Insights into biological delignification of rice straw by Trametes hirsuta and Myrothecium roridum and comparison of saccharification yields with dilute acid pretreatment

Rice straw is the most abundant agricultural residue on a global scale and is widely available as feedstock for cellulosic fuel production. However, it is highly recalcitrant to biochemical deconstruction and also generates inhibitors that affect enzymatic saccharification. Rice straw from eastern Arkansas was subjected to dilute acid pretreatment (160 °C, 48 min and 1.0% sulfuric acid) and solid-state fermentation with two lignocellulolytic fungi, Trametes hirsuta and Myrothecium roridum, and their saccharification efficacies were compared. T. hirsuta and M. roridum were tested separately; pretreatment of rice straw with either strain for seven days resulted in 19 and 70% enrichment of its holocellulose content, respectively. However, liquid chromatography analysis of the alkali extracts showed significant differences in cell wall degradation by T. hirsuta and M. roridum. T. hirsuta removed 15% more phenolic compounds and 38% more glucan than M. roridum, while M. roridum removed 77% more xylan than T. hirsuta. Fungal and dilute acid pretreated biomass was then hydrolyzed using Accellerase^® 1500, a saccharification cocktail. Saccharification efficiency of M. roridum was 37% higher than that of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw, requiring 8% lower enzyme loading and 50% shorter enzymatic hydrolysis duration. Alkali extraction of fungal pretreated biomass also yielded 10–15 g kg⁻¹ of acid precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), which is a valuable co-product for biorefineries. In comparison to dilute acid pretreatment, fungal pretreatment could be a cost-effective alternative for the degradation of recalcitrant biomass, such as rice straw.     

Milk fat globule size,phospholipid contents and composition of milk from purebred and Alpine-crossbred Mid-Eastern goats under confinement or grazing condition

Milk fat globule (MFG) size and phospholipids (PL) content and composition were determined in milk collected at 65 (pretreatment), 110, 135 and 170 days of lactation from goats randomly assigned to grazing in Mediterranean brushland or fed clover hay indoors, in addition to concentrate. Daily feed intake and dietary contents of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were higher in grazing goats, associated with milk richer in fat, with larger MFGs and 20% higher PL content. Smaller MFGs, produced by all confinement groups, was associated with 15 μg g⁻¹ fat higher milk PL content. The greatest effect was found in the Damascus goats, with over 44% higher PL concentration, on milk fat basis, in the confined compared with grazing group. Our understanding of how PL content is modulated by the interaction between genetic background and nutrition will enable to achieve either PL-rich milk or PL-enriched milk fat.     

干燥方法对超微枣粉品质的影响

本文研究了变温压差膨化干燥、中短波红外干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式对超微枣粉品质的影响。结果发现:在物理特性方面,变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉的色泽最好,中短波红外干燥和变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉的粒径小,变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉具有较好的溶解性,真空冷冻干燥法超微枣粉的堆积密度最大。在营养成分方面:4种干燥方法制备的超微枣粉的营养成分较鲜样均有不同程度的下降,变温压差膨化干燥、中短波红外干燥和热风干燥超微枣粉的总糖含量较高,总酸含量无显著差异;真空冷冻干燥超微枣粉的维生素C和黄酮含量显著高于其他干燥方法;真空冷冻干燥和变温压差膨化干燥有利于超微枣粉中环磷酸腺苷的保存。结论:变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉的综合品质优于其他3种枣粉,该工艺生产效率高、成本低,是超微枣粉生产中较适宜的干燥工艺。     

大鲵低聚糖肽性质初步研究

采用化学方法对大鲵低聚糖肽的氨基酸组成、糖组成及糖肽连接方式进行了初步研究。结果表明,大鲵低聚糖肽含蛋白量为80.01%、总糖含量为15.15%。其含有的氨基葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸及唾液酸分别为3.39%、0.65%、2.45%和0.60%。其氨基酸组成中,苏氨酸的含量最高,达13.1%,其次是脯氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、苯丙氨酸等。大鲵低聚糖肽的β-消旋反应和血凝集反应,表明大鲵低聚糖肽中糖肽键以O-连接的形式存在。     

基于16S rRNA基因V3-V4区高通量测序分析东北自然发酵酸菜中细菌群落结构

为探究东北自然发酵酸菜中细菌群落结构,本试验采用454 FLX+平台对东北地区传统自然发酵的16份酸菜汁样品中细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区进行测序。通过454焦磷酸测序,共得到302327条有效序列。计算Chao 1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数,对样品菌群的Alpha多样性进行评价,发现松原和大庆样品的细菌群落具有较高的丰富度。Beta多样性分析发现黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省份样品中存在交叠细菌物种,但含量极低。Heatmap图显示各省份的优势菌属各不相同。样品群落结构分析表明大庆、黑河和松原样品中乳杆菌含量超过50%,黑河样品中乳杆菌含量高达69.6%。KEGG统计结果表明高纬度地区存在着一定数量的耐寒细菌。此外,本试验首次在发酵食品中发现污蝇解壳杆菌属细菌(wohlfahrtiimonas),显示出高通量测序技术相对传统纯培养技术的优势。     

