Mass spectrometry-based electric nose system for assessing rice quality during storage at different temperatures

A mass spectrometry-based electronic nose (MS e-nose) was used to measure changes in rice quality during storage at different storage conditions. Rice was stored for 4 months at four different temperatures (0 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) and tested for fat acidity, sensory characteristics, and flavor pattern analysis using the MS e-nose. When the rice was stored for long durations at higher temperatures, fat acidity increased and sensory quality was low. Flavor volatile profiles of the rice determined by MS e-nose revealed a tendency for the results to separate into three groups (months 1 + 2, 3, and 4). Volatile profile changes in rice during storage depended on the storage time, regardless of storage temperature. It is likely that the fat acidity and sensory evaluation results, which were related, could be distinguished by their volatile-producing metabolic activities. Accordingly, MS e-nose system was successfully used to screen and qualitatively evaluate stored rice.     

海参废渣皂苷通过核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体信号通路抵抗环磷酰胺诱导小鼠的免疫抑制

在我国海参是一种具有多种生物活性的传统滋补品。本实验系统性地研究了2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/（kg mb·d）海参废渣皂苷（saponins extracted from sea cucumber residues，SCRSS）对免疫抑制小鼠的调节作用。结果表明，与模型对照组相比，5.0 mg/（kg mb·d）SCRSS使小鼠的体质量、脾脏指数和胸腺指数分别增加了15.3%、23.8%和39.8%；5.0 mg/（kg mb·d）SCRSS也极显著增加了免疫抑制小鼠的吞噬指数（P＜0.01）。此外，与模型对照组相比，各剂量SCRSS均明显地增加了血清中细胞因子的水平，并促进了脾淋巴细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的增殖活性。其中，中等剂量（5.0 mg/（kg mb·d））SCRSS可以更有效地上调免疫抑制小鼠核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白1、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白2、受体相互作用蛋白-2和核因子-κB的表达。结论：SCRSS具有作为提高免疫力的功能性食品补充剂的潜力。     

Emerging functional nanomaterials for the detection of food contaminants

Along with the progress in nanoscience, a variety of advanced functional nanomaterials were constructed to develop effective and innovative analytical techniques for food safety surveillance. In this review, we summarized the advanced analytical methods that have been developed based upon advanced functional nanomaterials, including plasmonic nanomaterial-based colorimetric methods, fluorescent nanomaterial-based fluorescent methods, advanced functional material-based molecular imprinting technology, advanced functional material-based chromatographic methods, plasmonic nanomaterial-based surface enhanced Raman scattering technology, and advanced functional material-based electrochemical methods. This review provides a progressive roadmap for further development of portable, rapid, and in situ detection technology to promote food safety surveillance from bench to market and eventually reduce the gap between research in the laboratory and industrial applications.     

A helium-filled time projection chamber for a neutron lifetime measurement

The design and performance of a⁴He-filled TPC, constructed to measure the neutron half-life, are described. Preliminary results obtained with radioactive sources and with a chopped neutron beam are discussed.     

不同种源绿色型香椿特征风味的分析

目的:研究不同种源表型为绿色的香椿香气成分的差异。方法:选用顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱（GC-O-MS）联用仪对太和青油椿、永济香椿、十堰香椿、岚皋香椿四个不同种源绿香椿的挥发性成分进行提取和鉴定,并对特征香气成分进行分析。结果:在温度为50℃时,用65 μm PDSM/DVB的萃取头对样品萃取40 min,可以使萃取效率达到最大。采用GC-MS对挥发性成分进行分析,在四种绿香椿中共鉴定出46种挥发性成分,其中永济香椿检测到的挥发性成分最多,共40种,萜烯类化合物有23种,占比最大;而十堰香椿检测到的挥发性成分最少,共26种,萜烯类只有10种。经过嗅闻仪分析,发现绿香椿中有18种特征香气成分,萜烯类和含硫类化合物是绿香椿的主要挥发性成分,其中2-巯基-3,4-二甲基-2,3-二氢噻吩的香气强度最高。结论:这四个不同种源香椿在萜烯类化合物的种类和含量上差异明显,其中青油椿与永济香椿中的萜烯类化合物种类和含量都比较高,因此其风味也优于十堰香椿和岚皋香椿。     

