A field study of human factors and vehicle performance associated with PHEV adaptation

Smart-grid and electric-vehicle technologies are rapidly diffusing, yet important policy implications remain to be fully analyzed. This multi-year field study sought to fill part of this gap by exploring human adaptation to plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) performance and vehicle charging in smart-grid environments. Homes were equipped with smart meters in a smart-grid experiment conducted by the local utility. Study households were organized by either standard or time-of-use electricity pricing, and randomly assigned to “managed” or “unmanaged” charging scenarios. Using a mixed-methods approach, study data were collected through vehicle data loggers, smart-plugs interviews, and questionnaires. The paper describes vehicle operations and performance; the ways in which households managed PHEV charging; and the manner in which they responded to smart-grid, smart-plug, and dashboard feedback. Findings indicate that households actively managed PHEV charging; however, they preferred flexible charging scenarios. Charging-management decisions were influenced by electricity-pricing. Online feedback on household- and vehicle-electricity consumption was generally ignored, but drivers responded to dashboard feedback as they drove. These results provide empirical bases for government and corporate policymakers to improve policy decisions relative to PHEV impacts on electricity loads, design of smart-grid feedback, and design of charging infrastructures.     

Chlorpyrifos residue levels on field crops (rice,maize and soybean) in China and their dietary risks to consumers

In this study, chlorpyrifos residue levels in field crops of rice, maize and soybean were investigated according to the “Guideline on Pesticide Residue Trials” of China. On the basis of the residual results, human dietary risks were further evaluated. Chlorpyrifos residues of harvest grains were firstly prepared by QuEChERS method and analyzed using Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Dietary risks were assessed by a deterministic approach. The median residues in field trials of rice, maize and soybean were 0.617, 0.0227 and 0.0136 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The highest residues in field trials of rice, maize and soybean were 3.23, 0.114 and 0.102 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Chronic intake assessment indicated that only 39.0% of acceptable daily intake (ADI, 0–0.01 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹) was consumed through rice, maize and soybean. The acute hazard indexes (aHI) of adults was 26.1% of acute reference dose (ARfD, 0–0.1 mg kg bw⁻¹) and aHI of children was 63.5% of ARfD in dietary exposure assessment through rice, maize and soybean consumption. Single pathway risk assessment indicated that chlorpyrifos application on field crops in manner of the good agricultural practices didn't pose public health risks.     

Concept for automated computer-aided identification and evaluation of potentially non-compliant food products traded via electronic commerce

The online marketplace for food products is continually expanding and all types of food and beverages can now be purchased over the internet. It is primarily the responsibility of the food business operator to ensure compliance with food safety law. However, the competent authorities are tasked with controlling the e-food sector as part of their regulatory duties to protect consumer health and to prevent fraud, regardless of the sales channel being used. For this purpose, a new software prototype concept was developed that automatically identifies and evaluates potentially non-compliant e-food products. The prototype was developed using a modular architecture comprising a research tool, an image analysis tool, and a monitoring tool. User-defined thresholds are applied to assess the reliability of the retrieved data. Results that are not deemed reliable enough can be reworked using a computer-aided evaluation interface. The research tool utilizes both internet search engines and customized search algorithms. A multi-stage filtering process is performed to limit the sites according to defined criteria (e.g. food product merchants only). The data acquisition module stores all matching data from webpages for later analysis and preservation of evidence. In another module, automatic recognition of a site's legal notice (impressum) is carried out for the respective vendor within whose online shop a potentially non-compliant food product is being offered. The image analysis tool performs logo recognition to enrich the text-based information of websites, thus providing additional visual information. The monitoring tool performs regular automated monitoring of e-food vendors, products and ingredients. The proof of principle of the prototype was achieved by conducting a web search for hazardous food products containing synephrine and caffeine. In total, 1242 product offerings on the internet for suspicious food products were identified among the 8683 search results. The software prototype has potential to enhance consumer protection and food safety with respect to e-foods.     

