Milk fat globule size,phospholipid contents and composition of milk from purebred and Alpine-crossbred Mid-Eastern goats under confinement or grazing condition

Milk fat globule (MFG) size and phospholipids (PL) content and composition were determined in milk collected at 65 (pretreatment), 110, 135 and 170 days of lactation from goats randomly assigned to grazing in Mediterranean brushland or fed clover hay indoors, in addition to concentrate. Daily feed intake and dietary contents of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were higher in grazing goats, associated with milk richer in fat, with larger MFGs and 20% higher PL content. Smaller MFGs, produced by all confinement groups, was associated with 15 μg g⁻¹ fat higher milk PL content. The greatest effect was found in the Damascus goats, with over 44% higher PL concentration, on milk fat basis, in the confined compared with grazing group. Our understanding of how PL content is modulated by the interaction between genetic background and nutrition will enable to achieve either PL-rich milk or PL-enriched milk fat.     

Esterase activity inspired selection and characterization of zearalenone degrading bacteria Bacillus pumilus ES-21

Zearalenone (ZEN), mainly produced by Fusarium species, is an estrogenic mycotoxin which causes reproductive disorders in livestock. In this study, we described a simple and rapid method for screening of ZEN-degrading bacteria by esterase activity assay. Soil bacteria strains were first tested for their esterase activities, then active strains were further evaluated for their ZEN-degrading potentials. A bacterial strain named Bacillus pumilus ES-21 was detected to be able to eliminate ZEN in the culture medium. ZEN degradation conditions were optimized through response surface methodology and the result showed that the degradation rate of ZEN by Bacillus pumilus ES-21 was up to 95.7% at the ZEN concentration of 17.9 μg/ml within 24 h. One of the degradation product was proposed to be 1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6′-hydroxy-l′-undecen-l0′-one according to LC-TOF-MS/MS analysis. This study provided a strategy for the isolation of ZEN degrading microbes and a promising degrading strain.     

Thermal markers arising from changes in the protein component of milk

Classification of heat load applied to milk requires the detection of parameters appropriately related to the intensity of the heat treatment. Current analytical methods based on heat-induced changes in the protein component of milk have been directed either to determine the amount of protein-derived products arised from heat treatments or to evaluate the extent of thermal denaturation of milk proteins. Lately, a new analytical strategy has been developed according to the occurrence of three major whey proteins, namely bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin (βlg) and alfa-lactalbumin (αla), normally soluble at pH 4.6 in raw milk, in the pH 4.6 insoluble protein fraction recovered from heat-treated milk. The results have shown that pH 4.6 insoluble BSA, βlg and αla, as detected by ELISA in milk, can be regarded as thermal markers suited for either dairy process control or regulation purposes.     

基于多元素和稳定同位素技术的桃产地溯源

目的 研究利用桃中多元素和稳定同位素地域特征进行产地溯源的可行性。方法 应用电感耦合等离子体质谱和稳定同位素比质谱技术,测试桃样品中54种元素和碳(13C/12C)、氮(15N/14N)、氢(2H/1H)、氧(18O/16O) 4种稳定同位素比值,分析不同产地桃的特征指标,采用逐步判别分析,建立产地判别模型,开展平谷、顺平和丹东桃产地溯源。结果 不同产地桃中碳和氧同位素比值差异显著(P<0.05),Na、Mg、Al、K、Mn、Cu、Zn、Rb、Sr、Cd和Ba等11种元素含量差异显著(P<0.05)。筛选C、H、O、Mg、Al、K、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd等10项指标建立产地判别模型,进行原始回代检验和留一交叉检验,判别准确率均为100%。结论 研究表明,同时利用桃中多元素含量和稳定同位素比值特征指标建立产地判别模型,能够区分不同产地的桃,为桃产地溯源的可行性提供方法依据。     

北京和河北地区食用菌质量安全状况调查与分析

目的通过对北京和河北地区4种有代表性的食用菌平菇、金针菇、香菇(干品和鲜品)和黑木耳(干品)开展污染物监测工作,掌握该地区食用菌质量安全现状。方法在生产基地、流通市场分别进行抽样调查,总共抽取95个食用菌样品,并对农药残留、重金属、甲醛、二氧化硫、硫酸镁等化学污染物进行监测。结果研究发现,在北京和河北生产基地中,生产环节使用农药种类和次数较少,香菇、平菇、金针菇鲜品中农药和重金属等各风险因子超标率较低,只有平菇中氯氟氰菊酯超标率为3.3%。流通市场抽取香菇和黑木耳干品中农药、二氧化硫及重金属超标率相对较高,其中黑木耳干品中多菌灵、氯氰菊酯超标率均为8.3%,铅超标率为20.0%;香菇干品中砷、镉超标率均为20.0%,二氧化硫超标率为40.0%。结论为保证食用菌的质量安全,应加强对加工、贮藏和运输等流通环节的监管力度。     

