Phenolic profiling reveals the metabolite basis of flesh colour and fresh-cut browning in apple fruit

Flesh colour, which is affected by cultivars and browning, can largely impact consumer acceptance in fresh-cut apples. The study profiled phenolic metabolites from apple flesh of twenty-three cultivars by widely targeted metabolomics. Comparison among white- and yellow-fleshed cultivars showed fifteen phenolics, mainly quercetin 3-O-glucoside, hyperoside, hesperetin 5-O-glucoside and cymaroside, in white-fleshed apples were significantly higher than those in yellow-fleshed apples. It may indicate a metabolite basis of yellow and white flesh colour, and better potential nutrition in white-fleshed apples. In addition, ten phenolic metabolites including five cyanidin glycosides showed significant differences between the highest and the lowest browning groups, indicating them may be crucial in browning of fresh-cut apple. This work elucidates the differences of phenolic profiles among apple cultivars with different flesh colour and provides useful data to evaluate the suitability of apple for fresh-cut processing.     

Mobility and distribution of eight fungicides in surface,skin and pulp in grapes. An application to pyraclostrobin and boscalid

The study discusses the mobility and distribution of vinclozolin, dichlofluanid, penconazol, captan, quinoxyfen, fluquinconazol, boscalid and pyraclostrobin residues in surface, skin and pulp in red grapes. A lab test was carried out by immersing grapes in solutions with different concentrations of fungicides and for different periods of time; followed by a determination of the fungicide residues by GC-ECD with an additional confirmation by GC-MS. The distribution between surface, skin and pulp of the grapes was also determined. The percentage sorption ranged from 6.4 to 116%. Results showed that sorption values depended on the time that grapes had been in contact with the fungicide solutions, but not on the initial concentration of solutions. Residues were mainly found in skin, with percentages ranging from 53.0 to 88.4% of total residues. In pulp, these values ranged from 9.6 to 41.7%. Pyraclostrobin showed higher penetration than the other compounds.A field test using three new commercial formulations containing pyraclostrobin, boscalid and a mixture of both, was carried out by applying these formulations to a vineyard. When fungicides were applied individually the ratios of the skin/pulp residues were similar to those obtained in lab; whereas when a mixture of both pesticides was sprayed results showed a lower penetration of the fungicides in the grape pulp.     

The effects of preparation and cooking processes on vitamins and antioxidant capacity of sour and spicy potato silk

The effect of a traditional dish sour and spicy potato silk preparation and cooking process on B vitamins, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities was investigated. Results showed that cutting of potato caused an increase in VB₁, VB₂, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, VB₇ and VB₉. Soaking decreased the content of B vitamins and vitamin C. Blanching and rinsing caused the contents of B vitamins and vitamin C decrease compared to the control. The content of VB₁, VB₅ and VB₆ after rinsing increased compared to soaking and blanching processes. However, VB₁, nicotinamide, VB₅, VB₆ and VC decreased sharply after the stir-frying process. The content of VB₁, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, VB₇ and VC retained the most after five steps compared to the control. In addition, there was no difference in VB₉ contents among different cooking processes compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) exhibited a reduction rate of 95.32% and peroxidase (POD) 97.13% after the stir-frying process.     

Identification of the miRNAs and their target genes involved in fresh-cut potato browning inhibition by nitrogen

Browning decreases the quality and shortens the shelf life of fresh-cut potato, causing enormous economic losses. This study indicated that nitrogen treatment could inhibit this browning process. However, whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in inhibiting the fresh-cut potato browning by nitrogen remains unclear. Therefore, nine small RNA libraries were constructed and performed high-throughput sequencing using fresh-cut potatoes from control and nitrogen-treated for 1 h groups at 25 °C to identify the miRNAs and their target genes involved in fresh-cut potato browning inhibition by nitrogen. The results revealed that four common differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified as associated with browning. The correlation analysis indicated that fresh-cut potato browning was closely related to the expression of DEmiRNAs and their potential target genes. The miR172d targeting APETALA2/ethylene response factor and phospholipase D, miR482e targeting ATPase GET3-like, and PC-3p-17015_391 targeting stachyose synthase are vital in the nitrogen inhibited fresh-cut potato browning by regulating the ethylene signalling pathway, membrane lipid metabolic process, ATPase activity, and carbohydrate metabolic process. This study provides new insights into fresh-cut potato browning inhibition and helps to improve the quality of fresh-cut potato using nitrogen.     