量子点标记免疫层析试纸条快速检测谷物中赭曲霉毒素A

目的:根据竞争抑制免疫层析原理,构建一种基于量子点标记的免疫层析试纸条用于检测谷物中赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)的残留量。方法:通过活化酯法将羧基功能化的量子点(Quantum dot,QD)与赭曲霉毒素A多克隆抗体(Antibody,Ab)偶联制备量子点抗体偶联物(QD-Ab);通过分别添加不同量的QD-Ab和工作液,优化量子点标记免疫层析试纸条的工作条件;通过商品化试剂盒验证该方法的有效性。结果:当QD与Ab的摩尔比为1:10时,QD-Ab荧光特性最佳;在QD-Ab和工作液添加量分别为1、10 μL时,量子点标记免疫层析试纸条结果最佳;量子点标记免疫层析试纸条的检测限为0.5 μg/L,谷物样品中的检测限为5 μg/kg,整个检测过程不超过10 min;量子点标记免疫层析试纸条特异性良好且具有有效性。结论:该方法操作简便、检测快速、结果准确灵敏,易于判断,可以满足谷物中赭曲霉毒素A残留量现场快速检测的要求。     

添加酱渣对黄豆酱品质影响的研究

为研究添加酱渣对黄豆酱品质的影响,在发酵过程中添加不同比例酱渣,比较黄豆酱中氨基酸态氮、色差、质构、综合感官 评价和风味物质等品质指标变化。 结果表明,随着酱渣添加量在1%～9%范围内增加,黄豆酱中氨基酸态氮含量呈下降趋势,当酱 渣添加量＜3%时,氨基酸态氮含量（1.14 g/100 g）较对照组（1.18 g/100 g）无显著差异（P＞0.05）;当酱渣添加量为1%时,黄豆酱a*值（15.80）和L*值（24.80）最大,且硬度、稠度、黏性指数均与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;添加酱渣后,黄豆酱的风味物质种类及综合 感官评分均高于对照组,当酱渣添加量为7%和3%时,黄豆酱中风味物质种类最多（33种）和综合感官评分最高（75.42分）。 综合考虑, 添加3%酱渣不会降低黄豆酱品质,且在风味物质及综合感官评价方面更具优势,该研究结果可为酱渣在黄豆酱生产中的应用提供 参考。     

真空减压加速皮蛋蛋清凝胶形成的机理

真空减压法可显著缩短皮蛋加工周期,但此技术下皮蛋蛋清凝胶形成的机理还未知。因此,本文研究真空减压法下腌制皮蛋蛋清形成凝胶过程中,蛋清水分迁移、蛋白质构象变化、微观结构及分子间作用力变化等,以探究其凝胶形成机理。结果表明:在皮蛋腌制过程中,蛋清蛋白的疏水性先增加后降低,适宜的疏水相互作用有利于维持蛋白质凝胶结构的稳定;蛋清蛋白的浊度显著增大而溶解性显著降低,Zeta电位增大了1.13倍,静电斥力的增强有利于有序线性蛋白质聚集体的形成,形成了透明的凝胶;α-螺旋结构的相对含量减少至13.00%,而β-折叠和β-转角分别增加至54.00%和20.40%,蛋白质的α-螺旋结构转化为β-结构来参与蛋白质分子之间的聚集;维持蛋白质凝胶的分子间作用力从强到弱依次是是离子键、二硫键、疏水相互作用和相对较少的氢键;通过以上的相互作用,皮蛋蛋清最终形成了规则的包埋着大量结合水的三维纤维网络凝胶结构。