3种前处理-HPLC法测定婴幼儿配方食品中维生素B1

分别采用国标法(GB 5009.84-2016)、酸解法和等电点法处理试样,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLCFLD)法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉和婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中的维生素B1。结果表明,维生素B1在3.036~303.6 ng/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数R^2>0.999。3种方法的回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)均符合要求。其中,国标法和酸解法的RSD值相对较小,等电点法的RSD值偏大。试样经国标法、酸解法处理测得维生素B1含量与标签一致,少数试样经等电点法处理测得维生素B1含量明显偏低。酸解法相较于国标法,省去了耗时最长的酶解步骤,仍获得良好回收率。可见,酸解法前处理简单,耗时短,结果准确度高,重现性好,适用于批量检测,总体优于国标法和等电点法。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法快速筛查畜禽类产品中50种违禁药物残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF/MS）快速筛查畜禽类产品中50种违禁药物残留的检测方法。畜禽类产品经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶酶解,依次用乙酸乙酯-叔丁基甲醚提取后,利用HLB净化,采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS电喷雾正离子模式检测。通过建立在线谱库检索的方法实现50种违禁药物的快速筛选和准确定性,再结合同位素内标法实现准确定量。目标物质量浓度在2~200 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限为0.1~0.5 μg/kg,定量限为0.3~1.5 μg/kg,三个不同浓度的加标回收率在81.74%~114.22%之间,相对标准偏差为1.41%~8.91%。研究建立的筛查数据库在无需标准品的情况下实现了50种违禁药物的快速筛查、定性确证和定量分析。该方法适用于畜禽类产品中低浓度的违禁药物残留量的快速筛查和准确定量。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定鸡肉中40种糖皮质激素和9种非甾体抗炎药物残留

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定鸡胸肉中40种糖皮质激素和9种非甾体抗炎药物残留。样品用90%乙腈-水溶液(V/V,含0.1%甲酸溶液)提取,经Oasis PRIME HLB固相萃取柱净化,浓缩后采用Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm×1.7 μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱。采用电喷雾正离子模式,以多反应监测模式进行质谱检测。结果表明,在2~100 μg/L范围内,鸡肉中49种兽药残留的线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.996,回收率为60.2%~111.7%,相对标准偏差(n=6)均在1.3%~12.0%之间,检出限为0.1~0.5 μg/kg,定量限为0.3~1.5 μg/kg。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、准确性好,可同时测定鸡肉中的糖皮质激素和非甾体抗炎药物残留。     

多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取净化在测定水产品中3 种微囊藻毒素的应用及与固相萃取法的比较

建立多壁碳纳米管净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对水产品中3?种微囊藻毒素残留量的测定方法。水产品用80%甲醇溶液提取,经多壁碳纳米管净化后,采用电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式进行分析。对不同性质碳纳米管进行考察,并对净化条件进行优化。将优化后的分散固相萃取条件与采用HLB柱固相萃取的净化方式进行比较,两者在1～50?μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性,线性相关系数均大于0.99,3?种微囊藻毒素的检出限为0.1～0.2?μg/kg。在不同浓度水平下进行加标实验,平均回收率在88.7%～95.5%之间,相对标准偏差不大于4.2%。该方法适用于水产品中微囊藻毒素的痕量检测。     

替加环素临床耐药性的研究进展

替加环素作为新一代四环素类抗生素,被用于治疗成人复杂性腹腔内感染和复杂性皮肤及软组织感染。随着临床的广泛使用,替加环素耐药性也屡见报道,或影响其临床疗效。本文对替加环素临床耐药性的研究进展,包括药理作用、临床应用、耐药性的发展以及可能的耐药机制进行综述。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测保健酒中非法添加物艾地那非

目的：采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS）法,建立保健酒中非法添加物艾地那非的检测方法。方法：使用Agilent RRDH Eclipse-plus C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）,以0.1%甲酸-乙腈溶液为流动相A、0.1%乙酸-20 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相B进行梯度洗脱。通过HPLC-MS/MS系统中全扫描模式对艾地那非进行定性分析,多反应监测模式对艾地那非进行定量分析。结果：该方法线性r2大于0.99,精密度相对标准偏差小于3%,不同质量浓度样品平均回收率为97.31%～100.66%,检出限为0.6 ng/mL,定量限为1.6 ng/mL。结论：此方法测定准确、灵敏度高、分离度高,可用于保健酒中非法添加物艾地那非的筛选和检测。