Equine milk proteins: Chemistry,structure and nutritional significance

Equine milk has important nutritional and therapeutic properties that can benefit the diet of the elderly, convalescent or newborn. The protein content of equine milk is lower than that of bovine milk but similar to that of human milk. In this review qualitative and quantitative differences between the caseins and whey proteins of equine, bovine and human milk are discussed. Important biological and functional properties of specific proteins are reviewed and their significance in human nutrition considered. As well as characterizing equine milk proteins in the context of human nutrition and allergology, the potential industrial exploitation of equine milk is explored. Cross-reactivity of proteins from different species is discussed in relation to the treatment of cows’ milk protein allergy. While there is some scientific basis for the special nutritional and health-beneficial properties of equine milk based on its protein composition and similarity to human milk, further research is required to fully exploit its potential in human nutrition.     

含花青素大豆蛋白可食膜对油脂贮藏的影响

研究了含花青素可食性大豆蛋白膜(BEF)对油脂贮藏中品质的影响。使用保鲜膜、大豆蛋白膜以及分别含有VE、BHA和花青素大豆蛋白膜等包装油脂,检测贮藏过程中油脂酸价、过氧化值和羰基价等变化。与大豆蛋白膜相比,BEF具有较强抑制油脂氧化、延缓油脂酸败的能力;同时,BEF还具有最强的抗拉强度[(3.80±0.782)MPa]以及较低的水蒸气透过率[(15.7±0.113)g.m-2.d-1.MPa-1]和透氧率[(17.0±0.474)mL.m-2.d-1.MPa-1],也比目前常用的PE保鲜膜具有更好的阻隔能力。因此,BEF作为包装材料可以有效延长油脂贮藏期。     

TANGO Array.: 1. The instrument

TANGO Array is an air shower experiment which has been constructed in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was commissioned during the year 2000 becoming fully operational in September, 2000. The array consists of four water Cherenkov detectors enclosing a geometrical area of $\text{∼30,000}\text{m}{}^2$ and its design has been optimized for the observation of Extended Air Showers produced by cosmic rays near the “knee” energy region $\text{∼4×10}{}^{15}\text{eV}$. Three of the detectors have been constructed using 12,000-l stainless-steel tanks, and the fourth has been mounted in a smaller, 400-l plastic container. The detectors are connected by cables to the data acquisition room, where a very simple system, which takes advantage of the features of a four-channel digital oscilloscope, was set for data collection. This data collection setup allows a fully automatic experiment control which does not require operator intervention. It includes monitoring, data logging, and daily calibration of all detectors. This paper describes the detectors and their associated electronics, and details are given on the data acquisition system, the triggering and calibration procedures, and the operation of the array. Examples of air shower traces, recorded by the array, are presented.     

滁菊的功能成分及其体外抗氧化活性

为明确滁菊中抗氧化活性物质的含量及其抗氧化能力,对其进行进一步的开发利用,对滁菊（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat）酚类、多糖、类胡萝卜素提取物抗氧化能力及含量进行研究。结果表明：滁菊总酚和黄酮含量较高,分别为53.67 mg/g和70.32 mg/g,高于大洋菊等菊花;多糖和类胡萝卜素含量较低。3 种提取物中,酚类抗氧化能力最强,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）和2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基的清除能力分别为208.79 mmol/g和160.23 mmol/g,对Fe3＋的还原能力达到238.35 mmol/g,高于杭白菊等菊花。采用高效液相色谱法测定了滁菊酚类及类胡萝卜素单体组成,初步鉴定出滁菊含有绿原酸、儿茶素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、金丝桃苷、槲皮素6 种单体酚,以及叶黄素和β-类胡萝卜素2 种类胡萝卜素单体。酚类物质中绿原酸含量最高,达到813.21 mg/g;金丝桃苷次之,达到408.17 mg/g;类胡萝卜素中叶黄素含量最高,为78.6 mg/g。在不考虑协同作用情况下,酚类物质中绿原酸对Fe3＋还原能力、DPPH及ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力的贡献均最大,类胡萝卜素中叶黄素对DPPH自由基的清除能力贡献最大。     

胡桃醌对大肠杆菌呼吸及能量代谢的影响

近年来有研究显示胡桃醌对细菌具有一定的抑制作用,但其对细菌的抑茵机理尚不明确.文章从胡桃醌对大肠杆菌呼吸和能量代谢的影响来揭示其押菌机理.分别对培养基中溶氧量、葡萄糖含量、细胞内ATP含量及ATP酶活性进行测定.结果表明:在最低抑菌浓度(MIC)下,培养基中的溶氧量略微下降,8h后趋于恒定,溶氧量共下降了24.2％,而乙醇对照(CK2)下降了39.4％;培养基中的葡萄糖含量先下降后上升,葡萄糖含量增加9.1％,而CK2则下降6.4％;菌体内的ATP含量先是剧烈下降,然后缓慢上升,4h后趋于恒定,MIC时下降最少;ATP酶活性起先略有下降,随后上升,MIC时上升的最少,而后又略有下降,显示出一定的波动性.以上结果说明随着时间增大,不同浓度的胡桃醌对大肠杆菌的呼吸和能量代谢均有一定影响.