农药残留加工因子及其在膳食暴露评估中的应用

从初级农产品到入口的食品通常需要各种加工处理,而加工过程会影响食品中的农药残留水平,从而影响来源于初级农产品检测数据的风险评估结果的准确性,因此在风险评估模型中纳入农药残留加工因子有助于真实反映农药残留膳食暴露风险。本文以常用的食品加工技术如清洗、去皮、烹调、榨汁、杀菌及其他相关技术为出发点,综述了典型的加工方式对食品中农药残留的影响以及目前相应的加工因子在农药残留暴露评估中的应用情况,为掌握食品中农药在加工过程中的残留动态、改进食品加工技术提供参考,也为农药残留膳食暴露评估提供依据,进而真实反映人群中农药残留的暴露风险。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定番茄酱中18种真菌毒素

目的建立同时检测番茄酱中18种真菌毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。方法样品经80%乙腈溶液提取后,通过自制固相萃取柱排除杂质干扰,流出液经氮吹至近干后,采用Acquity CORTECS UPLC C_(18)色谱柱分离,用1mmol/L乙酸铵-甲醇作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正负离子模式电离,多反应监测模式检测,基质校准外标法定量。结果 18种毒素在各自浓度范围内呈现良好线性关系(r~20.99);在3个不同添加水平下的平均加标回收率均在77.1%~105.4%之间,相对标准偏差为0.48%~6.98%。利用本实验建立的方法对40份番茄酱样品进行检测,共有35份番茄酱样品呈阳性,检出6种真菌毒素。结论该方法灵敏度高,操作简单,快速可靠,重复性好,可满足对番茄酱中18种真菌毒素检测的要求。     

基于图像处理的农药残留速测卡快速检测

目的通过图像处理的方法来快速检测农药残留。方法利用图像提取、中值滤波和分量定值等图像处理技术,建立了基于速测卡检测结果图像处理的半定量检测。结果农残样品与胆碱酯酶在37℃下经过4min预反应,与检测结果的红色分量均值与农药浓度呈显著的正相关关系,对西维因和乐果的检出限为0.1mg/kg。结论与目测法相比,图像处理的检出限更低,也更为客观准确,为农药残留的快速检测提供了一种新的技术手段。     

基于纳米金显色的非标记核酸适配体可视化检测重金属镉的方法研究

目的建立以特异性非标记核酸适配体为识别探针的重金属镉可视化检测方法。方法根据适配体与镉的高亲和力结合特性,利用纳米金溶液在盐诱导下凝聚后引起的颜色变化反应,通过分光光度计检测溶液的吸光度来检测镉离子浓度。通过优化适配体DNA浓度、盐离子浓度和纳米金溶液体积,确定最佳反应条件,建立样品溶液中镉离子浓度与吸光度的线性关系。结果该方法的线性范围和检测限分别是0.14~10 ng/m L和0.14 ng/m L,可以满足痕量检测要求。通过对灌溉水样的加标回收实验证明,检测体系具有很好的实用性和复杂基体适应性。结论利用核酸适配体和纳米金显色实现了镉的痕量可视化检测,该方法是一种简单、快速、灵敏的检测方法,在现场快速检测和高通量分析中都具有很好的应用前景。     

高效液相色谱-三重四极杆-离子阱串联质谱法在食品分析中的应用

三重四极杆-离子阱串联质谱(quadruple/linear ion trap mass spectrometry, Q-Trap MS)不仅具有一般三重四极杆质谱的特征离子提取功能,而且具有线性离子阱的离子捕获、富集等功能,可以大大提高复杂基质中的检测选择性和灵敏度; Q-Trap MS技术独特的多反应监测-信息依赖性采集-增强子离子扫描模式可以同时获得多反应监测数据以及感兴趣的二级全扫描质谱图,通过自建谱库比对可进行未知物的筛查确证及化合物结构分析。因此Q-Trap MS技术在食品科学领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文主要对高效液相色谱-三重四极杆-离子阱串联质谱法在食品痕量分析、高通量快速筛查、化合物确证、降低基质效应及化合物结构分析方面的应用进行了概述,以期为Q-Trap MS技术在食品中的进一步发展应用提供参考。