

文中基于SYSWELD有限元分析软件对Q345/316L异种钢焊接过程的瞬态温度分布、残余应力及变形进行了数值模拟,并通过试验对其模拟结果进行了验证. 试验测量结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,证明了利用SYSWELD模拟异种钢焊接的可靠性. 结果表明,异种钢焊接温度场呈不对称分布,Q345侧的高温区域范围更大. 不论是横向残余应力还是纵向残余应力,沿焊缝方向均呈帽状分布且在焊缝中部位置存在最大残余应力;在垂直于焊缝中央截面上,纵向残余应力与横向残余应力在焊缝和焊缝附近区域分布是不连续的,存在较大的应力梯度且应力状态也较复杂,而最大残余应力出现在Q345侧的熔合线处. 不同的热输入下模拟结果表明,在保证焊接接头质量的前提下,最好采用小热输入的焊接工艺.     

Linear stone cutting tests with chisel tools for identification of cutting principles and predicting performance of chain saw machines

Different natural stone quarries are visited for collection of stone samples, determination of geological conditions, specifications and operational conditions of the chain saw machines and recording machine cutting performance with a data acquisition system. The samples are tested with a linear cutting test rig using chisel-type cutting tools with 0°, 15°, 30° and 45° sideways angles at different depths of cut and tool spacings, to determine stone cuttability, cutting characteristics of chain saw machines and effect of unsymmetric and symmetric sideways angles and different cutting patterns on cutting performance (tool forces, specific energy, optimum cutting geometry). A deterministic model is suggested for predicting performance of chain saw machines using the results of linear stone cutting experiments, and the laws of kinematics. The results of experimental studies and in-situ investigations indicate that the cutting action of chain saw machines can be successfully simulated by linear cutting experiments and the suggested model is proven, though requiring some additional study, to be a useful and reliable tool for selection, design, and performance prediction and optimization of chain saw machines.     

The drillstring dynamic frequency domains modes and mode shapes characteristics of compound drilling for the high-quality slim borehole

High-quality borehole is crucial to hydrogen underground storage (HUS) and oil & gas development, while compound drilling plays an important role in improving borehole quality. The modal model of compound drillstring in slim borehole is established by using finite element method to analyze the modal of longitudinal vibration, lateral vibration and torsional vibration. The results shows that as the number of order increases, the intrinsic frequency of the three vibrations increases. The amplitude of axial vibration is the largest, and the amplitude of lateral vibration is smallest. The natural frequency of drillstring in slim borehole decreases as drillstring length increasing. The longer drillstring is, the smaller the interval frequency between the intrinsic frequencies of orders will be, and it is easier to cause resonance. The axial vibration will cause minimal damage to the HUS quality. Lateral vibration has the greatest damage to wellbore quality, and is the most unfavorable for the establishment of HUS channels. The damage of torsional vibration to the HUS is less than the lateral vibration and larger than axial vibration. The higher the vibration frequency and amplitude, the harder it is to improve the HUS quality. In order to improve the quality of HUS, the weight on bit (WOB) and rotary per minutes (RPM) should be adjusted at the same time for lateral shock, and the WOB should be mainly reduced for controlling the axial and torsional vibration. The results are benefit for the drillstring design, improving the wellbore quality and HUS quality.     

水平井裸眼分段压裂完井管柱下入屈曲磨损预测模型及规律

针对水平井裸眼分段压裂完井管柱下入屈曲磨损的问题,使用微元法确定管柱轴力及摩擦阻力,采用能量法计算管柱临界屈曲载荷,根据White和Dason的"磨损效率"模型,建立了全井段管柱定量摩擦磨损量预测模型。基于此,探究了压裂级数、分段间距、油管规格对管柱屈曲及磨损的影响规律。研究结果表明:1压裂级数的提高使管柱中和点上移,每提升10级压裂,中和点约上移13.5 m,而分段间距长度和油管规格提高使中和点下移;2管柱屈曲风险随压裂级数增大而增大,随油管规格和分段间距长度增加而减小,每提升1 m分段间距长度,管柱最大屈曲风险位置的安全系数约提高0.1;3压裂级数与分段间距对管柱全井段磨损量影响较小,而油管规格提高使得管柱全井段磨损深度减小,但磨损面更宽。     