Pesticide residues in grapes and during vinification process

Pesticide residues in vinification process of two white and two red grapevine varieties were monitored during the 2007 vintage. Crushed grapes, cake, must, lees and wine were sampled during the vinification process. Additionally, grapes were sampled during the ripening process. All samples were taken in triplicate and analyzed for the presence of 117 pesticides. The pesticide residues were determined by three validated internal analytical methods: the multi-residual GC-MS method (71 pesticides), the multi-residual LC-MS-MS method (45 pesticides) and GC-MS method for the determination of dithiocarbamates (the sum of their concentrations is given as a concentration of carbon disulfide). Boscalid and phosalone were the most persistent pesticides in grapes during ripening. The concentrations of pesticide residues in must and wine were significantly diminished through separations during the solid and liquid phases of the vinification process, particularly the pressing of crushed grapes and wine racking after alcoholic fermentation. The pesticides detected throughout the vinification process were boscalid, cyprodinil, dimethomorph, fenhexamid, metalaxyl and procymidone and their concentrations in the wines were 0.01–0.02, 0.04, 0.01–0.08, 0.12–0.13, 0.09–0.11 and 0.07–0.13 mg L⁻¹ respectively.     

Effects of electron beam irradiation on storability of brown and milled rice

The effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) treatment on the freshness and quality of brown and milled rice at different irradiation doses were investigated. The colors of brown rice (P > 0.05) and milled rice (P < 0.05) slightly changed after 5 kGy irradiation. After irradiation, the viscosities and amylose contents of the samples decreased (P < 0.05), crystal forms remained unchanged, but crystallinities decreased (P < 0.05). The microstructures of the samples did not change according to the results of the scanning electron microscopy. During the 120-day storage process, the free fatty acids of the irradiated samples increased at a slower rate than the non-irradiated samples did. Lipase activity was inhibited effectively, and the total viable bacterial count was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Results indicated the potential of EBI to improve the quality and extend the shelf lives of brown and milled rice during storage.     

干燥温度对NaHSO3处理后延胡索品质的影响

目的 研究不同干燥温度(40、50、60、70、80 ℃)对NaHSO3处理后干燥9 h后,延胡索贮藏前最适宜的干燥条件。方法 利用高效液相色谱仪(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)、电子眼等方法测定延胡索成分品质变化。结果 在干燥时间为9 h条件下,干燥温度为80 ℃时,总灰分含量显著增加至3.47%,盐酸黄连碱、盐酸小檗碱含量分别达到0.04%、0.03%;延胡索甲素、延胡索乙素含量在70 ℃时最高,分别为0.13%、0.35%;脱氢紫堇碱在60 ℃时含量最高,为0.42%;干燥温度为50 ℃时,醇溶出物含量最高,为21.84%;随着干燥温度的升高,原阿片碱、盐酸巴马汀受温度影响均不显著,而延胡索样品褐变越严重。结论 延胡索贮藏前最适宜干燥温度为40~60 ℃,水分含量低于6%。适宜的干燥温度,能最大限度地保障延胡索后期保鲜贮藏期间的品质,延长延胡索货架期,进而为延胡索保持较好的品质提供理论支撑。     

The effect of wounding intensities on vitamins and antioxidant enhancement in potato products

The effect of wounding intensity on vitamins and antioxidant activities from potato were evaluated. Potatoes were submitted to five levels of wounding intensity (A/W) including the whole peeled potato (CK), slices, pies, shreds and chopped samples. The results showed that vitamins in potato products had different responses to the same wounding intensity. Wounding intensity significantly induced VB₁, VB₂, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide accumulation in potato products, all of which were higher than that of control at each wounding intensity. Slice cutting increased the content of VB₂, VB₅, VB₇ and VB₉ compared with the control. Shreds cutting increased the content of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and VC compared with the control. Chopped samples significantly increased the content of VB₆, chlorogenic acid and coumaric acid. The wounding intensities also induced the accumulation of L-phenylalanin ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of potato products decreased after treated by cutting process.     

大麻二酚检测方法的研究进展

大麻二酚(cannabidiol,CBD)是一种非精神活性大麻素,不具有成瘾性,并且现代药理学证明,大麻二酚具有诸如抗癫痫、抗焦虑、镇静等多种药理学活性,表明大麻二酚是一种具有广阔应用前景的活性天然产物。工业大麻又名火麻、胡麻、线麻等,为大麻科(Cannabaceae)大麻属(Cannabis)的一年生草本植物。工业大麻应用广泛,作为优质的植物蛋白和植物油脂来源,备受食品加工、保健品、化妆品等行业的青睐。工业大麻在我国使用历史悠久,中国古代医书《黄帝内经》《本草纲目》均有对工业大麻入药的记载。在工业大麻的种植及加工过程中,大麻二酚不断累积和代谢,因此,大麻二酚的检测对工业大麻原料及制品的品质评价及安全控制具有重要意义。本文分类介绍了近年来国内外文献报道的大麻二酚检测方法,对这些方法的应用特点和检测效果进行综述,并对我国未来大麻二酚检测技术的发展趋势进行展望,以期为相关研究提供借鉴。