常规及创新高压凝液回收流程对比

塔里木盆地地区的英买、迪那等大型高压凝析气田目前仅对原料天然气进行了烃水露点控制,重烃回收率低,经济效益没有实现最大化,对此类气田进行凝液回收可显著提升气田的经济效益。现今适用于高压天然气凝液回收的流程主要为HPA（high pressure absorber）流程,本文在HPA流程基础上提出两种改进流程,即改进Ⅰ型流程和改进Ⅱ型流程。并通过SQP（sequential quadratic programming）算法以单位能耗最低为目标函数对3种流程进行操作参数优化, 并通过能耗分析表明：3种流程具有不同原料气贫富和压力适应范围,在贫气条件下,原料气压力在7000~8000kPa范围内,改进Ⅰ型比HPA流程更节能,而当原料气压力高于7500kPa时,改进Ⅱ型流程能耗开始低于前两者,且随原料气压力增加,节能效果更加明显。而对于富气,改进Ⅱ型流程能耗最高,改进Ⅰ型与HPA流程区别不明显。     

Prism coupling method to evaluate the light extraction efficiency of outcoupling substrates

One of the key challenges in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for lighting applications is efficient light extraction from the planar, multi-layered OLED stack. Several different light extraction approaches are being explored currently by researchers, however characterizing light extraction films after fabricating OLEDs is not a viable approach when the outcoupling films have large surface roughness and is time consuming as well. Here we apply prism coupling method (PCM), a simple and elegant tool, to characterize outcoupling films. We show the effectiveness of PCM in estimating light extraction efficiency of outcoupling films. PCM can expedite selection and optimization of various light extraction approaches without the need to build OLEDs. The experimental results are corroborated by the optical simulations done using ray tracing method taking into account Mie scattering from wavelength sized spherical inclusions in an outcoupling film.     

钻井机器人的连续油管钻压和钻速控制模型

连续油管钻井机器人利用机身内外的钻井液压力差作为动力源，可在牵引连续油管的同时加载钻压。以钻井机器人为基础，建立连续油管钻柱动力学模型，并推导出通过钻井液排量控制钻压和钻速的单参数控制数学模型；对钻井机器人引入调速回路，建立具有调速功能的钻柱动力学模型；在溢流阀调定压力大于机身内外压差时，推导出利用钻井液排量和节流阀流通面积两种参数控制钻压、钻速的数学模型，在溢流阀调定压力小于机身内外压差时，推导出利用钻井液排量、节流阀流通面积和溢流阀调定压力3种参数控制钻压、钻速的数学模型；以11.43 cm（4.5英寸）井眼为例，对上述3种数学模型进行了分析。分析结果表明：钻压、钻速随钻井液排量的增加基本呈线性增加，在钻井液排量大于0.005 m³/s时，钻井机器人能够向前爬行，在钻井液排量大于0.005 7 m³/s时，钻头能够正常钻进；调节节流阀流通面积和溢流阀调定压力，可以在一定范围内无级调钻压和钻速；3种控制方法相结合，可以实现小排量、大钻压，及大排量、小钻压等钻井参数的控制。以控制模型为基础，针对不同井下工况建立钻进工艺的专家数据库，以钻井机器人为"大脑"，结合井下随钻测量数据就能够实现闭环控制，自动钻进。     

Molding,patterning and driving liquids with light

When a laser beam induces surface tension gradient at the free surface of a liquid, a weak surface depression is expected and has been observed. Here we report giant depression and rupture in “optothermocapillary fluids” under the illumination of laser and sunlight. Computational fluid dynamics models were developed to understand the surface deformation and provided desirable physical parameters of the fluid for maximum deformation. New optothermocapillary fluids were created by mixing transparent lamp oil with different candle dyes. They can be cut open by sunlight and be patterned to different shapes and sizes using an ordinary laser show projector or a common laser pointer. Laser driving and elevation of optothermocapillary fluids, in addition to the manipulation of different droplets on their surface, were demonstrated as an efficient controlling method and platform for optofluidic operations. The fundamental understanding of light-induced giant depression and creation of new optothermocapillary fluids encourage the fundamental research and applications of optofluidics.